潜在危害性指数法在筛选污染因子中的应用

介绍了潜在危害性指数法的基本原理和计算公式，通过某大型化工企业的实例，提出了应用的要求，并筛选出了企业的９项主要的环境监测因子。     

Factors influencing polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) emissions and control in major industrial sectors：Case evidence from Shandong Province, China

Analyzing determinants that influence polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and polychlorinated dibenzofuran（PCDD/F） emissions is helpful for decision-makers to find effective and efficient ways to mitigate PCDD/F emissions. The PCDD/F emissions and the contributions of the scale effect, structure effect and technology effect to emissions from eight main industrial sectors in2006, 2008 and 2010 in Shandong Province, were calculated in this article. Total PCDD/F emissions in Shandong increased by 52.8% in 2008（614.1 g I-TEQ） and 49.7% in 2010（601.8 g I-TEQ） based on 2006（401.9 g I-TEQ）. According to the decomposition method, the largest influencing factor on PCDD/F emission changes was the composition effect（contributed 43.4%in 2008 and 120.6% in 2010 based on 2006）, which was also an emission-increasing factor.In this case, the present industrial restructuring policy should be adjusted to control the proportion of production capacities with high emission factors, such as iron ore sintering and steelmaking and the secondary non-ferrous metal sector. The scale effect increased the emissions in 2008（contributed 21.9%） and decreased the emissions in 2010（contributed-28.0%）. However, as a source control measure, the excess capacity control policy indeed had a significant role in emission reduction. The main reason for the technology effect（contributed 34.7% in 2008 and 7.4% in 2010 based on 2006） having an emission-increasing role was the weakness in implementing policies for restricting industries with outdated facilities. Some specific suggestions were proposed on PCDD/F reduction for local administrators at the end.     

停流法及其在环境监测中的应用

介绍停流法的基本原理和方法特点，综述该方法在环境监测中的应用实例。     

Improving Access to Water Resources through Rainwater Harvesting as A Mitigation Measure: The Case of the Brazilian Semi-Arid Region

This paper focuses on the importance of rainwater harvesting to mitigate the scarcity of water in the semi-arid region of Brazil. It is a case study about the Million Cisterns Project, an initiative developed by NGOs with the support of Brazilian Federal Government Institutions and international funding organizations. The project is innovative in a series of ways when compared to mitigation measures previously implemented by the government. Instead of focussing on short-term, top-down, palliative measures based on the construction of dams and wells, it focuses on low cost, bottom-up, long-term measures and, most importantly, it involves an educational component. Thus, the provision of water is closely related to the empowerment of the most destitute population and this leads to the sustainability of the actions. The case study serves to illustrate the relevance of the partnership between grassroots organizations and governmental institutions in the context of mitigation.     

A comparative analysis between composite indexes of environmental performance: An analysis on the CIEP and EPI

The measurement of environmental impact through composite indexes provides information about the effects of human activities on the ecosystem. Over recent years proposals regarding the environmental composite indexes (ECI) have emerged, suggesting that they can be used to help in decisions about public policies. Due the number of these indicators, issues arise about the asymmetry of information provided, although all ECI seek to measure ecosystem quality or damage. The present paper compares the Composite Index of Environmental Performance (CIEP) (García-Sánchez et al., 2015) and the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) (Hsu et al., 2014) in order to find convergent and divergent characteristics, studying methodological aspects and empirical evidence through statistical analysis, in order to favour the decision-making by stakeholders and to improve the existing ECI in order to determine adequately the environmental impact. The results show that the indexes were developed using different methods and variables, however, they share around 20% identical variables. Despite these differences, the rate of variation in ranking countries between the indexes is 21%, on average. The EPI policy category ‘water & sanitation (effects on humans)’ has two common variables and explains part of the CIEP performance. The effect dimension of the CIEP has one more identical variable and it reduces the individual variation between rank positions.     

Experiences from early stages of a national industrial symbiosis programme in the UK: determinants and coordination challenges

This paper reviews the factors influencing the development and sustained operation of regional industrial symbiosis (IS) networks and discusses the roles a coordination body can play to alter these factors so as to catalyse the development and functioning of such networks. These are analysed within the context of experiences gained in the early stages of three regional IS programmes under development in the UK, and of the recently launched national IS programme (NISP) that they are part of. It is stated that the policy framework in the UK has elements supportive of such networks to evolve, and the regional public bodies are favouring their development. Based on differences among studied cases, it is argued that the nature of companies’ operations and industrial history in the regions, the extent of peer pressure, the positioning of the coordinating body in the region, and its approach to awareness raising and recruitment have major influence on the progress of the programmes. Finally, the paper emphasises the importance of aligning the characteristics of emerging operations with the longer-term sustainability requirements. If accepted, this challenge assigns additional responsibilities to the coordinating parties.     

