用SSR标记检测同源四倍体与二倍体水稻的遗传差异

随机选用分布于水稻(Oryza stativa L.)12条染色体上的15对SSR(simplej sequence repeats)引物，对18种中科院成都生物所培育的四倍体水稻和9种大面积种植的二倍体水稻进行了SSR多态性分析．11对具多态性的引物共检测到33条多态性条带，平均每对引物检测到3个等位基因．研究结果发现，所用同源四倍体水稻的基因组与二倍体水稻基因组大部分相同，只是在某些位点上具有差异，并筛选出部分SSR标记来区分二倍体与其同源四倍体．本研究还对二倍体与同源四倍体之间遗传差异的原因进行了初步的探讨．图2表2参12     

水稻Wx基因PCR-Acc Ⅰ标记与稻米AC的关系及其辅助育种效果

利用PCR-AccⅠ分子标记分析了105个水稻品种的Wx基因型,结果表明,用该标记检测的Wx基因型与该品种的稻米直链淀粉含量有较好的对应关系,利用PCR-AccⅠ标记可以鉴别籼稻品种直链淀粉含量的高或低;同时,对2个杂交组合F2分离群体的分析表明,PCR-AccI标记与稻米直链淀粉含量是紧密连锁、共分离的.另一方面,以直链淀粉含量中等的优质籼稻保持系D香1B为优质Wx基因供体,运用PCR-AccⅠ分子标记辅助选择,对综合性状优良、配合力高,但直链淀粉含量过高、品质欠佳的籼稻保持系G46B进行品质改良,结果在BC3F2代成功获得了直链淀粉含量中等的纯合TT基因型目标植株,表明PCR-AccⅠ标记用于优质Wx基因的分子标记辅助选择育种是有效的,因而该标记对改良稻米品质有重要作用.图2表3参13     

同源四倍体水稻亲本材料的结实研究

研究了2份二倍体水稻和29份同源四倍体水稻(2n=4x=48)亲本(其中4份低代材料、25份高代材料)在2004年和2005年的结实情况.与二倍体对照相比,同源四倍体材料的花粉育性、结实率均不同程度下降,尤其低代材料的花粉育性(59.6%～65.3%)和结实率(26.8%～33.5%)大幅度降低;但经过选择改良,大多数材料的花粉育性和结实率均不同程度提高.F检验表明,同源四倍体不同品种间各性状均差异显著,说明同源四倍体材料具有很大的改良潜力.从1996年到2005年对部分同源四倍体水稻进行了连续选择改良,并对其结实率进行T检验,结果表明经过9a的选择改良,同源四倍体水稻结实率显著提高.本文还对同源四倍体水稻各性状间的相关性进行了分析,结果表明,结实率与花粉育性、穗着粒数、穗实粒数极显著相关,理论产量与花粉育性、有效穗数、穗着粒数、穗实粒数、结实率及千粒重极显著相关.表3图1参18     

水稻杂交后代表观直锭淀粉质量分数与蜡质基因（CT）n微卫？…

以来自２个水稻杂交组合的后代遗传群体为材料，研究了蜡质基因（ＷＸ）微卫星标记（ＣＴ）ｎ多态性与稻米表观直链淀粉质量分数ｗ（ＡＡ）之间的相关性。第１个群体是浙农８０１０与嘉育２９３的杂交Ｆ５６代育种品系，双亲均为灿稻，ｗ（ＡＡ（分别是８．７％和２５．６％，Ｗｘ基因型为分别为（ＣＴ）１８／（ＣＴ）１８和（ＣＴ）１１／（ＣＴ）１１，另一群体为ＣＭ１０１与ＩＧＲＡ４０９杂交Ｆ５家系，亲本ＣＭ１０１为一个粳     

糯稻和非糯稻蜡质基因的新STS分子标记

通过对前人公布的糯性水稻蜡质基因全序列测定结果的分析,根据糯性水稻与非糯性水稻蜡质基因序列位点的差异,设计了两个基于PCR扩增反应的可特异识别糯性水稻的显性和共显性STS分子标记;同时在前人公布的非糯性水稻蜡质基因的不同类型(Wxa和Wxb)的全序列比对分析的基础上,选取了两种基因型特定的差异位点,设计了两个基于PCR扩增反应用于特异识别这两种Wx基因的显性STS分子标记,并用新建立的标记对相应的水稻基因型进行了检测.图2表2参10     

