铁岭市清河流域水环境质量现状及治理对策

文章为治理改善清河水环境,对清河流域的水环境污染状况和水环境质量进行了全面系统的调查了解,并提出相应对策。文中以2010年清河及其各主要支流全年各时期水质监测数据为主要依据,结合水域污染现状对污染物超标原因进行系统性分析。根据分析结果有针对性地提出了对该水域预防进一步污染和对现状整改的生态治理多项措施,从而遏制清河流域污染继续发展,使该水域水生态环境得到显著改善,以期为其它流域水环境综合治理提供可靠借鉴和科学依据。     

中国流域水资源管理立法研究

由于人们对流域水资源的肆意掠夺和无情盘剥,流域生态系统日趋退化,资源衰竭、环境污染,己经成为制约人类社会经济可持续发展的瓶颈。事实证明,国外经过多年的实践探索已经成功找到适合流域水资源管理的机制,然而,由于中国流域水资源管理立法的滞后性,中国流域水资源管理现状不容乐观。因此,我们应该在借鉴国外先进经验的基础上,完善中国流域水资源管理的立法,力求建立健全流域水资源管理的法律体系,以求更好地实现流域水资源管理。     

中国地表水氟化物时空分布特征初步研究

氟是一种常见的化学物质,摄入过多或过少都会造成危害。以2020年国家地表水环境质量监测网监测数据进行分析,氟化物年均浓度介于0.016～4.448mg/L之间,满足地表水Ⅲ类水质标准(<1.0mg/L)断面数占97.7%。淮河流域地表水氟化物平均浓度为0.610mg/L,为各流域中最高;西南诸河地表水氟化物平均浓度为0.190mg/L,为各流域中最低。长江、珠江流域月度波动幅度较小,西北诸河、辽河流域月度波动幅度较大。影响地表水氟化物浓度水平的主要因素包括高氟地质背景、地下水流动补充、有利于氟富集的地形地貌和气候气象等自然条件,以及工农业污染和污染治理设施不完善等人为原因。     

映秀湾水电站水质监测系统设计研究

基于映秀湾水电站河流水质情况,通过研究河流水质浊度及泥沙的海量数据,使用自动在线监测技术,对水质监测系统进行设计.采用自动化与信息化为一体的设计方式,分别对水质自动监测子系统与水质监测分析信息化子系统设计,实现水质浊度数据采集、传输、存储、监视、分析及决策功能,通过对数据实时监视、动态报警和发展趋势分析,为汛期水电站水轮机组及用水设施运行提供信息支撑,提升发电站机组发电运行效率,为泥沙含量较多的水电站提供实时在线监测技术服务.     

SPARROW模型在水环境管理中的应用及发展趋势

模型是研究水环境变化、进行水环境管理的重要工具.SPARROW（spatially referenced regressions on watershed attributes）是一个基于质量平衡方法将监测数据与流域特征和污染物来源信息相关联的非线性流域回归模型,具有数据需求量少、结构透明、普适性强等优点.为深刻理解SPARROW模型在水环境管理中的应用现状及未来发展趋势,笔者对SPARROW模型的原理以及其在营养物背景浓度模拟、水质评价、水质目标管理、气候变化对水环境影响等方面应用的国内外研究现状进行了系统梳理.结果表明:①通过选择合适的参考点,SPARROW模型可以有效模拟流域背景营养物通量和浓度,为流域水质标准的制定提供参照依据.②SPARROW模型可将营养物监测获得的数据信息外推至未监测区域,在水质监测数据数量有限的情况下进行水质评价.③SPARROW模型可模拟不同土地使用条件、资源管理等情境下河流营养物负荷,为水质的管理与决策提供支撑.④气候变化情景下,基于SPARROW模型进行气候变化对水环境影响的研究可以支撑水环境管理方案的制定,以应对未来气候变化导致的营养物输出增加.针对SPARROW模型目前在应用中存在的问题进行了分析与讨论,建议未来在应用SPARROW模型时,加强以下几个方面的研究:①进一步开发高锰酸盐指数、化学需氧量（COD）、氨氮等相关模块;②将SPARROW模型与机器学习模型相结合,提高量化模型参数的能力,使模型更好地应用于不同尺度、不同流域的水质相关研究.      

