基于层次分析法的城市环境绩效评估研究

运用压力-状态-响应(PSR)概念模型,初步建立了城市环境绩效评估指标体系,并结合层次分析法(AHP)对各个评价因子的权重进行了确定和判断。将上述理论应用于扬州市,以环境绩效指数(EPI)的大小来反映环境质量状况,对扬州市2006年到2009年环境质量进行了评价。     

生态城市综合评价体系的AHP模型设计与应用研究

在参考大量关于评价生态城市资料的基础上,提出了生态城市综合评价体系,并运用层次分析法(Analytic hierarchy process, 简称AHP)对所选的4个指标和20个指标变量进行了比较判断矩阵的构建和计算,定量确定了各指标在生态城市中的权重及重要程度次序.     

空间视角下湖北省环境绩效评估及影响因素分析

以湖北省为例，基于压力-状态-响应（PSR）模型构建环境绩效评估指标体系，运用空间自相关和标准差椭圆对湖北省各地区绩效指数空间特征及影响因素进行探讨，结果显示：湖北省各地区环境绩效指数（EPI）均高于60，但普遍处于中等水平，良好及优秀所占比例低.EPI较高的地区主要位于湖北省西部和中部，压力和状态指数从西至东递减，响应指数则呈现东部高于西部高于中部的态势.状态指标绩效指数在空间上显著正相关，即环境质量状况较好（或较差）的地区在空间上集聚.EPI及二级指标绩效指数均以西北-东南为布局方向，且EPI椭圆重心较于基准重心偏向于西南方向.各地区环境指数除受到资源禀赋的影响外，还与城镇化率和人口密度显著相关.     

基于模糊数学方法的资源类企业环境绩效评价——以兰花科创为例

文章阐述了现有环境绩效计量模型的不足,分析统计了国内外有关环境绩效评价的研究成果及手册、指南和法规中高频指标,在此基础上结合环境指标和财务指标建立了资源企业环境绩效评价体系,运用层次分析法和模糊数学的方法对兰花科创进行实证研究,得出其综合评价结果为82.558分,应控制用水量和减少烟尘的排放。以期将企业为环境所作的贡献量化,促进可持续发展战略在企业的具体实践。     

浙江省生态建设环境绩效评估方法初步研究

研究构建了以目标渐近法、熵权赋值法、加权综合计算法、雷达图法为一体的综合评价方法和相应的生态建设环境绩效评估指标,分析研究了浙江省11个地级市2006年生态建设的环境绩效空间分布、各地市环境绩效指数与自然资源禀赋、经济水平同环境保护间的相关性.结果表明,浙江省11个地级市2006年环境绩效指数表现出明显的差异,生态省建设环境绩效指数的总体分布格局与自然资源分布格局呈正相关,与经济发展水平呈负相关,呈现出南高北低的空间分布格局.     

环保产业渗透性及价值体现

文章分析了环保产业发展中的4个特点:全方位渗透、政策依赖、动态发展、高科技支撑及对相关产业的带动等特性。对环保产业渗透性及所体现的产值及价值进行了探讨,提出在环保产业产值统计中应补充渗透性所体现的产值贡献,并给出了一个评价模式:     

Benefits and risks associated with consumption of Great Lakes fish containing omega-3 fatty acids and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)

正Introduction Assessment of environmental health effects arising from exposure to multiple substances is often very challenging.This is particularly true when humans are exposed to a mixture that contains both beneficial and harmful substances.A good example relates to the risk and benefits of fish consumption.     

The role of environmental statisticians in environmental policy: the case of performance measurement

Environmental statisticians often experience the difficult task to provide clear results for environmental policy objectives on the basis of complex science, limited data, and many sources of uncertainty. This paper highlights the particularly challenging situation of environmental statistics in developing countries before focusing on the role of statisticians working at the nexus of environmental statistics and policy within the context of measuring environmental performance. Three issues create particular tension at the environmental science-policy junction: (1) the general complexity of environmental problems (including scientific uncertainty and insufficient data) and the often negative perceptions associated with their solution, (2) the comparatively recent introduction of quantitative methods and information to the environmental policy process and continued skepticism and ideologically motivated resistance to their routine integration, and (3) the language barriers between policymakers and statisticians as well as between statisticians and other scientists engaged in environmental research. Based on the case study of the 2006 Pilot Environmental Performance Index (EPI) developed by an interdisciplinary team at the universities Yale and Columbia the paper examines how the EPI tackles these tensions while aiming to be a fact-based, statistically sound policy tool that helps countries achieve environmental objectives by tracking progress, identifying environmental “best practices”, and providing strategic peer-group analyses. In conclusion, the paper suggests some remedies for the deficiencies in the co-operation between policymakers and environmental statisticians.     

