Overview of current regional and local scale air quality modelling practices: Assessment and planning tools in the EU

The 2008 European Air Quality Directive (AQD) (2008/50/EC) encourages the use of models in combination with monitoring in a range of applications. It also requires Member States to design appropriate air quality plans for zones where the air quality does not comply with the AQD limit values. In order to cope with these various elements, a wide range of different modeling methods have been developed and applied by EU Member States in the last decade to assess the effects of local and regional emission abatement policy options on air quality and human health. However, an overall review of the methodologies that are used in different countries to compile local and regional air quality plans has not been performed so far. Such a review has been the objective of the APPRAISAL EU FP7 project with the main goal to identify methodologies and their limitations and to propose possible key areas to be addressed by research and innovation on the basis of this review. To fulfill these objectives, a structured online database of methodologies has been developed in collaboration with experts involved in the design of air quality plans (AQP). The current work relies on the APPRAISAL database which currently totals 59 contributions from 13 Member States. In this paper we summarize the outcome of the APPRAISAL project with respect to the review of current Integrated Assessment Modeling practices.     

Applying integrated assessment methodologies to air quality plans: Two European cases

Air pollution Integrated Assessment Models (IAM) can be used for determining how emissions should be reduced to improve air quality and to protect human health in a cost-efficient way. The application of IAM is also useful to spread information to the general public and to explain the effectiveness of proposed Air Quality Plans. In this paper, the application of the RIAT+ system to determine suitable abatement measures to improve the air quality at a regional/local level is presented for two European cases: the Brussels Capital Region (Belgium) and the Porto Urban Area (Portugal). Both regions are affected with PM10 or NO₂ concentrations that exceed the limit values specified by the European Union legislation. To properly assess air quality abatement measures a surrogate model was used, allowing the implementation of an efficient optimization procedure. This model is derived in both cases through a set of simulations performed using a Chemistry Transport Model fed with different emission reduction scenarios. In addition, internal costs (due to the implementation of emission reduction measures) and external costs (due to population exposure to air pollutant concentrations) of policy options were considered. The application of this integrated assessment modelling system in scenario (Brussels case) and optimization (Porto) modes contributes to identifying some advantages and limitations of these two approaches and also provides some guidance when urban air quality has to be assessed.     

Uncertainty evaluation in air quality planning decisions: a case study for Northern Italy

In recent years, evaluating the robustness of environmental models results has become essential in order to effectively support decision makers to define suitable emission control strategies. This evaluation is performed in literature through uncertainty and sensitivity analyses. Therefore, the application of such methodologies to air quality Integrated Assessment Models (IAMs) is extremely challenging. In fact, in this case uncertainty and sensitivity analyses should be assessed not only for each single component of the system, but also for the overall IAM. In the paper, an attempt is made to extend and systematize the information available on uncertainty/sensitivity analysis, at first considering environmental models in general, and then focusing on air quality IAMs. The study aims to offer a tentative framework addressed to modelers and decision makers in the implementation of IAM and evaluation of its results. The framework has been tested on Lombardy region (Northern Italy). The results show how the uncertainty on Drivers of emissions propagates on the whole modelling chain characterizing an integrated assessment study.     

臭氧室内空气质量评价标准的研究制订

通过分析O3毒理学研究和流行病学研究结果，参考国际权威机构制订的O3健康基准和国外相关标准，在考虑O3室内污染特点和我国目前污染水平的基础上，提出我国室内空气质量标准推荐值。     

水质评价的模糊综合评判-加权平均复合模型应用

依据模糊集理论 ,运用二级模糊综合评判模型对京杭运河蔺家坝断面的水质进行了初次评价 ,并在此基础上 ,引入加权平均分析方法 ,对水质进一步评价 ,结论与实际情况相符。本研究提出了环境质量分级与评价的模糊综合 -加权平均复合模型。它既克服了单层评价模型因考虑的因素过多 ,权重难以分配的困难 ,又避免的二级模糊评价时 ,对于最大隶属度同为一个级别的样点 ,其间的环境质量优劣难以判断的缺点     

Objective and quantitative evaluation of environmental quality of the land for agriculture purpose

An objective and quantitative evaluation method on land environmental quality for agricultural purpose in a county range is studied in this paper. The method takes into account the quantity of heat, precipitation, meteorological disaster and soil fertility, which have close relationship to the potential productivity of land and can be expressed conveniently and accurately by taking Kai County as an example. Besides comprehensive grading assessment, assessment with Hilbert Space distance coefficiency and comprehensive judgement by fuzzy sets theory, the assessment factors are expanded to 18 parameters, and fuzzy dominance matrix and fuzzy clustering methods are adopted for regional comprehensive identification of agriculture-use land. Among these methods, each benefits from association with the other. In this paper, an all-round and objective new way for understanding of land environmental quality is put forward.     