基于保护目标制定的湖泊流域入湖河流河段划分方法——以滇池流域为例

通过科学合理地划分河段实现栖息地分类管理是恢复流域生物完整性的重要内容之一.湖泊流域入湖河流空间尺度小、坡降大、生态学过程差异性显著的特点导致其河段类型复杂多样,与河流流域河段类型的大尺度特征具有明显区别,因此,河流流域河段划分指标及其方法不适用于湖泊流域,亟需发展以栖息地分类管理为目的的湖泊流域河段划分方法.本文通过回顾河流分类的概念、划分依据及划分方法的发展历程,明确了湖泊流域河段划分理论基础,提出了基于保护目标制定的湖泊流域河段划分方法,为恢复湖泊流域生物完整性提供了更为精细的管理单元.同时,以滇池流域为例,通过筛选与大型底栖动物敏感种群和濒危种群显著相关的环境因子,建立了由地貌类型、土地利用方式、河水来源、河道人工化情况及水体营养程度构成的指标划分体系;在实现各划分指标空间化的基础上,利用空间叠加聚类技术手段,将滇池流域入湖河流划分为9个河段类型,为滇池流域水生态系统健康恢复提供了科学依据.     

基于3S技术的区域生态环境质量监测研究

在G IS、RS等软件的支持下,对福建省闽江流域、九龙江流域和晋江流域的MOD IS数据、气象数据和地形数据进行处理,建立三大流域的生态环境质量监测模型,研究分析福建三大流域生态环境质量的空间分布情况及动态变化趋势。研究结果表明:在人口聚集、经济发达、地势较为平坦和交通便利的区域生态环境质量较差,而在人口稀疏、经济欠发达的丘陵山区生态环境质量良好。福建三大流域中九龙江流域生态环境质量最好,晋江流域生态环境质量最差。随着时间的推进,三大流域的生态质量都在不同程度上出现缓和趋势,这是对流域生态环境保护工作所取得成绩的印证,也可为今后制定更加有效的生态环境质量保护措施和政策提供科学的参考依据。     

森林影响河川径流的流域因素

国内外所进行的小区或小流域试验表明,砍伐森林径流量增加,增加森林植被覆盖则径流量减少。但是,在大流域,砍伐森林并不一定能增加河川径流量。小面积试验得出的结论不适于推而广之到大的流域。其主要原因是流域因素——所处的自然气候地带、地质地貌特别是水文地质条件的不同。大面积种树种草或砍伐森林,对一个较大流域总水量的影响是比较复杂的。在什么样的条件下水量减少、增加或者变化不大,要对整个流域进行详细地调查和观测,只进行简单的小流域试验是不可能得出正确结论的。     

Climate change, water availability and future cereal production in China

Climate scenarios from a regional climate model are used to drive crop and water simulation models underpinned by the IPCC A2 and B2 socio-economic development pathways to explore water availability for agriculture in China in the 2020s and 2040s. Various measures of water availability are examined at river basin and provincial scale in relation to agricultural and non-agricultural water demand and current and planned expansions to the area under irrigation. The objectives are to understand the influences of different drivers on future water availability to support China's food production. Hydrological simulations produce moderate to large increases in total water availability in response to increases in future precipitation. Total water demand increases nationally and in most basins, but with a decreasing share for agriculture due primarily to competition from industrial, domestic and municipal sectors. Crop simulations exhibit moderate to large increases in irrigation water demand which is found to be highly sensitive to the characteristics of daily precipitation in the climate scenarios. The impacts of climate change on water availability for agriculture are small compared to the role of socio-economic development.The study identifies significant spatial differences in impacts at the river basin and provincial level. In broad terms water availability for agriculture declines in southern China and remains stable in northern China. The combined impacts of climate change and socio-economic development produce decreases in future irrigation areas, especially the area of irrigated paddy rice. Overall, the results suggest that there will be insufficient water for agriculture in China in the coming decades, due primarily to increases in water demand for non-agricultural uses, which will have significant implications for adaptation strategies and policies for agricultural production and water management.     