糯小麦回交改良群体中Wx基因的遗传和品质效应

在基因型鉴定的基础上,利用糯小麦杂交后代BC5F2代回交改良群体研究了各基因缺失对降低直链淀粉含量的效果和各基因合成直链淀粉的能力,以及直链淀粉含量与农艺性状、品质性状、淀粉糊化特性等的相关性。研究发现,在Wx基因的所有8种基因型之间,直链淀粉含量差异显著;研究单缺失基因型发现,对直链淀粉含量减少效应最大的是Wx-B1b,减少效应最小的是Wx-A1b,而Wx-B1b和Wx-D1b没有显著差异;研究双缺失基因型发现,Wx基因合成直链淀粉的能力以Wx-B1a最高,Wx-A1a最低,而Wx-B1a和Wx-D1a差异很小.直链淀粉含量与株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、千粒重等农艺性状相关不显著,表明淀粉品质育种可以与高产育种实现有机结合.直链淀粉含量与SDS-沉降值呈显著负相关(r=-0.726),说明直链淀粉含量降低在一定程度上有利于提高小麦营养与加工品质.全糯类型的淀粉糊化特性与其他类型显著不同,具有最高的峰值粘度和稀懈值,最低的低谷粘度、最终粘度、反弹值、峰值时间、糊化温度、起始糊化温度,表明糯小麦淀粉在食品和工业上具有特殊用途;稀懈值与直链淀粉含量呈极显著负相关(r=-0.969),其它粘度参数与直链淀粉含量呈显著正相关(最终粘度r=0.797,低谷粘度r=0.910、反弹值r=0.954、峰值时间r=0.970、糊化温度r=0.962、起始糊化温度r=0.932).表5参37     

水稻H14早熟性的遗传分析及基因定位

品种生育期是水稻最重要的农艺性状之一,对水稻生育期基因进行定位具有重要意义.水稻籼粳中间型材料H14具有显性早熟特性,它与多个不同类型的中、迟熟品种杂交,F1抽穗期均与早熟亲本H14相近或更早.H14与明恢63和蜀恢881等杂交F2和B1F1抽穗期呈双峰分布,从峰谷处进行分组,早熟植株与迟熟植株分离比经χ2测验分别符合3:1和1:1,表明该早熟特性主要受一对显性基因控制.以H14/明恢63 F2作定位群体,采用微卫星标记将H14所携带的显性早熟基因定位于水稻第6染色体短臂,位于微卫星标记RM314和RM276的一侧,与RM314的遗传距离为8.2 cM.认为该基因是一个新的水稻显性早熟基因,暂命名为Ef-h(t).图3表2参22     

水稻杂交后代表观直链淀粉质量分数与蜡质基因(CT)n微卫星多态性的相关性

以来自２ 个水稻杂交组合的后代遗传群体为材料,研究了蜡质基因（ Ｗｘ） 微卫星标记（ＣＴ）ｎ 多态性与稻米表观直链淀粉质量分数（ ｗ（ＡＡ）） 之间的相关性． 第１ 个群体是浙农８０１０ 与嘉育２９３ 的杂交Ｆ６ 代育种品系,双亲均为籼稻,ｗ（ＡＡ） 分别为８ ．７％ 和２５．６ ％ ,Ｗｘ 基因型为分别为（ＣＴ）１８（ＣＴ）１８ 和（ＣＴ）１１（ＣＴ）１１ ．另一群体为ＣＭ１０１ 与ＩＧＲＡ４０９ 杂交Ｆ５ 家系,亲本ＣＭ１０１ 为一个粳型糯稻,Ｗｘ 基因型为（ＣＴ）１８（ＣＴ）１８ ;ＩＧＲＡ４０９ 为籼稻,ｗ（ＡＡ） ＝ ２７．５％ ,Ｗｘ 基因型为（ＣＴ）１１（ＣＴ）１１ ．结果发现,在２ 个杂交组合的后代群体中,高ｗ（ＡＡ） 材料Ｗｘ 基因型均为（ＣＴ）１１（ＣＴ）１１ ,低ｗ（ＡＡ） 及糯稻的均为（ＣＴ）１８（ＣＴ）１８ ,中等ｗ（ＡＡ） 材料的则为（ＣＴ）１８（ＣＴ）１１ 的杂合体．统计分析表明,Ｗｘ 基因型与ｗ（ＡＡ）之间存在显著的相关性,在浙农８０１０×嘉育２９３ 和ＣＭ１０１ ×ＩＧＲＡ４０９ 两个群体中相关系数分别达０ ．９５０９ 和０．９７０４．     

