生态系统净化空气服务研究进展

生态系统服务对人类福祉和区域可持续发展具有不可替代性,净化空气是生态系统服务主要类型之一,对于人居质量改善和区域生态文明建设具有重要意义。对生态系统净化空气服务及其量化研究成果进行归纳整理,阐述了生态系统净化空气服务的来源、概念及内涵,归纳总结了市场理论法和生态模型法估算净化空气服务的优缺点,梳理了国内外相关研究实践与进展。针对净化空气服务研究理论体系不完善、时空动态研究方法较少、生态系统类型较单一和尺度整合研究成果不足等问题,提出未来应强化生态系统净化空气服务理论基础针对性,重视研究方法动态化和精准化,加强多尺度融合和生态系统类型多样性。     

基于生态系统供给及净化服务功能的贵州省水生态占用研究

针对传统及现有水生态足迹理论及其模型存在的缺陷与不足,本文提出了基于生态系统供给及净化服务功能的贵州省水生态占用概念与模型,将其划分为生物生产和非生物生产的水生态占用两部分,建立水产品、水资源、水环境3类账户,并在此基础上以2000—2014年的贵州省为例进行计算分析,结果表明:(1)水产品账户中,贵州省水产品消费的水生态占用总体呈上升趋势,水生态承载力波动变化较小,水产品消费呈生态赤字状态,且其生态压力较大;(2)水资源账户中,贵州省淡水资源的水生态占用整体呈逐渐上升趋势,水生态承载力则呈明显波动的趋势,且变化幅度较大,淡水资源消费处于生态盈余状态,且其与水生态承载力的变化态势一致,淡水资源消费的生态压力较小;(3)水环境账户中,水环境生态压力主要来源于氮污染,2000—2010年消纳污染的水生态占用变化不大,2011—2014年波动较大,历年生活水污染账户值均大于工业,今后要注重加强生活水污染防治,消纳污染的水生态承载力呈波动变化的趋势,水环境处于生态赤字状态,且其生态压力较高;(4)与现有生态足迹模型的比较分析可知:该模型核算更为全面;不考虑均衡因子,并以最大水生态压力指数来评价区域水生态系统所承受的压力状态具有合理性,更能准确反映贵州水生态的实际情况和水生态文明建设的需要.     

生态系统服务价值研究进展

生态系统服务价值评价结合了生态学、经济学、社会学、伦理学等学科的相关内容,是当前国际上科学研究的热点和前沿.本文论述了生态系统服务功能的内涵,就国内外生态系统服务价值评价研究的进展情况分别进行了回顾和总结,提出今后应重点关注生态系统服务价值的时空动态模型开发、时空变化驱动力分析、不确定性分析、评价指标体系与评价方法的标...     

永定河(北京段)河流生态系统服务价值评估

借鉴《千年生态系统评估》中对生态系统服务的划分（供给、调节、文化与支持四项服务）,建立生态服务价值评价指标体系,开展永定河（北京段）供水、调蓄洪水、气候调节、休闲娱乐、生物多样性等功能的调查研究,明确永定河（北京段）生态系统主要功能与服务.研究结果如下：永定河（北京段）生态服务总价值432.82亿元.其中供给功能价值为...     

近20年渔子溪流域土地利用变化的环境影响

采用渔子溪流域1986、1994及2002年的遥感影像资料,对流域土地利用变化导致的生态系统服务价值及景观格局指数的变化进行了定量分析.结果表明,在1986～2002年间,流域土地利用变化导致其总体生态系统服务功能增加了0.42%,其中产品供给功能、生态调节功能、生命系统支持功能、文化娱乐功能的相对变化率分别为1.15%、0.36%、0.16%和-0.94%,它们对总体生态系统服务功能变化的贡献率分别为62.95%、46.82%、6.33%和-16.1%.从景观格局变化来看,渔子溪流域的斑块密度指数在1986-2002年间从0.0016减小到0.0013,而景观破碎度指数从0.00307增大到0.00474,表明渔子溪流域的景观粒度减小而景观破碎化的程度提高.研究结果还表明,流域不同土地利用类型景观破碎度的变化趋势并不一致,其中耕地、疏林地、高覆盖度草地、低覆盖度草地和居民建设用地的破碎度指数有所增加,而有林地、灌木林、中覆盖度草地和永久性冰雪覆盖的破碎度指数有所下降,这主要是由于一些零散分布的灌木林被开垦为耕地或转变为居民建设用地及气候变暖使得部分永久性冰雪覆盖转变为中覆盖度草地等原因造成的.     