基于GIS的流域水质目标管理TMYL构架研究——以赣江流域为例

以赣江流域为例,提出了基于GIS的TMYL计划技术框架,构建了以保持水生态系统健康为目标的流域水质目标管理技术体系.在ARCGIS9.3的环境中,利用GIS的叠置技术,建立基于控制单元为管理核心、污染源在线监控为配套建设的三级监控体系.结合流域水污染防治绩效评估体系的建立及评估分析,为流域水污染控制的总量控制方案和对策...     

流域水污染防治“十二五”规划分区方法与实践

流域规划分区管理是国内外流域治理的普遍经验,为逐步改变中国流域管理与区域管理“两张皮”的局面并促进两者的真正结合,阐述了进行流域规划分区的必要性和意义。《重点流域水污染防治规划（2011-2015年）》强化了分区、分级和分类防治的策略,构建了流域一控制区一控制单元的三级规划分区管理体系,提出了分区原则和方法,明确了流域、控制区和控制单元的范围及边界的划分方法,将8个重点流域划分为37个控制区、315个控制单元,确定了“十二五”水污染防治格局。同时筛选出118个重点控制单元,分为水质维护型、水质改善型和风险防范型3种类型,分类制定差异性的水污染防治综合治理方案,为未来流域的精细化水环境管理奠定了基础。     

河段水质压力目标管理模式的概念与方法

目前我国主流的流域水质目标管理模式中,在河段污染责任认定方面普遍存在难以界定上下游之间各自责任的问题,为此提出了一种基于河段水质压力概念的河流水质管理新模式.以水质压力为基础,配套建立了包括水质压力目标、水质压力纯水当量、水质压力偿罚金等在内的一系列相关概念及其设定与计量方法,完成对各河段的责任认定,并实现以河段处罚金与补偿金为调控手段的流域水质管理运行机制.结果表明,该管理模式有助于增强水质污染处罚与水质生态补偿的区域公平性和针对性,其中的概念和方法可作为现行河流水污染控制方法体系的一种改进性补充,同时能为流域生态补偿标准的确定提供一定借鉴.     

基于绝对主成分-多元线性回归的滇池污染源解析

定量解析污染源是湖泊流域水环境管理的重要基础.基于滇池草海和外海多年水质监测数据,采用主成分分析（PCA）方法识别了主要水质指标的污染源类型,利用绝对主成分-多元线性回归模型（APCS-MLR）得到不同污染源对水质的贡献程度.结果表明,草海主要的污染源有农业面源、城市面源和内源3类,外海的主要污染源是农业面源、城镇生活污染源、城市面源和内源4类.与河流水污染源解析结果不同,底泥内源与气象因子对滇池主要水质指标的影响较大.     

10种典型重金属在八大流域的生态风险及水质标准评价

收集了10种典型重金属在我国八大流域水体中的暴露浓度和对水生生物的急性和慢性毒性数据,分别应用概率密度重叠面积法和联合概率分布法对重金属在各流域水体中的生态风险进行评估,并与现行水质标准的评估结果进行对比.结果显示,Cu和Zn在各流域水体中生态风险均较高,现行水质标准对水生生物Cu、Zn的暴露不能实施有效的保护;Hg和Ni现行标准对水生生物存在过保护的现象;Se、As和Sb在各流域水体中生态风险均较低,现行标准对水生生物保护程度适中.建议对现行水质标准适度修改,同时增强高风险重金属监测水平,以合理有效的保护我国水生态系统安全.     

气候变化对海河流域水资源的影响及其对策

将全球气候模式与分布式水文模型WEP-L耦合,在国家气候中心整理提供的多模式平均数据集基础上,利用WEP-L模拟了海河流域历史30年(1961—1990年)和未来30年(2021—2050年)降水、蒸发、径流等主要水循环要素的变化规律,分析了气候变化对海河流域水资源的影响,结果表明,未来30年:①从年际变化规律看,气温普遍升高,降雨量略有增加,蒸发量普遍加大,径流量呈减少趋势,且有丰水年洪水规模更大、平水或枯水年干旱情况更严重的趋势;②从年内变化规律看,各月蒸发量普遍增加,汛期的降雨量有所减少,非汛期的降雨量有所增加,各月径流量则有不同程度的减少。因此,未来气候变化条件下海河流域水资源管理将面临更加严峻的挑战,本研究给出了一些基本的对策。     

