水溶液中十二烷基苯磺酸钠的半导体光催化降解的研究

以ＴｉＯ２为催化剂,以３００Ｗ高压汞灯为光源,对水溶液中的十二烷基苯磺酸钠进行了半导体光催化降解,研究不同ｐＨ条件下金红石型和锐钛型ＴｉＯ２的光催化活性及Ｈ２Ｏ２,Ｃｕ＾２＋的加入对降解的影响,结果表明,锐钛型ＴｉＯ２具有较高的催化活性;Ｈ２Ｏ２在碱性条件下能抑制ＤＢＳ的光催化降解,在无ＴｉＯ２时,Ｈ２Ｏ２对ＤＢＳ有光催化氧化作用,在酸性条件下,Ｃｕ＾２＋对ＤＢＳ的ＴｉＯ２光催化降解有较强的助催化     

TiO2—Cu^2＋体系降解偏二甲肼的研究

研究了在ＴｉＯ２催化氧化降解偏二甲肼的反应体系中添加Ｃｕ＾２＋的效果以及Ｃｕ＾２＋浓度，添加Ｈ２Ｏ２，反应体系Ａ／Ｖ值以及紫外光与太阳光作光源对偏二甲肼降解率的影响，结果表明，在ＴｉＯ２光催化降解偏二甲肼的反应体系中Ｃｕ＾２＋的最佳投加量为４０ｍｇ／Ｌ。添加一Ｈ２Ｏ２以及在紫外光照射下，适当增大反应液的Ａ／Ｖ值会大大提高偏二甲肼的降解率。同时也研究了偏二甲肼降解中间产物随着反应进程的降讲解规律。     

H2O2—Fe^2＋／TiO2—H2SO4体系处理废有机溶剂的研究

研究了废有机溶剂ＴＢＰ／ＯＫ在Ｈ２Ｏ２－Ｆｅ＾２＋／ＴｉＯ２－Ｈ２ＯＳ４体系中的氧化分解行为，分析Ｈ２Ｏ２用量、催化剂、温度、ＰＨ 控因素对反应进程及结果的影响。在此基础上进行的“热”实验表明，废有机溶剂氧化分解后所含放射性核素主要富集在以应残液中，基本没有二次转移或扩散。对ＴＢ．ＯＫＨ２Ｏ２经氧化机理及Ｆｅ＾２＋／ＴｉＯ２的协同催化机理进行了初步探讨。     

Cr(VI)离子在TiO_2表面的吸附与光催化还原消除

随着体系ｐＨ值增大，Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子在ＴｉＯ２表面的吸附下降．当Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子初始浓度为３００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ时，其在ＴｉＯ２表面具有最大值吸附．Ｈ２ＰＯ４－阴离子及乙酸的存在对Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子的吸附有阻抑作用，甲酸存在会提高Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子的吸附．Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子在ＴｉＯ２半导体催化剂表面的光催化还原受体系的酸度影响较大．Ｈ２ＰＯ４－阴离子或Ｍｎ２＋离子存在会降低Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子的光催化还原效率．在太阳光照下，Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子在ＴｉＯ２上的光催化还原也可实现．通过调节反应结束后水溶液的酸碱度，Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）离子得以消除．反应后催化剂经酸处理，其活性恢复并可重复使用．     

SnO2-TiO2负载CuO催化剂的CO氧化催化性能

对２种ｎ－型半导体的复合氧化物负载的氧化铜催化剂的ＣＯ氧化催化性能进行了研究,采用程序升温反应方法,得到ＣＯ转化率随反应温度的变化曲线,ＣＯ最低全转化温度越低,活性越好。考察了载体的不同制备方法如成胶方法、干燥方法,焙烧温度以及不同ＳｎＯ２：ＴｉＯ２摩尔比对ＣＯ２氧化性能的影响。     

纳米材料与TiO2光催化废水处理技术

结合纳米技术和纳米材料的基本原理和特性，介绍了ＴｉＯ２光催化氧化处理废水的反应原理、ＴｉＯ２的材料使用及主要影响因素，指出了今后的研究方向。     

附着态半导体光催化剂光解可溶性染料的研究

以３００Ｗ中压汞灯和日光为光源，研究了将ＴｉＯ２等半导体粉末附着在海砂和玻璃表面对直接耐晒大红４ＢＳ（下简称４ＢＳ）、活性黑ＫＮ－Ｂ（下简称ＫＮ－Ｂ）和亚甲基蓝（下简称ＭＢ）水溶液的催化光解。结果表明：几种染料均显光解；光解为一级动力学反应；附着复合的ＴｉＯ２－Ｆｅ２Ｏ３、ＴｉＯ２－ＷＯ３比附着单一的ＴｉＯ２光催化效果好；附着态ＴｉＯ２重复使用１５次（每次８ｈ）后催化能力降低１７．９％。以基态电     

半导体氧水化物超细粉末对Cr（Ⅵ）的光催化还原作用研究

对不同反应条件下ＺｎＯ／ＴｉＯ２超细粉末艰水溶液中六价铬的还原作用影响进行了研究与对比，结果表明，半导体氧化物ＺｎＯ／ＴｉＯ２对水溶液中六价铬有明显的光催化还原作用，ＺｎＯ比ＴｉＯ２的效果更显著，经９０ｍｉｎ处理后，Ｃｒ（ＶＩ）含量从初始的１００ｍｇ／Ｌ降为０．４７ｍｇ／Ｌ以下；可降解有机物的存在能促进反应的进行，提高六价铬的转化率，随着ｐＨ值的升高，光催化效果减弱，本文还对反应机制和反应速度与反     

光催经氧化法处理染料中间体H酸水溶液

为了去除水中难氧化的有害染料中间体Ｈ酸，研究以ＴｉＯ２，ＺｎＯ，ＣｄＳ和Ｆｅ２Ｏ３为催化剂，采用低压汞灯为光源，对Ｈ酸水溶液进行光催化氧化实验。结果表明：ＴｉＯ２和ＣｄＳ的催化效果最好。采用ＴｉＯ２作催化剂，光催化氧化５ｈ后，Ｈ酸分解率可达９０％，反应速率遵大Ｌａｎｇｍｕｉｒ－Ｈｉｎｓｈｅｌｗｏｄｄ方程，Ｋ＝１２．３Ｌｍｍｏｌ，ｋ＝２５．２×１－０＾－６ｍｏｌ／ｈ。     

环境化学

气相合成三氧化钦超细粒子的形态及其光催化性/施利毅(华东理工大学技术化学物理研究所)…//环境科学学报/中科院生态环境研究中心一2以刃,20(2)一l抖一138环图X一9 高温管式气溶胶反应器中,利用Tiq氧化反应制备T叭超细粒子,研究反应温度、停留时间对子仇形态的影响。结果表明反应温度升高、Ti仇粒度增大、金红石含量在反应温度为1姗℃时出现最大值;停留时间延长,粒子粒度增大、金红石含量也增加。以活性性艳红X一3B染料溶液为模拟废水,考察肠仇粒子形态对光催化活性的影响。结果表明含少量金红石相、粒径小于或接近50御的肠仇粒子催化活…     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.