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1.
B. Rollin 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1997,10(1):25-40
The creation of a cloned sheep from mammary tissue has raisedmajor social concern, and much talk about major ethical issuesoccasioned by this technology. It is necessary to separategenuine from spurious ethical issues here, a task made failureto initiate ethical discussion and explanation of new technologyas well as by fear reactions in society. As in geneticengineering of animals, issues about cloning fall into threecategories – suggestions that the technology is inherently wrong,risk emerging from the technology and harm to the creatureengendered. The issues regarding the cloning of humans can beanalyzed using the same categories. 相似文献
2.
Lantz Miller 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1998,11(1):1-16
A critique is made of Bernard Rollin's examination of the ethics of cloning adult mammalian cells. The primary concern is less to propound an anticloning or procloning position than to call for full exploration of the ethical complexities before a rush to judgment is made. Indeed, the ethical examination in question rushes toward an ethical position in such a way that does not appear consistent with Rollin's usual methodology. By extending this methodology – which entails full weighing of benefits and costs – it becomes apparent that there are real potential risks to this type of cloning in both animals and humans, besides the possible benefits, and that the scientific, political, philosophical, and broader academic communities should explore these risks and benefits extensively. Rollin's usual methodological call for hesitation before risks would translate into hesitation before the ethical risks of adult mammalian cell cloning instead of his paper's curiously laissez-faire stance. 相似文献
3.
Setback regulations-legislated distances that livestock production facilities must be removed from surrounding properties-are meant to mitigate odor impacts. If the setback length is too short, then there is evidence that surrounding properties and people suffer uncompensated damages. If, on the other hand, setback lengths are too long, then livestock producers may be paying more than that required to compensate for odor-related environmental damages. The purpose of this study is to assess the impact of Kentucky's livestock production facility setbacks on the value of surrounding properties and farm financial management decisions. This paper develops a model of the benefits of livestock odor reduction and the livestock odor abatement cost associated with setback lengths paid by producers. The results of this investigation indicate that the mandated setback lengths for Kentucky are too short. Livestock production firms are worse off under longer setback lengths, but the losses to surrounding home owners far exceed the firm gains at the mandated setbacks. A finding of this study is that the firm has no incentive to completely protect the legislated setback length. Livestock producers in compliance with the relevant setback length may feel protected from odor lawsuits despite damage being done to surrounding property. This suggests that the perceived threat of lawsuit is currently low in the state of Kentucky. Both industry and public goals could be met from further research including location and economic impact of livestock production. 相似文献
4.
M. Gjerris C. Gamborg H. Röcklinsberg R. Anthony 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2011,24(4):331-350
This paper examines the challenges that climate change raises for animal agriculture and discusses the contributions that
may come from a virtue ethics based approach. Two scenarios of the future role of animals in farming are set forth and discussed
in terms of their ethical implications. The paper argues that when trying to tackle both climate and animal welfare issues
in farming, proposals that call for a reorientation of our ethics and technology must first and foremost consider the values
that drive current livestock production. This paper sets forth and discusses the broader societal values implicit in livestock
production. We suggest that a virtues approach would improve our thinking and practice regarding animal agriculture, facilitating
a move from livestock production to animal husbandry. This change in animal agriculture in a time of climate change would
stress virtues such as attentiveness, responsibility, competence, and responsiveness as central elements in any mitigation
or adaptation program. 相似文献
5.
Kriton Grigorakis 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(4):345-370
The ethical issues raised by aquaculture were analyzed. A modification of the Ethical Matrix of the Food Ethics Council for
the evaluation of novel foods was used; the Ethical Matrix was changed in order to include the various aquaculture production
stages separately. The following stages were distinguished: the breeding stage, the growth/feeding stage, the “other-handling”
stage (that includes disease and treatment, transportation of organisms, killing procedure, and DNA vaccinations), and the
commercialization stage. The ethical issues concerning the producers, the consumers, the environment, and the aquacultured
organisms, are discussed. This scheme was fitted to the intensive cage-culture of carnivorous fish. The differences with other
forms of aquaculture are discussed, and how the scheme extrapolates to them. The ethical evaluation of aquaculture, in practice,
will be rather a utilitarian balancing of cost and benefits of the respective actions. The desired characteristics of an ethical
evaluation have been also outlined. Ethical evaluation should not be limited to a purely scientific analysis; it should be
holistic, comparable to available alternatives, and should have the flexibility to incorporate new data generated in the fast
growing/continuous changing aquaculture sector. 相似文献
6.
