Effect of neem limonoids on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)

Neem is derived from the neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae), and its primary insecticidal component is the tetranortriterpenoid azadirachtin and other limonoids. The effect of neem limonoids azadirachtin, salannin, deacetylgedunin, gedunin, 17-hydroxyazadiradione and deacetylnimbin on enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of the rice leaffolder (RLF) Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) larvae was investigated. There was a decrease in enzyme activity relative to the control at all concentrations tested. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with neem limonoids in bioassays, gut tissue enzyme, LDH levels in rice leaffolder larvae are affected. These results indicate neem limonoids affect LDH activity. These effects are most pronounced in early instar larvae. Azadirachtin was the most potent in of all the limonoids in all experiments indicating strong enzyme inhibition. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to LDH activity.     

The toxic effects of neem extract and azadirachtin on the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae)

Extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) are used in the developing world for many purposes including management of agricultural insect pests. The effects of different neem extracts (aqueous (NSKEaq), ethanol (NSKEeth) and hexane (NSKEhex)) on mortality, survival and weight of the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (St?l) (BPH) (Homoptera: Delphacidae) third and fourth nymphal instars were investigated. When fed rice plants treated with neem derivatives in bioassays, the survival of BPH nymphs is affected. Comparisons were made with the pure neem limonoid, azadirachtin (AZA) to ascertain its role as a compound responsible for these effects. AZA was most potent in all experiments and produced almost 100% nymphal mortality at 0.5 ppm and higher concentrations. When higher concentrations were applied, the effects appeared shortly after treatment and mortality was higher. Many insects died after remaining inactive for several days or during prolonged moulting. At lower concentrations, if moulting was achieved, disturbed growth and abnormalities were then likely to occur in the moulting process. Nymphs that were chronically exposed to neem extract showed a reduction in weight (45-60%). The results clearly indicate the simple NSKE (aqueous, ethanolic or both), containing low concentrations of AZA, can be used effectively to inhibit the growth and survival of BPH.     

Biodegradable microplastics (BMPs): a new cause for concern?

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - With the increasingly serious pollution of plastics, biodegradable plastics (BDPs) have attracted attention as a new material that can replace...     

椰纤维生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附

为了研究不同裂解温度制备的椰衣生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能差异及其机理,并为制备高效吸附生物炭提供依据,采用Langmuir和Freundlich模型拟合分析了300、500和700℃3个裂解温度下制备的椰衣生物炭对Cd(Ⅱ)、As(Ⅲ)、Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的等温吸附曲线,使用元素分析仪、Boehm滴定法、扫描电子显微镜等研究了不同温度制备的生物炭的组成与理化性质。结果表明,Langmuir模型和Freundlich模型都能较好地拟合生物炭对这些重金属的吸附,提高生物炭的制备温度可增加其对Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量,同时降低其对As(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的最大吸附量;制炭温度升高引起的生物炭C含量、灰分含量、p H、CEC的升高和生物炭表面积增大是导致其对Cd(Ⅱ)和Cr(Ⅲ)的最大吸附量增大的主要原因。而随着制炭温度的上升,O、H元素含量下降引起的碱性官能团的增加,和羟基和酚羟基官能团的减少是生物炭对As(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)吸附量下降的主要因素。     

厌氧氨氧化:理论和工艺发展概述(代序言)

为实现"碳中和"目标,低碳脱氮新技术的开发及其工程化应用成为污水处理领域的研究热点.污水生物脱氮的主要途径为传统的硝化反硝化反应,但其工程应用仍存在能耗高且难实现低碳化的问题.厌氧氨氧化(anaerobic ammonium oxidation,anammox)可在厌氧条件下,以氨氮为电子供体、亚硝氮为电子受体,实现氨...     