五元联系数在垃圾填埋场地下水评价中的应用

环境系统是各项指标相互作用的复杂系统,因此,综合环境质量评估应考虑到各指标间的内在联系,以获取更加符合实际情况的评估结果。集对分析(SPA)考虑了环境作为一个系统的确定性和不确定性,研究系统的内在联系。本文应用集对分析法的引申方法——五元联系数法对垃圾填埋场地下水环境质量进行分级、排序,结果证明该法在地下水环境评价中具有一定的应用潜力。     

苏州市生活垃圾处理碳足迹核查

根据《PAS2050规范》的指导,结合生命周期评价技术方法和LandGEM模型,对苏州市生活垃圾填埋和焚烧处理的生命周期过程进行了碳足迹核查. 详细列出了垃圾处理过程中可能的温室气体排放源,计算各排放源的电耗或能耗,并通过与温室气体排放系数相乘最终转化为苏州市生活垃圾处理温室气体排放量. 结果表明:苏州市填埋处理1 t生活垃圾整个生命周期过程中温室气体的排放量(以CO₂当量计)为1 942.47 kg,焚烧处理为-180.87 kg. 按照目前苏州市生活垃圾处理权重进行分配,可得苏州市处理1 t生活垃圾整个生命周期过程中温室气体的排放量(以CO₂当量计)为880.80 kg. 在整个核查过程中,考虑了在填埋和焚烧处理时发电对温室气体带来的减量效应.      

海洋沉积物的质量评价与管理

海洋管理者迫切需要建立评估海洋中沾污沉积物引发海洋资源负效应程度的方法。本文就此考察了评价海洋沉积物受人类活动影响的方法,以及相关的海洋生物和人类健康的风险,通过总结过去的评价工作,确定辨别天然沉积物、人类活动干扰（沾污的）的沉积物和引发负效应（污染的）的沉积物状况的经验程序。在一定程度上指出了符合科学有效性和管理实用性标准的方法,为管理者在海洋环境评价和管理中使用章程、法规、标准和规范的提供了指导,而且对审批疏浚和废物排放、实施环境法规和解释监测计划结果也会起到一定作用。     

滦河流域上游地区主要河流水污染特征及评价

在水资源管理与污染控制的研究过程中,进行水质特征分析与评价具有重要意义.本研究选取滦河流域上游地区29个监测站点,在2010年对河流溶解氧、氨氮、高锰酸盐指数等14项指标进行监测,并分别采用了单因子评价法、综合污染指数法、分级评价法、内梅罗污染指数法、模糊综合评价法及水质标识指数法6种方法对该地区主要河流水污染特征进行分析及评价.结果表明,水质标识指数法比较适于滦河流域上游地区河流的评价.单因子水质标识指数显示,该地区的主要污染物为总氮、氨氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数,基本呈现富营养化状态;29个站点中小东区水质最差,达到劣Ⅴ类水质,且出现黑臭现象;波罗诺、窑沟门、下板城和平泉4个站点水质最好,均达到Ⅰ类标准;在河流总体评价中,柳河污染最为严重.根据评价结果将所有监测站点分为达标和未达标两类,并应用主成分分析和多元线性回归进行分析,结果表明达标站点和未达标站点的污染物的最大贡献者分别是生活污水和工业废水.研究结果对指导滦河流域水污染防治及水资源管理具有重要意义.     

城市空气质量监测网络评估方法

通过研究借鉴多个国家/城市的研究实践,提出了城市空气治理监测网络（UAAMNA）评估管理的方法,包括评估思路与流程,评估关键指标,针对不同污染物的评估方法等.以沈阳市及周边6个城市共46个国控监测站点的监测网络为背景,基于2013~2018年日尺度空气质量数据,考虑监测成本,对沈阳市PM_2.5监测网络进行评估,结果表明,沈河区增加1个最高浓度站点,大东区增加1个高人口密度区站点,皇姑区增加1个跨界传输点;在沈阳-铁岭,沈阳-本溪,沈阳-辽阳方向增设跨区域站点.未来建立空气质量监测网络定期评估制度、加强跨区域边界站点布设、实施区分监测点位类型评估、区分污染物类型评估是UAAMN的发展方向.     

