活性炭吸附有机蒸气过程中的初始浓度测定

以PTA生产尾气为实验体系，讨论了在活性炭对有机气体动态吸附过程中，有机气体初始浓度的三种测定方法，即气相色谱法、吸附称量法和气体方程计算法。结果得出，吸附称量法误差最小，其次是气体方程计算法，误差最大的是气相色谱法。     

北京地区石灰性土壤对锰的吸附

本文研究了北京地区４种类型５个石灰性土壤样品对锰的吸附、及其与土壤各理化性质的关系。在每克土壤加入２５ｍｌ１０～２００ｇＭｎ／ｍｌ的剂量范围内，土壤对锰的吸附极好的遵从Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｒｉｃｈ等温方程，而是否符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ等温方程则与加入的锰溶液浓度有关，当其小于１２０　ｇＭｎ／ｍｌ时，则能较好地符合Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ方程；这一现象说明，土壤具有两种或两种以上的吸附位。在土壤各理化性质中主要是粘粒含量和阳离于交换总量（ＣＥＣ）影响到锰的吸附。但在锰溶液浓度较低时，各土壤理化性质均与土壤吸附锰量无显著相关。平衡溶液的ｐＨ强烈影响土壤吸附锰的能力，当ｐＨ由４上升至７左右时，土壤对锰的吸附急剧增加，ｐＨ值再上升，土壤吸附锰量的增加趋于平缓。     

贝壳粉对重金属镉的吸附特征研究

研究了贝壳粉对重金属镉的吸附特征,结果表明:在镉离子质量浓度为100 mg/L时,文石型贝壳粉对镉离子的吸附能力强于方解石型贝壳粉;在文石型贝壳粉中,海虹和毛蚶的贝壳粉对镉离子的吸附性能最强。所有供试贝壳粉对镉离子的吸附过程均符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,说明该吸附过程为单分子层吸附,既存在物理吸附又存在化学吸附。贝壳粉对镉离子的动力学吸附分为快速吸附和平衡吸附两个阶段。快速吸附阶段时间较短但吸附量大,符合准一级动力学模型;而吸附全过程符合准二级动力学模型,说明贝壳粉的吸附主要在表面进行。     

交联菌丝体吸附剂的制备及其对Cr^3＋的吸附特性

深入研究了交联菌丝体吸附剂的制备工艺及其对Cr^3＋的吸附特性。交联菌丝体吸附剂制备工艺简单，但在制备过程中，活化剂NaOH和交联剂的用量对吸附特性影响较大。与纯菌丝体吸附剂相比，交联菌丝体吸附剂表观吸附容量提高48％，达到49．83mg／g（pH=2．53，水溶液中的Cr^3＋浓度为600mg／L），同时其机械强度明显增强。交联菌丝体吸附剂对Cr^3＋的吸附特点是将沉淀法与吸附法相结合，将沉淀与吸附两过程合二为一，从而简化了处理工艺，降低了处理成本。     

阳离子嫩黄染料与苯酚在活性炭上的吸附性比较

本文选取阳离子嫩黄染料和苯酚作为吸附质，研究了它们在活性炭上的吸附性。结果表明，大分子阳离子嫩黄的吸附量明显大于较小分子苯酚的吸附量，同时，ｐＨ值对两种分子的吸附量都有影响     

Fe_3O_4-TiO_2·nH_2O·Al吸附剂去除水中氟离子

以实验室制备的Fe_3O_4-TiO_2·n H_2O·Al吸附剂处理模拟和实际含氟废水,探讨了吸附剂用量、体系p H、吸附温度和吸附时间等因素对F-吸附效果的影响。结果表明:在初始F-浓度16.1 mg/L,起始p H 8.0,吸附剂投加量5 g/L,室温(约25℃)下吸附15 min时,模拟和实际废水的出水F-均可达到10 mg/L的《电镀污染物排放标准》和《污水综合排放标准》,且吸附剂的容量都在1.6 mg/g左右,显示Fe_3O_4-TiO_2·n H_2O·Al具有一定的实际应用价值。含氟水溶液初始p H对Fe_3O_4-TiO_2·n H_2O·Al吸附F-性能影响较大。在p H介于3.0~5.0时,吸附容量较大,过高或过低都会导致吸附容量降低。Fe_3O_4-TiO_2·n H_2O·Al吸附F-的过程为放热反应,升温不利于F-的吸附。该吸附剂吸附F-的过程为化学吸附,符合准二级动力学模型,等温线拟合接近Freundlich吸附等温线。     