Toward livable and healthy urban streets: Roadside vegetation provides ecosystem services where people live and move

Fostering ecosystem services in urban road corridors is an important challenge for urban planning and governance because residents are often exposed to environmental pressures in these ubiquitous open spaces. We here aim at illustrating multiple ecosystem services that may be underpinned by roadside vegetation. Previous work is broadly scattered in papers from the natural and social sciences and biased by a focus both on regulating services (temperature regulation, air filtration, carbon sequestration) and also on trees. We provide a first synthesis that illustrates (i) the multi-functional capacity of green elements in streetscapes to deliver various ecosystem services; (ii) the relevance of planted and wild-grown herbaceous vegetation as well as trees; and (iii) trade-offs between certain ecosystem services as well as risks related to disservices. Trees and herbaceous road vegetation can mitigate adverse environmental conditions in road corridors, which is particularly important in vulnerable neighborhoods that are undersupplied with green spaces. Enhancing the amenity value of streetscapes might also positively influence public health by promoting physical activity. However, significant knowledge gaps exist, e.g. on the contribution of biodiversity to ecosystem services and on the valuation of green street components by different sociocultural groups. Our synthesis illustrates management options that can support planning and governance approaches toward more livable streetscapes by fostering ecosystem services and counteracting disservices.     

The value of urban ecosystem services in New York City: A spatially explicit multicriteria analysis of landscape scale valuation scenarios

Mapping, modeling, and valuing urban ecosystem services are important for integrating the ecosystem services concept in urban planning and decision-making. However, decision-support tools able to consider multiple ecosystem services in the urban setting using complex and heterogeneous data are still in early development. Here, we use New York City (NYC) as a case study to evaluate and analyze how the value of multiple ecosystem services of urban green infrastructure shifts with shifting governance priorities. We first examined the spatial distribution of five ecosystem services – storm water absorption, carbon storage, air pollution removal, local climate regulation, and recreation – to create the first multiple ecosystem services evaluation of all green infrastructure in NYC. Then, combining an urban ecosystem services landscape approach with spatial multicriteria analysis weighting scenarios, we examine the distribution of these ecosystem services in the city. We contrast the current NYC policy preference – which is focused on heavy investment in stormwater absorption – with a valuation approach that also accounts for other ecosystem services. We find substantial differences in the spatial distribution of priority areas for green infrastructure for the valuation scenarios. Among the scenarios we examined for NYC, we find that a scenario in which only stormwater absorption is prioritized leads to the most unevenly distributed ES values. By contrast, we find least variation in ES values where stormwater absorption, local climate regulation, carbon storage, air pollution removal, and recreational potential are all weighted equally.We suggest that green infrastructure planning strategies should include all landscape components that contribute to the production of ecosystem services and consider how planning priority alternatives generate different ecosystem services values.     

冀西北水源涵养区不同类型人工针叶林生态功能差异性评估

人工造林被认为是增加碳汇、保持水土和提高水质最有效的方法之一,造林林种的不同将产生不同的生态效应。通过调研土壤、气象及生态化学计量参数等对CENTURY模型进行本地化,模拟冀西北水源涵养区主要针叶造林树种[落叶松(dahurian larch)、油松(pinus tabulaeformis)、侧柏(oriental arborvitae)和樟子松(Pinus sylvestris var. mongolical)]的生态效应,并结合文献数据评价模型拟合精度。模型模拟结果显示:与幼龄林相比,落叶松、油松、侧柏和樟子松中龄林的土壤C、N、P总储量分别增加了3.37%、3.98%、2.84%和1.82%,土壤含水量增加了151.25%、73.62%、41.83%和94.98%。不同林种两个林龄平均蒸发量比较显示,落叶松(338.85 mm)<油松(399.86 mm)<侧柏(400.52 mm)<樟子松(401.82 mm)。落叶松可以作为水源涵养区造林的优选树种。樟子松和落叶松具有较强的N、P吸收能力,建议在农业污染的下游区域推广樟子松和落叶松的种植。     