危险化学品环境风险评估报告编制中若干问题的研究

为加强重点危险化学品环境管理工作,国家要求实行重点危险化学品环境风险评估制度。在风评制度尚未全面开展的情况下,通过先行对一家重点环境管理危险化学品使用企业开展风险评估,从而对风评报告编制过程中存在的问题与困难进行总结,并提出建议与对策,可为其他编制机构开展环境风险评估工作提供指导作用。     

Projection pursuit cluster model and its application in water quality assessment

One of the difficulties frequently encountered in water quality assessment is that there are many factors and they cannot be assessed according to one factor, all the effect factors associated with water quality must be used. In order to overcome this issues the projection pursuit principle is introduced into water quality assessment, and projection pursuit cluster(PPC) model is developed in this study. The PPC model makes the transition from high dimension to one-dimension. In other words, based on the PPC model, multifactor problem can be converted to one factor problem. The application of PPC model can be divided into four parts: (1) to estimate projection index function Q(a) ; (2) to find the right projection direction a ; (3) to calculate projection characteristic value of the i th sample zi, and (4) to draw comprehensive analysis on the basis of zi. On the other hand, the empirical formula of cutoff radius R is developed, which is benefit for the model to be used in practice. Finally, a case study of water quality assessment is proposed in this paper. The results showed that the PPC model is reasonable, and it is more objective and less subjective in water quality assessment. It is a new method for multivariate problem comprehensive analysis.     

区域生态环境质量的灰色评价模型及其应用

将灰色系统的评价方法引入区域生态环境质量评价中 ,评价指标值分为高、中、低 3类 ,首先计算出评价对象隶属于各指标类别的权系数 ,再将各评价指标同类别的权系数加权迭加 ,得到评价对象的综合权系数矩阵 ,在此基础上运用三角坐标图对评价对象进行综合评估和分类 ,避免了常用的指数法存在的问题 ,提高了评价的准确性。最后 ,将该方法应用于我国区域生态环境质量评价中 ,取得了良好的效果     

环境影响评价中公众参与机制和方法探讨

环境影响评价中的公众参与最早开始于发达国家。我国环境影响评价中公众参与借鉴了西方发达国家和国际金融组织的成功经验,同时又充分考虑了我国的国情。笔者探讨了环境影响评价公众参与的概念和内容,提出了我国公众参与的基本方法和机制。      

区域环境风险区划理论与方法研究

区域尺度上的产业发展已经成为我国经济新的增长点,探讨区域环境风险管理的理论和方法,确保区域环境安全已成为迫切需要解决的问题之一.以环境风险系统的组成及环境风险事件的发生过程为研究基础,探讨了区域环境风险管理的主要手段之一--区域环境风险区划的理论及方法.研究了环境风险区划应遵循系统性、一致性、主导性和动态性的原则,讨论了环境风险区划的步骤、指标体系和方法,提出环境风险区划是开展区域环境风险预防性研究,降低区域发展过程中可能存在的环境风险危害的主要措施之一.选取我国三大经济核心地区之一的长江(江苏段)沿江经济带为例,以该区域的开发区为研究单元,建立环境风险区划指标体系,采用综合评价法评价区域环境风险,并提出相应防范措施,为区域环境风险管理提供依据.      

橡胶制品工业环境影响评价重点问题研究

建设项目环境影响报告编制过程中常因未注意到某些关键问题的论述,而使环境影响报告缺乏科学性和可靠性,导致环境影响评价结论依据不足.为使建设项目从环境保护角度分析更具有可行性,以某橡胶制品项目为例,总结了橡胶制品工业项目环境影响评价文件中需注意的几个要点问题,为环境保护主管部门审批环境影响评价文件提供必要的依据,为此类项目更好地开展环境保护工作提供指导.     

城市生活垃圾生命周期分析及处理规划研究

生活垃圾处理规划是城市环境规划重要组成部分,为城市垃圾管理提供行动依据。本文以北京市为例,基于生活垃圾生命周期全过程的环境影响分析和资源化率核算,提出北京市生活垃圾优化处理框架,并纳入垃圾处理规划体系。结果表明规划方案优化了垃圾处理系统,环境影响可降低22％,资源化率可提高60％。     

Use of LCA to evaluate the environmental benefits of substituting chromic acid anodizing (CAA)

Chromic acid anodizing processes are currently being replaced in many industrial sectors because of the recognized adverse effect on the environment and health of used hexavalent chromium compounds. The environmental impacts of the existing processes must, however, be quantified in order to constitute a baseline against which the environmental performance of potential alternative options could be compared. The whole life cycle of the process should also be taken into account to ensure that the possible chosen solution for eliminating or lowering chromium (VI) emissions would not drastically damage the overall process performance in other environmental areas. In our study, we used a simplified life cycle assessment methodology that only took into account the key environmental issues of the considered industrial sector. Both the scope and the data needs were reduced by focusing only on significant flows and by using a generic database for steps other than the anodizing one. A precise literature review was carried out to evaluate bath atmospheric emissions. The results of the performed assessment confirmed that the only way to efficiently deal with hexavalent chromium compounds is to substitute the electrolyte used in the bath as the most Cr(VI) emissions are caused by other stages than the main one. Other specific issues, such as water and energy consumptions have, nevertheless, to be studied throughout the whole life cycle of the chemical substitute to monitor performance against CAA.