用树脂—半透膜囊对水环境中有效态金属含量进行长期监测I、树脂—半透膜囊对铜的吸附及不同树脂的差别

在实验室条件下，研究了阳离子交换树脂－半透膜囊对水中游离态铜的吸附作用，比较了装填不同型号树脂的半透膜囊的吸附过程。研究结果表明，在常量阳离子含量较铜离子含量高三个数量级的条件下，所研究树脂都能选择性地吸附铜，其中Ｃｈｅｌｅｘ１００与ＡｍｂｅｒｌｉｔｅＩＲ－１２０树脂对铜的亲和性最强。吸附过程在数十天内呈线住，且远未饱和。藻类、细菌及各类杂质的存在对吸附过程有明显影响。     

活性炭固定床操作参数的优化

研究了操作参数对活性炭固定床处理有机废气的影响。温度升高，吸附容量下降。湿度的存在会减少活性炭对有机物的吸附容量。适当的操作气速为0.1-0.5m/s，在此范围内，气速与压降在对数坐标上呈线性关系。     

表面活性剂在北京碱性土壤中的吸附行为研究

通过静态吸附实验,研究了北京碱性土壤对阴离子表面活性剂SDS、阳离子表面活性剂CTAB和非离子表面活性剂Tween80的吸附行为,考察了温度对表面活性剂吸附的影响.结果表明:7种不同土样对SDS、CTAB和Tween80的吸附等温线均较好地符合Langmuir吸附模式,其吸附能力的大小顺序为2号轻壤土》轻粘土》中壤土》砂壤土》5号轻壤土》重壤土》紧砂土,这主要是由于7种土样的pH、有机质含量和机械组成不同的缘故;同一土壤中,CTAB的吸附量》Tween80的吸附量》SDS的吸附量;温度的升高,不利于SDS和CTAB在土壤中的吸附,而有利于Tween80的吸附.     

Fe/Mg负载改性竹炭去除水中的氨氮

用Mg Cl2溶液、Fe Cl3溶液浸渍对竹炭进行改性,以BET比表面积和SEM-EDS对其进行表征。通过静态吸附实验,研究改性竹炭对氨氮的吸附特性以及吸附时间、初始氨氮浓度、p H值和磷存在等因素对改性竹炭吸附氨氮能力的影响。实验表明,用氯化镁和氯化铁对竹炭进行改性,可使竹炭表面化学性质和物理结构特性同时发生变化;未改性竹炭与改性竹炭对氨氮的吸附量大小依次为:BCMBCFBCFMBC;竹炭在吸附时间为24 h时基本达到吸附平衡,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程;改性竹炭对氨氮的吸附等温方程与Freundlich模型拟合较好;改性竹炭对氨氮吸附的最佳p H为5;磷存在可使改性竹炭对氨氮的吸附量显著增加。     

玻璃注射器对顶空气相色谱法分析苯系物的误差原因分析

按GB11890—89顶空气相色谱法分析苯系物时，发现重复性和分割水平样品平行性较差，经仔细分析，是由于使用普通玻璃注射器造成的。为避免此类误差，建议顶空气相色谱法分析时，使用带特氟龙顶端推杆的气密性注射器。     

Rice and wheat straw ashes: Characterization and modeling of pretilachlor sorption kinetics and adsorption isotherm