Distribution of Chironomidae (Insecta: Diptera) in polluted rivers of the Juru River Basin, Penang, Malaysia

The influence of physical and chemical parameters on the abundance and diversity of chironomids was studied in six rivers with moderate to highly polluted water in the Juru River Basin. The rivers: Ceruk Tok Kun (CTKR) as reference site, and polluted rivers of Pasir (PR), Juru (JR), Permatang Rawa (PRR), Ara (AR) and Kilang Ubi (KUR) were sampled over a period of five months (November 2007–March 2008). Nine chirnomid species: Chironimus kiiensis, C. javanus, Polypedilum trigonus, Microchironomus sp., Dicrotendipes sp., Tanytarsus formosanus, Clinotanypus sp., Tanypus punctipennis and Fittkauimyia sp. were identified. Assessment of their relationships with several environmental parameters was performed using the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Tanytarsus formosanus was the most dominant in the relatively clean CTKR and moderately polluted JR with mean densities of 19.66 and 25.32 m?2, respectively while C. kiiensis was abundant in more polluted rivers. Tanytarsus formosanus, Dicrotendipes sp. and Microchironomus sp. were grouped under moderate to high water temperature, total organic matter (TOM), total suspended solids (TSS), velocity, pH, phosphates and sulphates. However, Tanypus punctipennis, Fittkauimyia sp., and Clinotanypus sp. were associated with high contents of river sediment such as TOM, Zn and Mn and water ammonium-N and nitrate-N and they were associated with higher dissolved oxygen (DO) content in the water. Chironomus kiiensis, C. javanus and P. trigonus showed positive relationships with TOM, ammonium-N and nitrate-N as well as trace metals of Zn, Cu and Mn. These three species could be considered as tolerant species since they have the ability to survive in extreme environmental conditions with low DO and high concentrations of pollutants. Based on the water parameter scores in all rivers, the highest diversity of chironomid larvae was reported in CTKR. With higher concentrations of organic and/or inorganic pollutants as reported in PPR, KUR and AR, the chironomid larval diversity decreased, and the abundance of tolerant species, mainly Chironomus spp., increased.     

Climate change adaptation strategies in the Mekong and Orange-Senqu basins: What determines the state-of-play?

The challenge of governing transboundary water resources is expected to increase with climate change and the resulting need to adapt to its impacts such as temperature increase, more precipitation in the wet season and less in the dry season. In a number of transboundary basins, international regimes, and in particular river basin commissions, are emerging to account for this and other challenges. Some basins are, however, rather advanced in terms of developing climate change adaptation strategies, while others are in a more nascent stage. For the two case studies of the Orange-Senqu and Mekong river basins, this paper attempts to explain the different degrees of progress towards climate change adaptation by applying regime effectiveness analysis. First, we analyze, using the Activity Diagram (AD) of the Management and Transition Framework (MTF), at which stage in the climate change adaptation policy formation process each of the two basins is. Then we attempt to explain the different degrees of progress towards adaptation by means of regime effectiveness theory. Variables indicating regime effectiveness are taken from the literature and further developed to suit the context of climate change adaptation. We find that the different degrees of progress can partially be explained by some variables of regime effectiveness such as the characteristics of rules and procedures, organizational structure, the role of riparian countries as well as international context. At the same time, the analysis points to the need for an analysis of additional factors that potentially shape decision-making and policy processes for climate change adaptation in international river basins such as (a) the hydrological, political and socio-economic setting, (b) underlying principles of regional cooperation (or conflict), (c) interests and values of the various actors in the negotiation process and (d) the possible linkages and trade-offs with other policy fields.     