粗山羊草间杂交及抗条锈病新基因遗传分析和分子标记

粗山羊草是小麦野生近缘属种,是D基因组的供体,蕴含大量的抗病资源,是进行小麦遗传改良的重要资源.选取条锈病免疫材料Y206和高度感病材料Y121杂交后代进行遗传分析和抗病性鉴定.从粗山羊草[Aegilops tauschii(Coss.)Schmal]Y206中鉴定出1个显性抗小麦条锈病基因,暂定名为YrY206.并利用SSR分子标记对该抗病基因标记定位,应用分离群体分组法(Bulked segregant analysis,BSA)筛选到Wmc11a、Xgwm71c、Xgwm161和xgwm183标记,与该基因之间的遗传距离分别为4.0 cM、3.3 cM、1.5 cM和9.3 cM.根据连锁标记所在小麦微卫星图谱的位置,YrY206被定位在3DS染色体上,可能是一个新的抗小麦条锈病基因.图2表2参22     

玉米性别决定基因TASSELSEED2及其同源基因的分子进化特征

TS2是最早在玉米中发现的性别决定基因,但是在其他的单性花或者两性花的被子植物中其同源基因是否也与花的性别形成有关以及其进化特征仍不清楚.以玉米性别决定基因TASSELSEED2(TS2)为检索序列,通过BLAST搜索得到21个测序植物物种的27个TS2同源基因,并利用生物信息学和比较基因组学方法详细分析了这些TS2基因的序列特征、进化关系及选择压力.结果表明,植物TS2基因具有3种基因结构类型、2种典型的功能结构域和7种保守基序组织模式,且单性花和两性花植物间并没有表现出特异性.系统进化树显示,以江南卷柏TS2蛋白为系统树基部,除了PtrTS2b、SlaTS2、CsaTS2和CpaTS2这4种单性花的TS2蛋白外,剩余22个植物TS2蛋白被划分为4个亚群.值得注意的是,除杨树外,其余4种单性花植物的TS2基因距离较远,均单独为一分支.进一步对4个亚群的选择位点分析发现,这些亚群共包含出24个正选择位点(P0.05),说明各亚群TS2基因均受控于纯净选择或松弛的纯净选择.由上述结果可知,TS2基因在进化过程中发生了多次重复和基因扩增事件,而多次独立的重复或者基因扩增事件导致TS2基因失去了对性别的决定或者调控作用.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture     

Potential for Electropositive Metal to Reduce the Interactions of Atlantic Sturgeon with Fishing Gear

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) populations have been declared either endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Effective measures to repel sturgeon from fishing gear would be beneficial to both fish and fishers because they could reduce both fishery‐associated mortality and the need for seasonal and area closures of specific fisheries. Some chondrostean fishes (e.g., sturgeons and paddlefishes) can detect weak electric field gradients (possibly as low as 5 Μv/cm) due to arrays of electroreceptors (ampullae of Lorenzini) on their snout and gill covers. Weak electric fields, such as those produced by electropositive metals (typically mixtures of the lanthanide elements), could therefore potentially be used as a deterrent. To test this idea, we recorded the behavioral responses of juvenile Atlantic sturgeon (31–43 cm fork length) to electropositive metal (primarily a mixture of the lanthanide elements neodymium and praseodymium) both in the presence and absence of food stimuli. Trials were conducted in an approximately 2.5 m diameter × 0.3 m deep tank, and fish behaviors were recorded with an overhead digital video camera. Video records were subsequently digitized (x, y coordinate system), the distance between the fish and the electropositive metal calculated, and data summarized by compiling frequency distributions with 5‐cm bins. Juvenile sturgeon showed clear avoidance of electropositive metal but only when food was present. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the electropositive metals, or other sources of weak electric fields, may eventually be used to reduce the interactions of Atlantic sturgeon with fishing gear, but further investigation is needed. El Potencial del Metal Electropositivo para Reducir las Interacciones del Esturión Atlántico con Instrumentos de Pesca Bouyoucos, Bushnell & Brill 13–003     

The role of time and species identities in spatial patterns of species richness and conservation

