城市化对水体非点源污染的影响

非点源污染现已成为世界上许多国家水体污染的重大污染源.长期以来,农业非点源污染受到高度重视,城市非点源污染的研究相对较少.而城市化是当今土地利用变化影响水质、流域的水文和其他物理特性以及发生潜在非点源污染的突出形式.城市化对水体非点源污染的影响,主要体现在使非点源污染的"源"、"过程"和"汇"发生了变化.本文从描述-预测评价-应用的角度总结了国际上城市化对城市水体非点源污染影响的研究.目前主要侧重于用模型来描述城市化对城市非点源污染过程的影响,模拟预测非点源污染物的负荷等.从景观生态学格局与过程的角度,探讨城市化和城市非点源污染之间的关系.城市化带来的城市景观格局的时空变化对城市非点源污染的综合影响研究是今后发展的一个方向.     

基于改进输出系数模型的非点源污染评估及关键源区识别：以北运河上游流域为例

非点源污染对水生态环境威胁极大,定量解析非点源污染空间分布特征和准确识别关键源区是实现其高效精准治理的基础.输出系数模型广泛应用于非点源污染的模拟,但该模型忽略污染物迁移过程中的损失量,需要进一步改进.以北运河上游流域为例,通过对非点源污染物迁移物理过程的模拟,量化产流、产沙和下渗过程中污染物的损失率改进输出系数模型,并分析Johnes、常用和改进输出系数模型的模拟精度,探究3个输出系数模型对非点源污染空间分布特征和关键源区模拟结果的影响.结果表明：(1)改进输出系数模型模拟误差(-6.79%)明显低于Johnes模型(50.44%)和常用模型(-84.01%),显著提高了非点源污染模拟精度.(2)不同输出系数模型得到的非点源污染空间分布特征和关键源区存在较大差异,改进的输出系数模型模拟结果更符合流域非点源污染特征.流域非点源污染呈西北部低东南部高的空间特征,城镇用地和耕地是主要污染源.(3)基于改进输出系数模型确定的流域非点源污染关键源区主要分布在昌平、沙河、史各庄、温泉乡北部和马连洼街道西部等区域,占流域总面积6.71%.研究可为缺资料地区的非点源污染评估和治理提供更有效的工具支撑...     

农业源污染物入水体负荷核算方法探索

近十年来,随着社会经济的发展,农业源污染已经是我国水环境污染的重要来源之一,然而受到农业污染特征的影响,农业源污染物入水体的准确核算仍是较为困难的。因此,本文结合国内外农业源污染入水体核算方法,讨论了农业源污染核算的方法体系,以期为农业污染的估算提供科学、有力的理论支持。     

基于改进输出系数法的矿区重金属面源污染负荷核算模型

借鉴农业面源污染负荷核算研究成果,结合我国实际情况,以输出系数法为基础,提出矿区面源污染负荷核算模型.考虑重金属污染的来源和特点,将矿山地区的土地类型分为尾矿库区、降尘污染区、运输污染区和自然土地4类,分别计算各类型土地的输出系数.考虑到重金属在水中的溶出率影响,在模型中引入了溶出率因子,以构建适应矿区流域的重金属非点源污染负荷核算模型,并用该模型对浑河流域重金属面源负荷进行了估算.结果表明:矿山地区重金属污染主要来自运输污染区和自然土地,占总污染负荷的77%左右.从模拟过程和模拟结果可知,面源污染负荷核算模型所需原始资料较少,参数计算较方便,是计算矿山地区重金属面源污染负荷的可靠方法.      

长江干流寸滩断面污染负荷核算及来源分析

将长江干流寸滩断面以上区域划分为39个排污单元,将河道划分为63个纳污河段,建立排污单元与纳污河段之间的排污-纳污拓扑关系,并基于污染物的产生-入河-降减过程进行断面污染物通量核算. 采用输出系数法核算排污单元内各类污染源的产生量,并考虑降水作用,建立污染源入河系数公式,核算排污单元点源与非点源的入河量;考虑污染物在河道内的综合降解过程,核算各纳污节点到输出断面的流达率,分析各纳污节点各类污染源对下游断面的贡献率. 通过以上模式对长江干流寸滩断面2004与2005年的污染物通量进行核算,并进行各支流的贡献率分析. 核算结果显示:寸滩断面COD_Mn和TP月通量模拟值与实测值曲线基本吻合,TN月通量模拟值与实测值曲线拟合稍差,整体偏低,可能是忽略了大气沉降的影响所致. 从COD_Mn的贡献率核定结果可以看出,嘉陵江对寸滩断面的贡献率最小,综合贡献率为14%左右,其中点源贡献率为6%左右,非点源贡献率为8%左右,非点源与点源的比率仅为1.3;金沙江对寸滩断面的贡献率最大,综合贡献率达到49%左右,其中点源贡献率为14%左右,非点源贡献率为35%左右,非点源与点源的比率达到2.5,是流域污染控制的重点.      

城市非点源污染模型研究进展

回顾了城市非点源污染模型的发展历史,分析了能够模拟城市非点源污染的7个国外模型(SWMM、STORM、SLAMM、HSPF、DR3M-QUAL、MOUSE和HydroWorks)的特点、适用性和局限性,介绍了国外城市非点源污染模型不确定性研究方法和成果以及城市非点源污染分析概率模型,总结了国内城市非点源污染模型的研究成果.指出国外城市非点源污染模型在污染物累积和冲刷、泥沙和污染物运移、污染物的生化反应等方面模拟能力不足,而国内城市非点源污染模型多是经验模型,模拟面积较小,模拟精度较差.提出未来城市非点源污染模型研究应提高泥沙和污染物的模拟能力,探索无资料和不完全信息下城市非点源污染的模拟和预测,加强城市非点源污染随机性模型的研究,发展城市非点源污染模型与GIS的耦合应用.     