香港的建筑物环境评估

城市高层建筑对环境有着巨大的影响，香港为此制定了《香港建筑物环境评估方法》。此文介绍了香港建筑物环境评估的背景，目标，程序和方法，并建议在我国内地尽快实施建筑物环境评价，以优化城市生态系统，实现城市的可持续发展。     

生态综合指数及其在生态状况评估中的应用研究

在综合分析国内外评估判断生态状况的理论和方法的基础上,提出适合我国国情的定量化的科学评估生态状况的方法--生态综合指数法。生态综合指数可用于对我国生态治理与生态破坏处于何种阶段进行量化的、内在的和综合的判断。结合我国生态建设的现状,从层次性、系统性、现实性、重要性4个方面综合考虑,对生态综合指数的指标进行了合理的选取,包括森林、荒漠、水土流失、生物多样性、湿地、草原、农田、城市生态状况等8项指标。生态综合指数的计算方法,分总指标公式、第一层次指标公式和第二层次指标公式3部分,从数学分析方法上属于层次分析法(AHP),各级指标层次分明,重点突出。将生态综合指数E(CI)分为3个区域:ECI<1,ECI=1(±0.05),ECI>1。经计算,我国生态综合指数为1.02,处于生态综合指数=1(±0.05)区域,据此判断,我国目前处于生态治理与生态破坏的相持阶段,国家必须继续进行大规模的生态建设,以促进生态系统向良性阶段递进。应用生态综合指数对我国生态状况进行综合判断,对于我国生态建设的理论和实践都具有重要意义。     

江苏省小康社会环境质量综合指数考核与评价体系的建立

为规范对全省小康社会环境指标评价的管理,正确理解应用小康社会环境质量综合指数评价办法,简要介绍江苏省小康社会环境质量综合指数考核技术体系,阐明指标定义及确定原则、综合指数计算方法以及考核过程中的管理和评价技术经验.     

上海市环境库兹涅茨曲线分析

经济发达城市的经济发展与环境保护有着相似的经历。以上海市经济增长和废水排放的关系为例,在选取上海市1991-2007年经济与废水排放数据的基础上,建立了人均GDP与废水排放量的模型和绘制了环境库兹涅茨曲线。研究发现,上海市的经济与环境指标中的固废生产量符合环境库兹涅茨曲线呈倒U型,而环境指标中的废水、废气指标则是库兹涅茨曲线呈正U型。     

美国的环境立法

通过对美国环境立法发展状况的分析,阐述了美国环境法规的特点,及其在国家加强行政环境管理等方面的作用。立法不完善,是美国环境立法的主要问题。     

A rough set-based quality function deployment (QFD) approach for environmental performance evaluation: a case of offshore oil and gas operations

Activities in offshore oil and gas (OOG) that cause environmental impacts can be systematically managed through an environmental management system (EMS). Environmental performance evaluation (EPE) is an essential part of an EMS. However, previous studies on EPE indicate that existing lists of indicators little insight into how indicators are modified to more accurately assess environmental performance.In this paper, a way is proposed to identify and define specific environmental performance indicators on a case-by-case basis, which consists of five steps: (1) describing environmental requirements; (2) determining favourable outcomes corresponding to the requirements; (3) identifying required activities or issues to achieve the outcomes; (4) searching for proper measures of the activities or issues; and (5) generating a list of key indicators. Based on these steps, a quality function deployment (QFD) approach is developed to determine key indicators and evaluate environmental performance. To handle uncertainties in QFD, the decision makers’ evaluations are quantified through rough numbers using the concept of rough sets. The outputs of the proposed approach are different environmental performance indices. Using these indices, decision makers can easily determine whether an improved performance has been achieved through an EMS. The proposed approach is transparent and promising for use as a unified tool for EPE. An application of the proposed approach is demonstrated through a numerical example.     