能值分析理论在耕地可持续利用评价中的应用研究——以南京市为例

评价指标体系是耕地可持续利用评价研究的难点,正确选择评价理论与方法,构建科学、合理的评价指标体系,为正确认识耕地利用的可持续性及制定相应政策提供理论与实践依据。文章引入能值理论,在传统评价方法基础上对耕地利用中物流、能流等以太阳能值为统一衡量标准,建立新的指标体系,并对南京市1995~2004年的耕地利用进行评价。结果表明,研究时段内南京市耕地利用是向可持续方向发展的,且其可持续利用经历了两个阶段:①1995~1998年可持续性下降阶段,综合系数从1995年的1逐渐下降到1998年的0.9570;②1998~2004年可持续性上升阶段,综合系数逐年上升到2004年的1.1123。与传统评价方法相比,引入能值理论后的评价结果更能全面、客观地反映耕地利用的可持续状况。     

Review of corporate environmental indicators

This paper reviews a series of environmental indicators developed in the last years that were found suitable to be applied at corporate level for the evaluation of production processes and products. The indicators reviewed in this paper were classified into four main groups: 1) Indicators of Energy and Material Flows; 2) Indicators with a Territorial Dimension; 3) Indicators of Life-Cycle Assessment; 4) Indicators of Environmental Risk Assessment. Integrative and single index indicators such as the ecological footprint or carbon footprint were found as the most appealing for enterprises, although there is a need to advance in the field to combine the simplicity required at corporate level for tracking and reporting environmental data, and the scientific rigor and transparency necessary to make the scores reliable. Hence, for each of the indicators revised it was stated what they do and do not measure so that misleading information was not used for decision making at corporate level.     

Environmental management in Brazil: is it a completely competitive priority?

Current studies indicate a need to integrate environmental management with manufacturing strategy, including topics like cross-functional integration, environmental impact, and waste reduction. Nevertheless, such studies are relatively rare, existing still a need for research in specific regional contexts. At the same time, the results found are not unanimous. Due to these gaps, the objective of this article is to analyze if environmental management can be considered a new competitive priority for manufacturing enterprises located in Brazil. A cross-sectional survey was conducted with Brazilian companies certified by ISO 14001. Sixty-five valid questionnaires were analyzed through Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The first conclusion is that environmental management presents a preventive approach in the sample analyzed, focused on eco-efficiency, what potentially do not to create a competitive advantage. This preventive approach inhibits environmental management from being regarded as a new competitive manufacturing priority, in the full sense as defined by the literature. Another important result is that environmental management, although following a preventive focus, may influence positively the four manufacturing priorities: cost, quality, flexibility and delivery.     

发达国家环境敏感指数图项目的设计

环境敏感指数图是一种为环境资源管理与事故应急响应服务的重要工具。美国国家海洋和大气局与其他联邦机构合作制定了该项目的标准规范,并成功应用于世界各地相关研究。目前中国尚无类似设计标准,针对此,按环境保护的工作需求,分析了发达国家在该项目领域的数据统计、地理信息系统设计、质量保证工作,为中国相关标准规范的建立,提供基础技术路线切入点。     

The impact of Swedish SO2 policy instruments on SO2 emissions 1990–2012

Sulphur dioxide (SO₂) emissions cause acidification and human health problems which are, despite present policy instruments, projected to remain even after 2030 in Europe. Additional instruments are needed to solve the problems, and impact analysis of already used policy instruments would contribute to the development of new effective instruments. We present a study on how much of the decoupling of SO₂ emissions from economic growth 1990–2012 that was due to SO₂ policy instruments in general and to what extent it is possible to estimate the impact of individual instruments. Focus is on Sweden, a country with problems reaching its SO₂-related environmental policy targets and with detailed data available.We applied decomposition analysis combined with an analysis of the chronological development of emission factors and mandated emission limits. Our use of official emission inventory data and publicly available data on the development of SO₂ policy instruments increase the usefulness of our results to policy makers.The results indicate that at least 26–27% (corresponding to ∼35–36 ktonne annually) of the decoupling 1990–2012 was due to SO₂ policy instruments. 4–5% (∼6–7 ktonne) of the decoupling was caused by one environmental permit decision and stricter sulphur emission limit for marine oils. Most of the total impact of SO₂ policy instruments could not be causally connected to an individual instrument, because many events and developments overlap in time.The implications of the results are that: a) SO₂ policy instruments should still be important to reduce SO₂ emissions in many countries; b) a lower boundary total emission impact of SO₂ policy instruments can be estimated, but with current knowledge and data the impacts of individual instruments are rarely possible to estimate. Research on how to increase the precision in total impact estimates of SO₂ policy instruments is needed to improve future impact analyses. More detailed emission inventory data would improve impact analysis of individual instruments.     