The rice straw ash (RSA) and wheat straw ash (WSA) were explored as low cost adsorbent for pretilachlor removal from water. The ashes were characterized and sorption behavior of pretilachlor was evaluated. Kinetics study suggested that the modified Elovich model best explained the pretilachlor sorption on both the ashes. The adsorption data were analyzed using 2-, 3- and 4-parameter models and nine error functions were used to compute the best fit isotherm by nonlinear regression analysis. The pretilachlor was more sorbed onto the RSA (22.0–92.2%) than the WSA (11.4–61.4%) and percent adsorption decreased with increase in the herbicide concentration in solution. Isotherm model optimization analysis suggested that the Freundlich and the Temkin isotherms were the best models to predict the pretilachlor adsorption onto the RSA and the WSA. The error analysis suggested that the reciprocal of the observed squared (ROS) and the reciprocal of the predicted squared (RPS) error functions provided the best determination of the adsorption constants for the Freundlich and the Temkin isotherms, respectively. The RSA, which exhibited higher pretilachlor sorption potential, can be utilized as low cost adsorbent for pesticide removal from contaminated water.     

Criteria for choosing a least squares procedure to extract parameters from exponential decays

For analyzing A exp(-kx) data, least squares procedures cannot be appropriately weighted if the kind of random error in the data is not known. Analyses with both a nonlinear least squares and a log transformation method are tested on simulated data having known errors to determine if the kind of error can be distinguished with these analyses when weighting is not included. The results indicate that some criteria of smaller parameter errors or fit errors can give biased error estimates and/or mislead the experimenter about the underlying error structure. The cases of equal errors vs constant relative errors can be distinguished by using both least squares analyses provided the range of the data and the number of data sets are large enough, using the error in k as a guide.     

Use of X-ray absorption imaging to examine heterogeneous diffusion in fractured crystalline rocks

Heterogeneous diffusion in different regions of a fractured granodiorite from Japan has been observed and measured through the use of X-ray absorption imaging. These regions include gouge-filled fractures, recrystallized fracture-filling material and hydrothermally altered matrix. With the X-ray absorption imaging technique, porosity, relative concentration, and relative mass of an iodine tracer were imaged in two dimensions with a sub-millimeter pixel size. Because portions of the samples analyzed have relatively low porosity values, imaging errors can potentially impact the results. For this reason, efforts were made to better understand and quantify this error. Based on the X-ray data, pore diffusion coefficients (Dp) for the different regions were estimated assuming a single diffusion rate and a lognormal multirate distribution of Dp. Results show Dp for the gouge-filled fractures are over an order of magnitude greater than those of the recrystallized fracture-filling material, which in turn is approximately two times greater than those for the altered matrix. The recrystallized fracture-filling material was found to exhibit the greatest degree of variability. The results of these experiments also provide evidence that diffusion from advective zones in fractures through the gouge-filled fractures and recrystallized fracture-filling material could increase the pore space available for matrix diffusion. This evidence is important for understanding the performance of potential nuclear waste repositories in crystalline rocks as diffusion is thought to be an important retardation mechanism for radionuclides.     

Analyzing the uncorrected error of dilution water demand for the dilution biochemical oxygen demand method.

Dilution water demand (DWD) can cause a positive error when the dilution biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) method is used. Dilution water demand may be attributed to oxidation of organic impurities in the dilution water and nitrification of ammonia added as a nutrient. To minimize the error associated with these sources, the standard BOD method requires that DWD be less than 0.2 mg/L in 5 days and does not allow correction for DWD when calculating test results. This study derives a set of theoretical equations to analyze the uncorrected errors with and without seeding. The authors concluded that DWD can be completely corrected if seeded dilution water is used for the sample dilution. When seeding individual bottles, the uncorrected error approaches 8.3 to approximately 8.8% at a 5-day depletion of 2 mg/L for a typical secondary effluent. Tests without seeding show an almost 1% higher uncorrected error than seeded tests. The analysis also suggests that these errors can be effectively reduced to less than 3% when the 5-day depletion approaches 6 mg/L. even for 5-day biochemical oxygen demand concentrations exceeding I x 10(4) mg/L. Further analysis indicates that, if not inhibited, the ammonium added to dilution water as a nutrient may contribute additional error due to nitrification.     