Anders Nordgren 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(4):563-584
In this paper I discuss ethical issues related to mitigation of climate change. In particular, I focus on mitigation of climate change to the extent this change is caused by livestock production. I support the view—on which many different ethical approaches converge—that the present generation has a moral obligation to mitigate climate change for the benefit of future generations and that developed countries should take the lead in the process. Moreover, I argue that since livestock production is an important contributing factor to climate change, we should undertake mitigation measures also in this sector and not only in, for example, the transport and energy sectors. However, technological solutions do not seem sufficient in the livestock sector, leaving us with the option of reduced meat production and consumption. In order to reach significant results in mitigation of climate change, political steering seems necessary. With this in mind, I argue in favor of a tax on meat consumption. 相似文献
7.
Recent policy developments in the area of livestock husbandry have suggested that, from the perspective of optimizing animal welfare, new animal husbandry systems should be developed that provide opportunities for livestock animals to be raised in environments where they are permitted to engage in “natural behavior.” It is not known whether consumers regard animal husbandry issues as important, and whether they differentiate between animal husbandry and other animal welfare issues. The responsibility for the development of such systems is allocated jointly between farmers, regulators, different actors in the food chain, and consumers. This research focuses on understanding consumer attitudes and preferences regarding the development and introduction of such systems, to ensure that they are acceptable to consumers as well as producers, regulators, and scientists. Consumer perceptions of animal welfare and animal husbandry practices were evaluated using quantitative consumer survey, which focused on two animal husbandry issues – farmed pigs and farmed fish. Following pilot work, 1000 representative Dutch consumers were sampled about their attitudes to either pig or fish husbandry. The results indicated that consumers think about animal welfare in terms of two broad categories related to their health and living environment, but do not think about welfare issues at a more detailed level. Greater concern was expressed about the welfare of pigs compared to fish. Consumer trust in labeling also emerged as an important issue, since consumers need to trust different food chain actors with responsibility for promoting animal welfare, and are reluctant to consider the details of animal husbandry systems. As a consequence, a transparent, enforceable, and traceable monitoring system for animal welfare friendly products is likely to be important for consumers. 相似文献
8.
Clemens Driessen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(2):163-179
A plethora of ethical issues in livestock agriculture has emerged to public attention in recent decades, of which environmental
and animal welfare concerns are but two, albeit prominent, themes. For livestock agriculture to be considered sustainable,
somehow these interconnected themes need to be addressed. Ethical debate on these issues has been extensive, but mostly started
from and focused on single issues. The views of farmers in these debates have been largely absent, or merely figured as interests,
instead of being considered morally worthwhile themselves. In this paper the relevance for ethical debates of the ways farmers
discuss and engage with moral concerns is explored. The variety of norms that figure in contemporary farming practices is
sketched in its multifarious complexity, illustrated by ethnographic fieldwork, and systematized in terms of “orders of worth.”
Reviewing the practical arguments and commitments of farmers within this framework reveals that farming practices are subject
to mixed motives, in which an amalgam of types of concerns play a role. Recognition of the peculiarly entangled nature of
the ethics of farming practices could counter the tendency in policy making, technological innovation, and ethical thought
to compartmentalize our moral landscape. Understanding farming practice as the integration of a mosaic of concerns in the
light of a variety of moral experiences would foster public appreciation of positions of farmers in debates on improving the
sustainability and societal acceptability of livestock agriculture. 相似文献
9.
Paul B. Thompson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1997,10(2):105-125
1. Each NABC member institutions should ensure that subject matter on ethical issues associated with food and agricultural
biotechnology is systematically integrated into the curriculum of their institution. The pattern of implementation will vary
a teach institution, but we expect that some combination of the following three strategies will be employed at most institutions.
a) Modules Included in Basic and Applied Science Courses b) Modules Included in General Courses on Applied Ethics c) Special
courses on Ethics and Food Biotechnology
2. Each NABC member institution should develop an institutional mechanism for supporting faculty interest and research on
ethical issues. Again, implementation will vary. In some institutions, an informal network of interested colleagues will fulfill
this function, but in many places an annual workshop or a formal faculty/center will be needed to carry this out.