Beitragsserie: Probabilistische Expositionsabsch?tzung in Umweltmedizin und Verbraucherschutz (Workshop)

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

逸度模型(上)

本文综述了D·Mackay的逸度模型。这种模型可用于化学品的风险性评价,预测化学品在湖泊、河流和单元世界环境中的迁移和归趋。     

逸度模型(下)

河流模型有几种方法可以模拟河流的过程。第一种是分段法,把河流分成许多河段,对每一河段都看作是混合均匀的水柱和沉积物。为描述每一河段建立一个方程,然后解一系列具有水输入和输出流量的类似于湖泊的方程。这种方法把河流看作是一系列相连的湖泊。如图2所示,前一河段输出的逸度就是后一河段输入的逸度。     

定量电沉积制备~(59)Fe、~(60)Co、~(65)Zn放射源

前言 1954年以前核能仅用于军事目的,1966年以后以钻作为燃料的反应堆电站已发展到在经济上可与其它能源相竞争的地步,估计到2000年有25—50％的能源来自核电站,反应堆的冷却水中含有相当数量的活化产物,大致在1—10居里/百万瓦·年,其中寿命较长的有~(56)Mn、~(55、59)Fe、~(60)Co、~(65)Zn、~(51)Cr等,此外,在某些核     

均匀沉淀法分离工业废水中的Cr(Ⅲ)与Cr(Ⅵ)

某些工业废水中,同时含有Cr(Ⅵ)、Cr(Ⅲ)及还原性杂质.Cr(Ⅵ)的二苯碳酰二肼比色法测定,或因酸性介质中还原性物质干扰而不能直接显色,或因Cr(Ⅲ)经氧化后给Cr(Ⅵ)测定引入正误差.本实验运用均匀沉淀的原理,在含还原性硫化合物的碱性工业废水中,对Cr~(3+)与Cr~(6+)的分离进行了试验.笔者曾对合成水样及某铁合金厂工业废水进行沉淀分离操作,滤液经氧化消解后,用二苯碳酰二肼比色法测定Cr~(6+),变异系数均在±3％左右.     

贵阳市白云区大气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)污染特征

使用β射线法在线监测仪连续监测了贵阳市白云区PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度,分析了2014年6月1日—12月31日7个月内PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)的浓度水平、时变规律和PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)的变化情况。结果表明,监测时段内PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的日均浓度平均值分别为76.8μg/m~3和40.0μg/m~3,均达到国家二级标准;浓度超标的天数占总观测天数的5.1%和9.3%,属污染轻微的地区。PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)在25.3%~78.8%之间周期性波动,平均值为52.1%。PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的浓度变化具有很好的正相关性(r=0.919 8,p0.000 1);日均值在7个月中呈现明显的周期性变化,各月相对稳定,12月的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度最高且变化最为剧烈,6月最为平缓。PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度小时变化总体上呈双峰型分布,最高值出现在出现在09:00—10:00和19:00—21:00前后,最低值出现在14:00—17:00之间。     

Bio-efficacy evaluation of nanoformulations of β-cyfluthrin against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

In the present investigation, bioefficacy of developed β-cyfluthrin formulations, utilizing laboratory synthesized poly(ethylene glycols) based amphiphilic copolymers, were evaluated against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). The bioefficacy data indicated that the formulations developed by utilizing polymers having PEG – 1500 (3c) and PEG – 2000 (3d) as the hydrophilic segment showed greater efficacy after 14 days as evident from EC₅₀ values (2.2 and 1.58 mg L^?1 respectively). Also, release from the commercial SC formulation was faster than developed formulations as the commercial formulation had the lowest EC₅₀ value on the first day (0.51 mg L^?1). The mean EC₅₀ of the commercial formulation against C. maculatus was quite high as compared to those of developed formulations. The results suggest that depending upon the polymer matrix used, the application rate of β-cyfluthrin can be optimized to achieve insect control at the desired level and period. The results described in this paper are promising and provide a comparison of developed formulations with the commercial one showing an earlier degradation of β-cyfluthrin in the latter and relatively prolonged activity in the former.     