建设内陆水体污染遥感监测信息数据库

建设监测数据库是现代监测方法和手段的延伸,可为环境管理提供有力支撑。遥感监测信息数据库的建立和应用,能为抚顺市水体污染卫星遥感监测示范系统提供可靠的数据分析、存储及查询支持,对水环境管理和饮用水源的保护具有重要的现实意义。根据数据库技术的发展和水库及河流各种污染物信息量大的特点,该数据库有适用应用软件支撑,并有数据输入、修改、删除、查询、输出、处理及生成各种图表等功能。笔者对建设内陆水体污染遥感信息数据库有关技术要求进行了探讨。      

An approach and preliminary model of integrating ecological and economic constraints of environmental quality in the Guayas River estuary, Ecuador

We describe conceptual and simulation models of land use within the intertidal zone of the Guayas River estuary to quantify the contribution of mangrove wetlands to maintaining environmental quality of a tropical estuary. The goal of this exercise is to demonstrate the important consideration of ecological constraints in determining economic and management decisions; and how modeling can be used to quantify impacts of land use such as loss of mangrove wetlands on environmental quality. Our conceptual model treats solar energy, river flow, and tides as forcing functions that control the properties of estuarine ecosystems, but also describes market forces and cultural policies as constraints on properties of socioeconomic systems. The controversy of coastal resource management in Ecuador centers around the relative impacts of shrimp pond construction and management as negative feedbacks to the environmental quality of the Guayas River estuary. Unique oceanographic processes and land use changes contribute to complex issues of water and habitat quality in this tropical estuary, the largest estuarine complex on the Pacific coast of South America. A dynamic box model was developed for the estuary and calibrated with data collected from a 14 month survey of water quality parameters throughout the estuary. Scenarios included conversion of mangroves to shrimp ponds in three regions of the estuary, and the construction of a dam by varying three different rates of river discharge at 100, 50 and 10% of 1989 base flow. Good water quality is maintained by the low residence time of water in the estuary (11 d) because of seasonally high river flow and tidal exchange. With a 90% reduction of mangrove forests in the estuary caused by shrimp pond construction, total nitrogen concentrations increased 5 fold. However, as river discharge decreased to 10%, the same construction caused a 60 fold increase in nitrogen concentrations to 250 μM. Increases in nitrogen concentrations were higher in the upper estuary region, with much less change in the lower estuary. Thus the sensitivity of environmental quality to changes in land use in the intertidal and upland zone are linked to the hydrography of the estuary and is site specific. In the future, the combinations of these ecological models together with economic analyses of the goods and services of mangroves may provide better techniques to evaluate the economic impacts of specific coastal zone management decisions.     

A strategy to deal with water crisis under climate change for mainstream in the middle reaches of Yellow River

Our planet is increasingly threatened by degradation in water quantity and quality due to climate change, population growth and development pressures. Water shortage is one of the most challenging environmental problems to humankind in the 21st century under the changing climate. Water shortages and scarcity escalate risks to food security and economic viability. For decades, water management has been dominated by supply oriented paradigm of expanding the capacity of accessible water (e.g. building dams). While large scale infrastructure projects provided effective solutions for chronic water crises in the past, they have come at expensive, irreversible and delayed ecological, economic and social costs. As more questions are raised concerning over reliance on infrastructure solutions, discussions about a sustainable future suggest a greater focus on the demand side of the equation is needed. In this paper, we use multi-recursive and runoff coefficient analysis methods to analyze the annual runoff of the mainstreams (Kuye River, Tuwei River, Wuding River and Jialu River) in the middle reaches of Yellow River. The main objective is to estimate the impacts of climate change and human activity on water resources in the study area and test the potential of water demand management to lessen the gap between supply and demand. Results show remarkable drop in the average annual runoff as a combined effect of climate change and human activity. Moreover, results show that human activities are the direct reason for the changes of river runoff, and the proportion of human activities account the biggest is Wuding river, next is Kuye river, Jialu river is smallest, these changes lead to the decrease of river runoff, and even drying up in recent years. This result highlights the importance of using WDM to diminish the increasing gap between demand and supply. Motivated by this, the paper presents a comprehensive framework for implementation WDM in the middle reaches of Yellow River. The framework includes a wide range of instruments: legislative, economic, technological and educational. The core step of the framework, collaboration among water planners, water service providers and end-users lies as an essential mechanism for achieving long term trade-offs between ecological and socio-economic water needs.