3. Each NABC institution should include information on ethical issues in its public education programs on biotechnology. Extension
and public policy education materials should be developed and NABC institutions should actively disseminate materials on ethical
issues beyond the campus.
4. NABC should support these efforts of member institutions by sponsoring regular workshops or conferences on ethical issues,aiding
in the development of modules and teaching materials, and aiding in the dissemination of materials in both printed and electronic
form. In particular, NABC should support these efforts by raising funds from member institutions, from foundations and government
agencies, and from the private sector,including commercial biotechnology companies.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
Diana Stuart 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(1):53-71
As environmental and conservation efforts increasingly turn towards agricultural landscapes, it is important to understand
how land management decisions are made by agricultural producers. While previous studies have explored producer decision-making,
many fail to recognize the importance of external structural influences. This paper uses a case study to explore how consolidated
markets and increasing corporate power in the food system can constrain producer choice and create ethical dilemmas over land
management. Crop growers in the Central Coast region of California face conflicting demands regarding environmental quality
and industry imposed food safety standards. A mail survey and personal interviews were used to explore growers’ perceptions
and actions regarding these demands. Results indicate that in many cases growers face serious ethical dilemmas and feel pressured
by large processing and retail firms to adopt measures they find environmentally destructive and unethical. Future strategies
to address environmental issues on agricultural landscapes should consider the economic constraints producers face and the
role of large firms in creating production standards. 相似文献
11.
Wim A. J. Verbeke Jacques Viaene 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2000,12(2):141-151
Livestock production today faces thedifficult task of effectively meeting emergingconsumer concerns while remaining competitive on majortarget markets. Meeting consumer concerns aboutproduct safety and animal welfare are identified askey attention points for future livestock production.The relevance of these issues pertains to productionefficiency and economic benefits and tore-establishing meat sector image and consumer trust.The current paper analyses consumer concerns about theethical issues of meat safety and animal welfare fromcurrent livestock production. The research methodologyis based on literature review, secondary data sources,and primary research through focus group discussionsand a survey of 320 meat consumers in Belgium.Objectives were to assess importance attached byconsumers to product safety and animal welfare asethical issues in commercial livestock production, andto evaluate consumer perception of these issues forbeef, pork, and poultry. Significant differences inissue importance and perception are identified amongconsumer groups based on socio-demographic andbehavioral characteristics. From the analysis, meatsafety emerges as an absolute but minimum requirementfor future success of livestock and meat production.Additionally, animal welfare can be expected to becomea critical theme especially for pork and poultryacceptance. 相似文献
12.
Several writers on animal ethics defend the abolition of most or all animal agriculture, which they consider an unethical exploitation of sentient non-human animals. However, animal agriculture can also be seen as a co-evolution over thousands of years, that has affected biology and behavior on the one hand, and quality of life of humans and domestic animals on the other. Furthermore, animals are important in sustainable agriculture. They can increase efficiency by their ability to transform materials unsuitable for human consumption and by grazing areas that would be difficult to harvest otherwise. Grazing of natural pastures is essential for the pastoral landscape, an important habitat for wild flora and fauna and much valued by humans for its aesthetic value. Thus it seems that the environment gains substantially when animals are included in sustainable agricultural systems. But what about the animals themselves? Objections against animal agriculture often refer to the disrespect for animals’ lives, integrity, and welfare in present intensive animal production systems. Of the three issues at stake, neither integrity nor animal welfare need in principle be violated in carefully designed animal husbandry systems. The main ethical conflict seems to lie in the killing of animals, which is inevitable if the system is to deliver animal products. In this paper, we present the benefits and costs to humans and animals of including animals in sustainable agriculture, and discuss how to address some of the ethical issues involved. 相似文献
13.