长江口生态系统服务功能价值评估

长江口海域水面开阔,资源丰富,具有多种生态系统服务功能.本文根据长江口海域生态系统的特点,将该区域分为湿地和水域分别研究,参考Constanza等人提出的十七项生态系统服务功能,利用市场价值法、影子工程法、费用替代法以及专家评估法等方法,对长江口海域生态价值进行了评估.结果表明,2005年长江口海域生态服务价值为123.5亿元.     

基于生态系统服务参与式制图的“三生”空间优化建议——以白洋淀流域为例

在快速城市化流域,生产、生态和生活空间的布局深刻影响着流域的生态系统服务和居民福祉。但是,已有的空间布局研究大多未考虑生态系统服务在提升不同类型人群福祉中的作用,尤其缺乏对弱势群体福祉的关注。因此,以典型城市化流域——白洋淀流域为例,选择典型生态系统服务指标识别生活、生产和生态空间的高值重合地区,使用参与式制图方法将多种人群的福祉需求纳入主导功能识别中。结果发现：空间上重合的高值区总面积约占流域总面积的14.5%,主要为生产—生态功能重合区。不同利益群体对重合高值区主导功能的研判不同。一方面,城市居民比农村居民更加注重文化服务,前者提及文化服务的次数占比是后者的2倍;另一方面,政府决策者更多关注流域上游的生态功能,扶贫工作人员则更关注山区林地的生产功能。本文探索了将多种利益主体的偏好纳入区域空间布局优化的方法,可为流域“三生空间”和国土空间规划布局优化提供新的思路。     

重庆市生态系统服务功能价值时空变化研究

基于重庆市2000年、2005年、2010年的3期遥感解译的土地利用矢量数据,通过分析区域生态系统服务价值理论和方法,参考并修正国外学者Costanza和国内谢高地的生态系统服务价值系数,对重庆市2000—2010年的土地利用二级分类指标进行了4大类17种小类的生态系统服务价值的估算,采用基于GIS的生态系统价值密度、ESV保持率等方法指标反映研究区10年来的生态系统服务价值时空变化特征,研究结果表明:1重庆市2000年、2005年和2010年各类生态系统年提供总服务价值量分别为4285.39、4490.29和4621.18亿元,就生态系统而言,林地生态系统提供的总服务价值最高,2010年占总价值的69.03%;其次是水域和草地,分别占总价值的14.35%和9.12%;就生态系统服务类别排序为调节服务(71.31%)支持服务(19.01%)供给服务(5.87%)文化服务(3.81%);22000—2010年重庆市生态系统服务价值量总体呈不断上涨的时序变化趋势,增幅达到7.27%;生态系统服务价值保持率为1.078,虽然城市建设占用了大量的农田生态系统,但单位面积生态系统服务价值较高的水域和林地面积的ESV价值增幅明显;3生态系统服务价值密度最高的空间分布上呈"西低东高,一轴两翼"的格局,中部的垫江县生态价值密度最低,主要受较为单一的农田生态系统影响;4研究区的ESV与GDP在空间分布和时序上的差异明显,2010年重庆的地均ESV为5.60万元·hm~(-2),高于全国的平均值;人均ESV为1.60万元,低于全国的平均值;人口密度大是造成人均ESV低的主要原因;2010年人均ESV与人均GDP的比值为1∶1.72,低于全国的平均接近1∶1的比值,表明重庆市的生态系统服务价值相对国民生产总值的相对不足.     