略论环境管理模式的重大变革——ISO14000系列标准剖析

国际标准化组织（ＩＳＯ）根据环发大会的决议，１９９３年６月正式成立“环境管理技术委员会”（ＩＳＯ／ＣＴ２０７），负责环境管理工具及体系方面国际标准化工作。文章通过对ＩＳＯ－１４０００系列标准的背景和内容的介绍与分析，阐述了目前在我国实施ＩＳＯ－１４０００系列标准的意义和对策。建议。     

金华市经济增长与环境污染关系的定量研究

选取金华市1998年-2007年环境及人均GDP数据,建立工业“三度”排放量与人均GDP之间的计量模型,对经济发展与环境质量关系进行定量分析,得出了金华市环境库兹涅茨曲线（EKC）特征。实证研究表明：从工业“三废”排放量与经济增长计量模型研究来看,工业“三废”排放量随人均GDP增长的变化趋势基本相似,呈倒U型加U型特征。这些特征和典型的环境库兹涅茨曲线即倒U型不一致。     

石嘴山市环境管理信息系统的设计与实施

石嘴山市环境管理信息系统(SEMIS)是在我国首次实施的地方环境管理信息系统。SEMIS采用3plus微机局部网络,由数据服务器和6个工作站组成,与日常管理职能部门相对应。该系统设计和实施了污染源管理、环境质量管理、环境统计、排污收费和局机关行政管理等功能,实现了数据共享、全菜单操作和多种方式的输出(屏幕、打印机、绘图仪等)。一年多的运行实践证明,SEMIS是辅助环境管理的有效工具。     

环境监测与环境监测技术的发展

环境监测是环境保护的基础,环境监测为环保工作提供了科学依据和技术支持,环境监测技术使人们能够更为及时、有效地监测、判断环境状况,进而探究环境保护的方法和途径,明确环保工作的方向和目标,制定科学、正确的环保制度和政策。在环境问题日益严重的现代社会,环境监测技术已经成为一项不可或缺的现代科学技术。本文首先分析了环境监测的涵义和发展过程,然后分析了环境监测技术的发展概况以及未来发展趋势。     

GIM（1）灰色模型预测环保投资趋势的可行性探析

环保投资作为环保系统的一个子系统，并不一定具有指数函数规律。本文利用ＧＩＭ（１）灰色模型，探析了它在环保投资趋势预测应用中的可行性。初步应用表明，在序列不完全满足光滑化条件时，ＧＩＭ（１）灰色模型对系统变量的“白化”能力较ＧＭ（１，１）强，而与ＧＳＭ（１）灰色模型相当，信息利用率高，是分析、预测环保投资动态发展趋势一条切实可行的途径。     

Fuzzy modelling to identify key drivers of ecological water quality to support decision and policy making

Water quality modelling is an effective tool to investigate, describe and predict the ecological state of an aquatic ecosystem. Various environmental variables may simultaneously affect water quality. Appropriate selection of a limited number of key-variables facilitates cost-effective management of water resources. This paper aims to determine (and analyse the effect of) the major environmental variables predicting ecological water quality through the application of fuzzy models. In this study, a fuzzy logic methodology, previously applied to predict species distributions, was extended to model environmental effects on a whole community. In a second step, the developed models were applied in a more general water management context to support decision and policy making. A hill-climbing optimisation algorithm was applied to relate ecological water quality and environmental variables to the community indicator. The optimal model was selected based on the predictive performance (Cohen’s Kappa), ecological relevance and model’s interpretability. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was performed as an extra element to analyse and evaluate the optimal model. The optimal model included the variables land use, chlorophyll and flow velocity. The variable selection method and sensitivity analysis indicated that land use influences ecological water quality the most and that it affects the effect of other variables on water quality to a high extent. The model outcome can support spatial planning related to land use in river basins and policy making related to flows and water quality standards. Fuzzy models are transparent to a wide range of users and therefore may stimulate communication between modellers, river managers, policy makers and stakeholders.