Yuichiro Amekawa 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2009,22(6):531-557
EurepGAP is a pioneering field level food safety protocol called ‘good agricultural practices’ currently exercising influence over the global food quality assurance system. Developed by a consortium of major European retailers, this private standard enforces codes of conduct that address issues of health and safety for producers and consumers, as well as working conditions and environmental management on the farmland. Despite various merits and benefits that the standard is premised to offer, the institutional design gives a financial edge to powerful large farms and exporters while diminishing opportunities for smaller growers and exporters to remain in the profitable agricultural export sector of the Global South. This paper explores the institutional origin and evolution of EurepGAP, discusses entry barriers and risks that EurepGAP imposes on the global value chain stakeholders, as well as the ethical implications from broader theoretical perspectives. Subsequently, it examines the evolving nature of a new trend in the fresh fruit and vegetable sector, i.e., the rise of public GAP standards. Promoted by some governments in the Global South, these GAP standards emphasize support for horizontal partnerships among value chain stakeholders, farmer participation, and less capital-intensive agricultural innovations. The paper argues that, within certain limitations, these GAP standards have the potential to be the major alternative GAP approach by encouraging a much broader inclusion of small-scale producers towards the attainment of various social, economic, and environmental benefits. 相似文献
14.
Sarika P. Cardoso Harvey S. James Jr. 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(3):377-404
There are a number of agricultural farming practices that are controversial. These may include using chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, and planting genetically modified crops, as well as the decision to dehorn cattle rather than raise polled cattle breeds. We use data from a survey of Missouri crop and livestock producers to determine whether a farmer’s ethical framework affects his or her decision to engage in these practices. We find that a plurality of farmers prefer an agricultural policy that reflects principles based on rights rather than principles of utilitarianism or justice. Furthermore, after controlling for personal and farm characteristics, we find a positive correlation between farmers preferring a rights-based policy and a farmer’s use of chemical farm inputs and polled rather than horned cattle. We also find that a combination of ethical framework and farm and farmer characteristics correlate with decisions to use farm chemicals, while only farm and farmer characteristics affect the decision to plant GM crops and only a farmer’s ethical framework affects the decision to use polled cattle. 相似文献
15.
Lars Ursin Bjørn Kåre Myskja Siri Granum Carson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2016,29(3):387-405
In a world where issues of food safety and food security are increasingly important, the social responsibility of central actors in the food chain—producers and the main grocery chains—becomes more pressing. As a response, these actors move from implicitly assuming social responsibilities implied in laws, regulations and ethical customs, towards explicitly expressing social responsibilities. In this paper, we discuss the ethical values relevant for the social responsibility of central food producers and retailers in Norway, one of the most subsidized and protected areas of food production in the world. How do the actors perceive and express their social responsibility, and—given their position in the local, national and global market—how should they handle these responsibilities? We analyze Tine and Nortura, two producers owned by farmer cooperatives with market regulator function, as well as Coop—a dominant grocery chain in Norway, with basis in the same public ownership model as the farmer-owned cooperative producers. While the complex roles of these key actors in the Norwegian food market have been criticized from several angles, we argue that these multifaceted roles put them in a good position to promote informed consumer choices in a globalized market. 相似文献
16.
In 2005, The International Federation of Organic Agricultural Movements (IFOAM) developed four new ethical principles of organic agriculture to guide its future development: the principles of health, ecology, care, and fairness. The key distinctive concept of animal welfare in organic agriculture combines naturalness and human care, and can be linked meaningfully with these principles. In practice, a number of challenges are connected with making organic livestock systems work. These challenges are particularly dominant in immature agro-ecological systems, for example those that are characterized by industrialization and monoculture. Some of the current challenges are partly created by shortages of land and manure, which encourage zero-grazing and other confined systems. Other challenges are created in part by the conditions for farming and the way in which global food distribution systems are organized, e.g., how live animals are transported, how feed is traded and transported all over the globe, and the development of infrastructure and large herds. We find that the overall organic principles should be included when formulating guidelines for practical organic animal farming. This article explores how the special organic conceptions of animal welfare are related to the overall principles of organic agriculture. The aim is to identify potential routes for future development of organic livestock systems in different contexts and with reference to the specific understanding of animal welfare in organic agriculture. We include two contrasting cases represented by organic livestock systems in northwestern Europe and farming systems in tropical low-income countries; we use these cases to explore the widely different challenges of organic livestock systems in different parts of the world. 相似文献
17.