On the numerical asymmetry in calculating Coriolis terms through the splitting method in a mesoscale model

The asymmetry in calculating the Coriolis terms by Marchuk's splitting method is discussed. It was found that although some asymmetry is required for linear stability, this asymmetry should be kept to a minimum. Otherwise, for instance, if the diffusion terms are calculated in between the Coriolis terms in the u and v equations of motion, one gets cross-isobaric low-level winds, which are different depending on the geostrophic wind direction. This is the first study to show that the required asymmetry in the splitting can cause a considerable error in the boundary-layer winds of atmospheric models if not handled in a specific way.     

Cyclodextrins: a new efficient absorbent to treat waste gas streams

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the air provoke health and environmental concerns. This paper focuses on the absorption method to treat industrial polluted air loaded with VOCs. The key variable of this treatment being the choice of a suitable liquid absorbent, the aim of this research work is to investigate the effectiveness and the regeneration of a new potential family of absorbent: cyclodextrins (CDs). All CDs derivatives tested are able to decrease the Henry's law constant of toluene: a reduction of volatility up to 95% may be obtained, depending on CD nature and concentration. Moreover, absorption experiments show that beta-CD, which presents the highest absorption ability, is 250 time more efficient than water. The absorption efficiency is not totally correlated with static experiments, suggesting that, in addition to Henry's law constants and inclusion compounds stability, toluene diffusion into such solutions has to be taken into account. It is also to be noted that salt and pH variations seem to have little influence on the absorption capacity of CDs, which may be of great interest for industrial applications. Finally, since production of solid compounds was not observed during these experiments and since temperature decreases the capture ability in a drastic way, regeneration of the washing solution can be achieved by heating the solution in combination with air stripping.     

Use of the light absorption coefficient to monitor elemental carbon and PM2.5--example of Santiago de Chile

The optical absorption coefficient, particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 microm, and elemental carbon (EC) have been measured simultaneously during winter and spring of 2000 in the western part of Santiago, Chile (Pudahuel district). The optical measurements were carried out with a low-cost instrument recently developed at the University of Santiago. From the data, a site-specific mass absorption coefficient of 4.45+/-0.01 m2/g has been found for EC. In addition, a mass absorption coefficient of 1.02+/-0.03 m2/g has been obtained for PM2.5. These coefficients can be used during the colder months (May-August) to obtain EC concentration or PM2.5 from a measurement of the light absorption coefficient (sigmaa). The high correlation that has been found between these variables indicates that sigmaa is a good indicator of the degree of contamination of urbanized areas. The data also show an increase in PM2.5 and EC concentration during winter and an increase in the ratio of EC to PM2.5. When the EC/PM2.5 ratio is calculated during rush hour (7:00 a.m.-11:00 a.m.) and during part of the night (9:00 p.m.-2:00 a.m.), it is found that the increase is caused by higher concentration levels of EC at night. These results suggest that the rise in the EC concentration is caused by emissions from heating and air mass transport of pollution from other parts of the city, while traffic contribution remains approximately constant.     

Improved preparation of small biological samples for mercury analysis using cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy

Concentrations of mercury in biological samples collected for environmental studies are often less than 0.1 microgram/g. Low mercury concentrations and small organ sizes in many wildlife species (approximately 0.1 g) increase the difficulty of mercury determination at environmentally relevant concentrations. We have developed a digestion technique to extract mercury from small (0.1 g), biological samples at these relevant concentrations. Mean recoveries (+/- standard error) from validation trials of mercury fortified tissue samples using cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy for analysis ranged from 102 +/- 4.3% (2.5 micrograms/L, n = 15) to 108 +/- 1.4% (25 micrograms/L, n = 15). Recoveries of inorganic mercury were 99 +/- 5 (n = 19) for quality assurance samples analyzed during environmental evaluations conducted during a 24 month period. This technique can be used to determine total mercury concentrations of 60 ng Hg/g sample. Samples can be analyzed in standard laboratories in a short time, at minimal cost. The technique is versatile and can be used to determine mercury concentrations in several different matrices, limiting the time and expense of method development and validation.