土地可持续利用评价的指标体系与方法

本文分析了土地利用系统和土地可持续利用的特点,阐述了土地利用的持续性是土地利用适宜性在时间上的扩展,从生态、经济和社会３方面建立了土地可持续利用评价的指标体系。在不同的空间尺度上,土地可持续利用评价的主导因素也不同,从田块-农场-流域或景观-区域或国家-全球,土地利用可持续利用的主要约束因素分别是农业技术-微观经济-生态因子-宏观经济和社会因子-宏观生态因子,依据这一特点,提出了区域土地可持续利用的评价过程。     

投资项目环境经济分析的几个问题

投资项目技术经济分析中环境经济分析是非常重要的一个方面，但目前由于经济核算统计指标的某些缺陷，使得项目环境效果与经济效果常常出现矛盾，相互间的转化也较困难，因此，在投资项目环境经济分析中出现了方法上的不足。本文对项目环境经济分析的现状进行了研究，提出了一些新的思路和方法。     

环境监测数据的随机分析

本文以大气污染监测数据的随机分析为主,阐述了如何根据统计学理论,对大量已有的环境监测数据进行随机分析,以便充分利用环境数据库资源,改善环境监测管理工作。     

评估固体废弃物堆肥腐熟和稳定的研究

用化学方法、生物活性及植物毒性分析等技术，从腐熟和稳定两个方面对堆肥成熟的评估方法作了综述，推荐了几种常用，有用的评估堆肥腐熟和稳定的方法，包括微生物、ＣＯ２的产和玫Ｏ２的吸收、植物发芽实验、水溶性有机Ｃ／Ｎ比和腐殖质等化合物的组分的变化，随着分析技术和微生物技术发展，先进、快捷的堆肥评估方法，不断出现，堆肥的生产和使用者可根据实际情况，选择合适的评估方法     

差异化标准下长江经济带省际环境绩效比较研究

为合理判断长江经济带11省(市)生态环境保护成效,通过构建环境绩效评价指标体系的方法开展环境绩效研究。考虑到经济发展水平对地区环保投入能力的影响,借助环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)与均值思想设定了不同经济发展水平下差异化的指标评价值,并结合熵值法计算出反映地区致力于生态环境保护努力程度的环境绩效指数(EPI)。结果表明:2011—2017年长江经济带的环境绩效整体呈上升态势,11省(市)EPI年均值由49.74增至61.70,但固体废物排放绩效有所下降;2017年11省(市)EPI从高到低依次为湖南(68.76)、安徽(66.62)、重庆(64.86)、四川(64.30)、浙江(61.26)、上海(60.96)、江西(59.53)、湖北(58.80)、贵州(58.68)、云南(57.65)、江苏(57.24),下、中、上游地区EPI平均得分分别是59.82、63.43、61.37,指数空间分布较为均衡;研究区域按照EPI与人均GDP可聚类划分为加速转型区、稳定发展区、缓慢提升区3种类型,针对不同类型地区分别提出差异化发展建议。研究采用的评价方法考虑了不同地区经济发展水平的差异,能在一定程度上反映各地区致力于生态环境保护的努力程度,可作为常规环境绩效研究的补充。     

ICP-MS及其在环境分析中的应用

ICP-MS是环境监测分析的新技术?该文就ICP-MS的特点及其土壤?水和人发?动物脏器及动植物等环境样品分析中的应用作了概括介绍      

多重水质评价方法在地下水水质评价中的对比研究—以北京市朝阳区为例

目前地下水水质评价方法众多,选择合适的评价方法对地下水的管理与利用具有重要意义。以北京市朝阳区2020年枯水期采集的地下水水样检测结果为基础,利用改进的层次分析法、单因子指数法和综合污染指数法对地下水水质进行评价,并对比3种方法评价结果的准确性以及存在的不合理之处。结果表明：1）3种方法的水质评价结果差异较大,改进的层次分析法的水质评价结果最优,单因子指数法的评价结果最差,综合污染指数法的评价结果与其他方法的一致性最高;2）在进行水质评价时可优先选择综合污染指数法,单因子指数法适用于水质要求较高或超标污染物少的水体,改进的层次分析法适用于有多种污染物超标的水体;3）为进一步确定3种方法对地下水水质评价结果的准确性,将3种方法的评价结果与可靠性分析结果进行对比,发现改进的层次分析法、单因子指数法和综合污染指数法与可靠性分析的水质评价结果相同的占比分别为90.48%、42.86%、47.62%。因此,在对地下水水质进行综合评价时,可使用改进的层次分析法。