Many conservation actions are justified on the basis of managing biodiversity. Biodiversity, in terms of species richness, is largely the product of rare species. This is problematic because the intensity of sampling needed to characterize communities and patterns of rarity or to justify the use of surrogates has biased sampling in favor of space over time. However, environmental fluctuations interacting with community dynamics lead to temporal variations in where and when species occur, potentially affecting conservation planning by generating uncertainty about results of species distribution modeling (including range determinations), selection of surrogates for biodiversity, and the proportion of biodiversity composed of rare species. To have confidence in the evidence base for conservation actions, one must consider whether temporal replication is necessary to produce broad inferences. Using approximately 20 years of macrofaunal data from tidal flats in 2 harbors, we explored variation in the identity of rare, common, restricted range, and widespread species over time and space. Over time, rare taxa were more likely to increase in abundance or occurrence than to remain rare or disappear and to exhibit temporal patterns in their occurrence. Space–time congruency in ranges (i.e., spatially widespread taxa were also temporally widespread) was observed only where samples were collected across an environmental gradient. Fifteen percent of the taxa in both harbors changed over time from having spatially restricted ranges to having widespread ranges. Our findings suggest that rare species can provide stability against environmental change, because the majority of species were not random transients, but that selection of biodiversity surrogates requires temporal validation. Rarity needs to be considered both spatially and temporally, as species that occur randomly over time are likely to play a different role in ecosystem functioning than those exhibiting temporal structure (e.g., seasonality). Moreover, temporal structure offers the opportunity to place management and conservation activities within windows of maximum opportunity.     

Main nutrient compounds in food bodies of Mexican <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acacia</Emphasis> ant-plants

Summary. Myrmecophytic plants use obligate ant mutualists as a constitutive indirect defence mechanism. These plants often produce cellular food bodies (FBs) to nourish their resident ants. Lipids, proteins, and even highly specialised compounds such as glycogen have been reported from FBs, but detailed chemical analyses of FB composition have so far been presented only for Southeast Asian Macaranga and Central American Piper myrmecophytes. Here we report the chemical composition of FBs of five myrmecophytic Acacia (Fabaceae) species from Mexico using HPLC (carbohydrates and proteins) and GC-MS (lipids). Feeding experiments revealed no hints on any use of external food sources by the inhabiting Pseudomyrmex ants. These ants obviously rely completely on FBs and extrafloral nectar provided by their hosts. The total content of nutrients in Acacia FBs was 15-25% of FB dry mass, being much lower than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Proteins were dominating (8-14 % dm) in Acacia FBs and thus were present in higher amounts than in Macaranga FBs, yet in lower amounts than in Piper. Lipids contributed 1-9 % of dry mass, showing a lower proportion than in FBs of Macaranga or Piper. Carbohydrates made up 3-11 % dm, reaching in most Acacia species the same range as observed in Macaranga and in Piper FBs. Water content was 18-24 % of FB fresh mass, and structural tissue obviously made up a much higher proportion in Acacia FBs than in Macaranga or Piper FBs. Both characters might represent an adaptation to producing FBs unprotected at the leaf tips under dry conditions. Acacia FBs contain all amino acids and all fatty acids that are considered essential for insects, and their contents of lipids and proteins are higher than in the leaves from which they are ontogenetically derived. This indicates a putatively adaptive enrichment of nutritionally valuable compounds in structures functioning as ant-food.     

Examining the uncertain origin and management role of martens on Prince of Wales Island,Alaska

Conservation biologists are generally united in efforts to curtail the spread of non‐native species globally. However, the colonization history of a species is not always certain, and whether a species is considered non‐native or native depends on the conservation benchmark. Such ambiguities have led to inconsistent management. Within the Tongass National Forest of Alaska, the status of American marten (Martes americana) on the largest, most biologically diverse and deforested island, Prince of Wales (POW), is unclear. Ten martens were released to POW in the early 1930s, and it was generally believed to be the founding event, although this has been questioned. The uncertainty surrounding when and how martens colonized POW complicates management, especially because martens were selected as a design species for the Tongass. To explore the history of martens of POW we reviewed other plausible routes of colonization; genetically and isotopically analyzed putative marten fossils deposited in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene to verify marten occupancy of POW; and used contemporary genetic data from martens on POW and the mainland in coalescent simulations to identify the probable source of the present‐day marten population on POW. We found evidence for multiple routes of colonization by forest‐associated mammals beginning in the Holocene, which were likely used by American martens to naturally colonize POW. Although we cannot rule out human‐assisted movement of martens by Alaskan Natives or fur trappers, we suggest that martens be managed for persistence on POW. More generally, our findings illustrate the difficulty of labeling species as non‐native or native, even when genetic and paleo‐ecological data are available, and support the notion that community resilience or species invasiveness should be prioritized when making management decisions rather than more subjective and less certain conservation benchmarks.