基于流域尺度的农业非点源污染物空间排放特征与总量控制研究

农业非点源污染是导致流域水质恶化的重要原因之一.依据农业污染源主要污染物空间排放特征和排放强度分析,划分农业非点源污染空间管理分区,并研究设计分区污染物总量控制方案,是提高农业非点源污染控制成效的重要途径之一.以湖北省四湖流域为研究案例区,系统开展了流域尺度的农业非点源污染空间排放特征识别与总量控制研究.结果表明,四湖流域水环境COD、总氮、总磷、氨氮负荷主要来自于农业非点源污染,4类非点源污染物分别占到流域污染物排放总量的67.6％、 82.2％、 84.7％和50.9％.对四湖流域非点源污染物空间排放特征分析结果表明,水产和畜禽养殖业发达的洪湖、监利、潜江、沙洋地区是流域非点源污染物的主要贡献源区.根据污染物在流域空间上的排放特征和源强评价结果,将四湖流域划分为3个农业非点源污染管理分区,即长湖上游水产和畜禽养殖污染重点控制区、四湖干渠农村非点源污染综合控制区和洪湖水产养殖污染重点控制区,针对不同管理分区分别提出了污染控制措施.基于水质改善和水体纳污能力综合考虑,设计了针对3个非点源污染管理分区的总量控制方案,分阶段实现监测断面全指标达标和满足水体纳污能力要求.主要污染物中,COD主要削减区域为四湖干渠区和洪湖区,分别占到流域COD削减量的43％和42％;氨氮主要削减区域为四湖干渠区,占到氨氮总削减量的66％;总氮主要削减区域为四湖干渠区和洪湖区,分别占到流域总氮削减量的42％和31％;总磷主要削减区域为四湖干渠区,占到流域总磷削减量的53％.     

程海流域非点源污染负荷估算及其控制对策

计算流域非点源氮磷污染负荷并以此开展源解析对于寻求水体污染控制最佳管理措施具有重要意义.通过对经典的Johnes输出系数模型进行改进,考虑了降水、坡度以及污染源与水体之间距离等因素,建立了一套在资料缺乏情况下,适用于受地形、降水影响较大的高原湖泊地区的非点源污染负荷评估方法.选取云南省九大高原湖泊之一的程海作为研究对象,验证了改进输出系数模型的合理性,并对流域溶解态氮磷入湖污染负荷进行了全面的分析.结果表明:(1)2014年,程海流域溶解态氮磷入湖负荷分别是158.48 t·a~(-1)和24.70 t·a~(-1),且二者空间分布相似;(2)在土地利用方面,农业用地对溶解态氮磷入湖污染负荷贡献最大,分别是46.19%和48.16%;(3)畜禽养殖和农村生活是溶解态氮磷入湖污染负荷治理的优先控制污染源,南岸是溶解态氮磷入湖污染负荷重点治理区域;(4)若实行农村生活和畜禽养殖、化肥流失及土地利用治理,可使溶解态氮磷入湖污染负荷分别减少38.47%和40.76%.研究成果可为缺乏资料的高原湖泊地区非点源污染治理提供科学的理论依据.     

农业非点源污染田间模型及其应用

非点源污染的负荷定量化研究是控制、评价和管理非点源污染的基础.农业非点源污染负荷估算包括农田排水估算和排水中的污染物浓度预测2个环节.依据水量平衡原理,农田排水应用DRAINMOD模型估算;将农田的施肥和灌溉过程"合成"作为田间污染物浓度的脉冲输入,农田排水中的污染物浓度变化则视作对应于此脉冲输入的响应过程,而污染物在田间的复杂迁移转化过程以逆高斯概率密度函数隐含表达.以此为基础,构建了农田尺度农业非点源污染负荷估算模型.以青铜峡灌区典型试验区为例,对稻田排水沟中硝态氮(NO_3~--N)和总磷(TP)的负荷过程进行了模拟,结果表明,模型估算结果和实测污染物负荷过程非常接近,Nash-Suttcliffe模拟效率系数分别为0.963和0.945,表明该模型具有较高的可靠性.     

SWMM模型应用于城市住宅区非点源污染负荷模拟计算

以温州市典型住宅区非点源污染为对象,基于SWMM(storm water management model)模型的模拟机理,借鉴国内外相关研究的模型参数,结合降雨径流实测数据率定模型参数,将模型"本地化",构建了基于SWMM模型的研究区非点源污染负荷计算模型,并设计了4种不同降雨情景,分析在不同降雨条件下研究区非点源污染固体悬浮物(TSS)、CODCr、TN和TP的污染负荷量及其累积变化过程.结果表明,构建的SWMM模型的模拟值可以较好地与实测值相吻合,4种污染物模拟的相对误差均小于10%.在设计的4种降雨情景下:①污染物浓度峰值出现在降雨30～40 min内,降雨强度越大,出现浓度峰值的时间越早;②高强度降雨较低强度降雨可对受纳水体造成更大的污染.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.