The governance of ecosystem services in river basins: An approach for structured data representation and analysis

River basins provide a wide range of ecosystem services important for human well-being. Ecosystem functions and their value to humans have been thoroughly studied. However, the role of governance characteristics for the sustainable management of ecosystem services has been largely ignored up to now. To close this gap, this article introduces the latest modifications to a database building on the Management and Transition Framework (MTF) that serve to study the relationship between water governance and management systems and their performance with regard to impacts on ecosystem services. This comprehensive approach facilitates structured data collection and representation in order to analyze single case studies or compare case studies regarding the governance and management of water resources and associated ecosystem services. It allows the user to investigate whether certain water governance characteristics, such as stakeholder involvement or vertical integration of governance levels, are associated with a change in the management of ecosystem services or a measurable change in their state. A simplified case from South Africa shows how the database modifications allow addressing links between governance and management processes on the one side and ecosystem services and the way they are handled on the other side. Applying the MTF database leads to evidence-based insights into best practices as well as failed management approaches and interventions. This in turn provides knowledge that can be transferred from science to practice supporting sustainable governance of ecosystem services.     

Revisiting production and ecosystem services on the farm scale for evaluating land use alternatives

Urbanization pressure increases the demand on remaining open spaces to deliver food and biomass, as well as other ecosystem services, but it is often paired with a reduced capacity to deliver these services. This calls for an integrated and innovative use of the remaining space.However, current spatial planning paradigms are not always adapted to face these new challenges. In many regions, an important aspect of spatial planning in relation to agriculture is still the pragmatic and monofunctional allocation of land use between vocal stakeholders. This is rarely paired with a regional view on the effective or desired quantity of services provided by this open space. Since land use policies increasingly need to strive for resilience on top of diversification of services, assessments of the servicing capacity and sustainability of land uses are needed.This paper presents a framework to assess all ecosystem services (i.e. marketable and non-marketable ES) delivered by conventional as well as innovative land uses. The framework is then used to assess land use strategies at the scale of an unconventional case farm in Flanders, Belgium. The analysis combines spatial and economic analysis of land use alternatives and illustrates some shortcomings of usual ecosystem valuation tools. Our findings illustrate that land use evaluation might be biased against unconventional land management alternatives. The proposed framework provides land planners with a way to assess and arbitrate between land sharing and land sparring options more accurately. The approach can help to optimize land use from the societal perspective, and allows for benchmarking farm-level land use alternatives by comparing the services they deliver.     

中国森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评价

森林生态系统对维持我国自然生态系统格局、功能和过程具有特殊的生态意义。客观衡量森林生态系统的服务效能,对于森林资源保护及其科学利用具有重要意义。论文在分析森林生态系统服务功能的基础上,根据其提供服务的机制、类型和效用,把森林生态系统的服务功能划分为提供产品、调节功能、文化功能和生命支持功能四大类,建立了由林木产品、林副产品、气候调节、光合固C、涵养水源、土壤保持、净化环境、养分循环、防风固沙、文化多样性、休闲旅游、释放氧气、维持生物多样性13项功能指标构成的森林生态系统评价指标体系,并对其中的10项功能指标以2000年为评价基准年份进行了初步评价。结果表明,森林生态系统10类生态系统服务功能的总生态经济价值为14060.05×108元/a,其中直接价值和间接价值分别为2519.45×108元和11540.60×108元,间接价值是直接价值的4.6倍。研究认为,森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评价工作应进一步加强森林生态系统服务功能机制的基础研究和不同尺度下空间数据的耦合和应用方法研究。     

Studying the historical evolution of ecosystem services to inform management policies for developed shorelines

Coastal areas of developed countries have been altered by human activities, especially since the mid-20th century. This has notably affected the flow of ecosystem services that these environments provide. In this context, this paper’s research has focused on the historical evolution of socio-ecological dynamics and ecosystem services in a Mediterranean coastal landscape, characterized by the intense development of recent decades and the high biodiversity value. Qualitative and quantitative data were gathered and analyzed through different methods (document and spatial analysis, statistical treatment). Results show the long history of many ecosystem services (increase/decrease in food provisioning, stabilization/decline of regulating services and no use/intense use of cultural services) and their decline in recent decades due to industrial and residential development (which expanded from 1.7 to 47.5%). To overcome this situation, this paper discusses the current state of ecosystem services and conservation tasks carried out and how the results of the research can be included in the different elements of the governance of shoreline areas.     