工业废水中微量Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)的测定

本文探讨3,3’-二氨基联苯胺与硒(Ⅳ、Ⅵ)显色反应的适宜条件,提出测定四价硒和总硒的方法,可应用于工业废水的分析中。一、主要试剂与仪器Se(Ⅵ)标准溶液溶解0.2801克硒酸钠于少量水中,用水稀释至100毫升,摇匀,此溶液含 Se(Ⅵ)1000微克/毫升。用前取一整分稀     

欧洲水协会(E WA)建立水污染控制网络(E WPCN)

20 0 1年 3月 2 2日 ,欧洲水协会 (ｔｈｅＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎＷａｔｅｒＡｓｓｏｃｉａｔｉｏｎ ,ＥＷＡ)向人们介绍了欧洲水污染控制网络 (ｔｈｅＥｕｒｏｐｅａｎＷａｔｅｒＰｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎＣｏｎｔｒｏｌＮｅｔｗｏｒｋ ,ＥＷＰＣＮ) ,这是一个专门提供水环境保护领域信息并进行水环境信息集中交流的网站。ＥＷＰＣＮ为方便用户 ,将分散的、与水污染控制有关的信息集中起来 ,便于用户上网浏览自己需要的信息。ＥＷＰＣＮ的信息主要来源于欧盟国家的水污染控制政策及文件、时事通讯、项目报告和其他背景资料等。栏目主要包括 :政策法规、…     

Bio-efficacy evaluation of nanoformulations of β-cyfluthrin against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)

In the present investigation, bioefficacy of developed β-cyfluthrin formulations, utilizing laboratory synthesized poly(ethylene glycols) based amphiphilic copolymers, were evaluated against Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae). The bioefficacy data indicated that the formulations developed by utilizing polymers having PEG - 1500 (3c) and PEG - 2000 (3d) as the hydrophilic segment showed greater efficacy after 14 days as evident from EC(50) values (2.2 and 1.58 mg L(-1) respectively). Also, release from the commercial SC formulation was faster than developed formulations as the commercial formulation had the lowest EC(50) value on the first day (0.51 mg L(-1)). The mean EC(50) of the commercial formulation against C. maculatus was quite high as compared to those of developed formulations. The results suggest that depending upon the polymer matrix used, the application rate of β-cyfluthrin can be optimized to achieve insect control at the desired level and period. The results described in this paper are promising and provide a comparison of developed formulations with the commercial one showing an earlier degradation of β-cyfluthrin in the latter and relatively prolonged activity in the former.     

Fe(Ⅱ)络合—Fe(Ⅲ)催化氧化—S(Ⅳ)还原湿法脱除烟气中NO_x

Fe(Ⅱ)络合吸收烟气中的NO生成亚硝酰亚铁络合物,使NO快速进入液相;在Fe(Ⅲ)催化氧化作用下NO可以被S(Ⅳ)化合物还原。基于以上反应机制,提出了Fe(Ⅱ)络合—Fe(Ⅲ)催化氧化—S(Ⅳ)还原湿法脱除燃煤锅炉烟气中NO_x的新方法,考察了Fe的价态、吸收液pH、烟气中O_2、亚硫酸钠添加量等因素对NO_x脱除效率的影响。结果表明,在无O_2烟气的脱硝实验中,当吸收液中Fe(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)共存,pH为2.2~2.9时,对NO_x的脱除效果最好,脱除效率为75%;当烟气中有O_2存在时,Fe(Ⅱ)、Fe(Ⅲ)共存,吸收液中的S(Ⅳ)被快速氧化,使得烟气中SO_2所提供的S(Ⅳ)化合物积累量难以达到预期脱硝效果所需的浓度水平,实验通过持续投加亚硫酸钠来补充脱硝所必需的S(Ⅳ)化合物,其瞬时投加量为10~(-4)~10~(-3) mol/(L·min)时,对NO_x的脱除具有较明显的促进作用。与此同时,投加亚硫酸钠并未影响此工艺对SO_2的脱除效率,脱硫效率始终维持在95%以上。     

北京地铁车厢内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)污染特征研究

地铁是人们出行的重要交通方式,车厢内颗粒物污染可影响人体健康。2016年春、秋、冬季对北京地铁1号、2号、4号、10号线进行现场监测,探讨北京地铁车厢内颗粒物污染特征。研究结果表明,北京地铁车厢内PM_(2.5)平均浓度超标率为83.8%~98.7%,地铁1号线PM_(10)平均浓度超标率为59.6%。地铁车厢内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度存在工作日和周末组间显著性差异,表明客运量对车厢内颗粒物浓度有较大影响。地铁车厢内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度存在季节性差异,冬季车厢内颗粒物平均浓度最高。不同线路车厢内PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度存在组间差异,地铁通风空调系统、门系统和客运量是造成其差异的主要原因。