Harvey S. James Mary K. Hendrickson 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2010,23(6):571-590
In this paper we consider the question of whether middle-scale farmers, which we define as producers generating between 100,000 and100,000
and 250,000 in sales annually, are better agricultural stewards than small and large-scale producers. Our study is motivated
by the argument of some commentators that farmers of this class ought to be protected in part because of the unique attitudes
and values they possess regarding what constitutes a “good farmer.” We present results of a survey of Missouri farmers designed
to assess farmer attitudes and values regarding a variety of indicators of farmer stewardship, such as the most important
issues in agriculture, environment, and treatment of farm animals, perspectives on the past and future of agriculture, and
ethical behavior. We find little evidence that farmers-of-the-middle are particularly noteworthy in these regards. We do find
evidence, however, that middle-scale farmers are more pessimistic and anxious about their role in the future of agriculture. 相似文献
18.
David Fraser 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》2012,25(5):721-746
Drawing on the features of “practical philosophy” described by Toulmin (1990), a “practical” ethic for animals would be rooted in knowledge of how people affect animals, and would provide guidance on the diverse ethical concerns that arise. Human activities affect animals in four broad ways: (1) keeping animals, for example, on farms and as companions, (2) causing intentional harm to animals, for example through slaughter and hunting, (3) causing direct but unintended harm to animals, for example by cropping practices and vehicle collisions, and (4) harming animals indirectly by disturbing life-sustaining processes and balances of nature, for example by habitat destruction and climate change. The four types of activities raise different ethical concerns including suffering, injury, deprivation, and death (of individuals), decline of populations, disruption of ecological systems containing animals, and extinction of species. They also vary in features relevant to moral evaluation and decision-making; these include the number of animals affected, the duration of the effects, the likelihood of irreversible effects, and the degree to which the effects can be controlled. In some cases human actions can also provide benefits to animals such as shelter and health care. Four mid-level principles are proposed to make a plausible fit to the features of the four types of human activities and to address the major ethical concerns that arise. The principles are: (1) to provide good lives for the animals in our care, (2) to treat suffering with compassion, (3) to be mindful of unseen harm, and (4) to protect the life-sustaining processes and balances of nature. This “practical” approach arguably makes a better fit to the complex, real-life problems of animal ethics than the single foundational principles that have dominated much recent animal ethics philosophy. 相似文献
19.
Karsten Klint Jensen Jan Tind Sørensen 《Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics》1998,11(2):85-100
This paper presents the idea of a decision-support system for a livestock farm, called “ethical accounting”, to be used as
an extension of traditional cost accounting. “Ethical accounting” seeks to make available to the farmer information about
how his decisions affect the interests of farm animals, consumers and future generations. Furthermore, “ethical accounting”
involves value-based planning. Thus, the farmer should base his choice of production plan on reflections as to his fundamental
objectives, and he should make his final decision only after having seriously considered the various consequences for the
affected parties.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
20.
Improvements in production methods over the last two decades have resulted in aquaculture becoming a significant contributor
to food production in many countries. Increased efficiency and production levels are off-setting unsustainable capture fishing
practices and contributing to food security, particularly in a number of developing countries. The challenge for the rapidly
growing aquaculture industry is to develop and apply technologies that ensure sustainable production methods that will reduce
environmental damage, increase productivity across the sector, and respect the diverse social and cultural dimensions of fish
farming that are observed globally. The aquaculture industry currently faces a number of technology trajectories, which include
the option to commercially produce genetically modified (GM) fish. The use of genetic modification in aquaculture has the
potential to contribute to increased food security and is claimed to be the next logical step for the industry. However, the
potential use of these technologies raises a number of important ethical questions. Using an ethical framework, the Ethical
Matrix, this paper explores a number of the ethical issues potentially raised by the use of GM technologies in aquaculture.
Several key issues have been identified. These include aspects of distributive justice for producers; use of a precautionary
approach in the management of environmental risk and food safety; and impacts on the welfare and intrinsic value of the fish.
There is a need to conduct a comparative analysis of the full economic cycle of the use of GM fish in aquaculture production
for developing countries. There is also a need to initiate an informed dialogue between stakeholders and strenuous efforts
should be made to ensure the participation of producers and their representatives from developing nations. An additional concern
is that any national licensing of the first generation of GM fish, i.e., in the USA, may initiate and frame an assessment
cycle, mediated by the WTO, which could dominate the conditions under which the technology will be applied and regulated globally.
Therefore, an integrated analysis of the technology development trajectories, in terms of international policy, IPR, and operational
implications, as well as an analysis of a broader range of ethical concerns, is needed. 相似文献