清水河流域生态系统服务评估及预测

城镇化扩张、农业活动和生态修复等人为因素给清水河流域土地格局和生态环境带来了显著改变,评估并预测未来的土地格局以及生态系统服务与价值对于流域生态可持续发展具有重要意义。基于CA-Markov模型和GIS软件,以预测+设计的方式通过InVEST模型模拟了未来生态系统服务与价值。结果显示：1）清水河流域2000—2018年单位面积碳储量、单位面积土壤保持量、单位面积产水量分别为100.68 t/hm²、800.62 t/hm²、57.88 mm,除碳储量呈减小趋势外,产水量和土壤保持量均呈增长趋势;2）2018年流域生态系统服务价值为24.42亿元,比2000年减少了2.2%,分别为该区2018年农林渔牧业总产值、GDP的2.31、0.78倍;3）未来在坡度大于15°的区域退耕还林条件下,除产水量显著减小外,流域碳储量、土壤保持量生态系统服务价值均显著提升。研究表明,近20年清水河流域在气候均质条件下,生态系统服务及其价值的提升仍然不显著甚至有所下降,但在大于15°陡坡上的植树造林措施能够有效改善这一趋势。

     

Relevance for decision making of spatially explicit,participatory scenarios for ecosystem services in an area of a high current demand

Participatory ecosystem services scenarios can be used to inform decision making on the sustainable or wise use of biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES). To establish the plausibility and coherency of the recently constructed Biscay participatory scenarios, and to analyze policy options for improving sustainability of land use and the supply of ecosystem services, a spatially explicit analysis of land cover change was carried out. The modelling used an innovative methodology which included feedback from key stakeholders. Our study showed that scenario mapping can be a way of testing the credibility and internal consistency of scenarios, and a methodology for making them more coherent; it was also useful for highlighting land use trade-offs. The sustainability analysis for the ES supply side showed the benefits of promoting two land use/cover trends in the Biscay region: (i) an increase of sustainable arable land in the valley zones to reinforce biocapacity and self-provisioning while preserving agroecosystems’ ES flow; and (ii) natural forest regeneration in mountainous and other zones to increase carbon storage and sequestration while enhancing biodiversity and other ES flows. We argue that even if already protected public agro-forest lands may be the best places to start promoting these changes, additional measures are needed to involve private landowners and guarantee changes at a landscape level. Finally, we reflect on the need to make complementary analyses of ES supply and demand as a way of contributing to a broad sustainability agenda.     

湛江湾生态系统服务功能与价值评估

构建了包括4个大类、13个亚类的湛江湾生态系统服务类型体系,采用市场价格法、替代成本法、成果参考法等生态经济评估方法,对湛江湾生态系统服务价值进行了初步定量估算。结果表明,2009年湛江湾生态系统服务总价值约为12.62×108元,平均单位海域生态系统服务价值为467.49×104元/km2,是湛江近海单位海域面积海洋经济总产值的1.31倍。湛江湾生态系统服务的供给服务价值最大,占80.11%;其次为文化服务价值,占15.67%;调节服务价值最小,仅占4.22%。食品供给服务是当前湛江湾生态系统最突出功能,比重占总价值的79.23%,凸显其作为湛江重要水产养殖基地作用。与福建罗源湾和山东桑沟湾相比,湛江湾水产养殖污染对海湾生态系统健康的威胁更大。评估结果同时揭示出湛江湾污染物处理功能价值非常有限,减少陆源污染物的入湾排放是湛江生态海湾型城市建设的关键所在。     

基于生态系统服务供需关系的广西县域国土生态修复空间分区

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