丝绸之路经济带(境内段)生态脆弱性定量评价研究

丝绸之路经济带(境内段)的生态系统类型多样,生态环境空间异质性显著,对研究区进行生态分区,进而因地制宜地分区构建不同的生态脆弱性评价体系具有重要意义。该研究拟引入分区-整合思想实现丝绸之路经济带(境内段)生态脆弱性的定量评估,利用净初级生产力(NPP)辅助确定不同子生态区的生态脆弱性阈值,进而确保不同子区间生态脆弱性可比性。研究结果表明:(1)考虑到丝绸之路经济带(境内段)生态环境影响因子的时空差异性,研究区可分为干旱荒漠生态区、高寒生态区和湿润半湿润生态区;(2)利用NPP辅助确定不同子生态区的脆弱性阈值,保证了不同子生态区生态脆弱性在空间上的连续表达,有助于分析整个研究区内生态脆弱性空间分布格局;(3)丝绸之路经济带(境内段)不同等级生态脆弱性空间分布格局差异显著,其中轻度脆弱区分布最广,主要分布于黄淮海平原、秦岭地区以及三江源地区,而极度脆弱区则分布面积最小,主要集中于柴达木盆地、准格尔盆地及吐鲁番盆地;(4)不同子生态区主导生态环境问题差异明显,其中干旱荒漠生态区主要受沙漠化、盐渍化、风力侵蚀、气象灾害及人类活动影响,高寒生态区则受盐渍化、冻融侵蚀、风力侵蚀、过度放牧等因素影响显著,湿润半湿润生态区则主要受水土流失、干旱、洪水、暴雨、沙尘暴和人类活动的影响,需因地制宜地采取恰当的环境保护及治理措施。相关研究结果能够为实现"一带一路"的伟大战略提供本底生态环境数据支撑和决策支持。     

岷江上游生态环境脆弱性评价

生态环境脆弱性评价是全球生态问题和可持续发展研究中的重要内容之一。岷江上游因地质构造复杂、人地矛盾突出、生态系统异常脆弱和灵敏而备受关注。本文以岷江上游生态环境脆弱性为研究对象,选取证据权重法(WOE)进行滑坡脆弱性评价,层次分析法(AHP)进行水力侵蚀、景观破坏与污染脆弱性评价;在此基础上,进行了研究区各生态主题脆弱性的空间叠加分析;探讨了岷江上游生态环境脆弱性及其在不同影响因子作用下的空间分异特征。结果表明:研究区的滑坡脆弱性、水力侵蚀脆弱性、景观破坏与污染脆弱性均以轻微度为主,分别占研究区面积的80.43%、71.89%、75.55%;各生态环境主题脆弱性综合分析表明,54.70%的区域至少面临一种生态问题,面临两种及以上环境问题的区域占15.43%,同时面临三种环境问题的占1.35%。研究结果探讨了岷江上游生态环境存在的主要问题和影响因子,对岷江流域乃至长江流域的生态安全和可持续发展具有积极意义,未来应持续关注生态环境脆弱区的生态环境问题。     

提高区域生态环境质量综合评价水平的新思路--GIS与层次分析法的结合

区域生态环境质量综合评价涉及众多要素，同时又需要反映生态环境质量状况的空间格局。层次分析法在多要素综合评价方面具有独特优势，而GIS技术拥有强大的空间分析能力，将GIS与层次分析法相结合应用于江苏省生态环境质量综合评价，可以充分发挥两种方法的优势。首先，根据江苏省生态环境的基本特点确定生态环境质量综合评价的指标体系和基本评价单元，通过层次分析法，确定各评价指标的权重，计算出每个评价单元的生态环境质量综合指数和分指数；然后运用GIS技术，根据每个评价单元的质量指数和分指数，自动生成江苏省生态环境综合评价等级图；在此基础上，对江苏省生态环境整体及各不同侧面质量状况的空间分异规律进行分析和研究。结果显示，江苏省生态环境质量基本上由南向北逐渐降低，与自然环境状况的空间格局大体吻合，但局部地区有差异。表明自然条件对江苏省生态环境质量的空间分异起决定性作用，但社会经济和环境污染等因素同样对生态环境具有重要影响，在某些情况下，甚至可以成为决定因素，并在一定程度上改变生态环境的空间格局。     

江淮生态经济区土地利用格局及生态系统服务价值变化

基于2005~2015年土地利用变更调查数据，结合土地利用变化模型和生态系统服务价值理论，分析了江苏省江淮生态经济区县域单元土地利用结构演化规律及生态系统服务价值变化。结果表明：研究期间建设用地、水域面积增加的最多；土地利用程度指数呈现北高南低的空间格局；生态系统服务价值略有上升，空间上总体为南高北低的格局，呈现市区较低，周边县（市）较高的现象；研究期内水域对于江淮生态经济区生态系统服务价值的贡献和生态环境的调控作用十分显著；结合区域建设开发现状，利用生态系统服务价值敏感性指数，在县域尺度上将研究区划分为以下五种类型：优先保护区、优先开发区、保护均衡区、开发权衡区、开发调整区，并提出建设开发策略，以期为江淮生态经济区开发建设、环境保护提供科学指引。     

露天煤矿生态系统脆弱性评价方法研究

露天煤矿的开采会对当地生态环境系统造成极大的损害，矿区可持续发展的目标要求在矿区开发过程中制定完善的生产建设、生态恢复重建规划来促进生态环境管理，这需要对生态环境系统进行科学的评价，并分析寻找影响可持续发展的原因，同时能够对各类措施的效果进行评价。本研究通过建立一个科学的、可操作性较强的生态环境系统脆弱性评价体系，为正确的制订矿区生态重建规划、生产建设规划以及生态环境保护规划提供基础理论保障和技术手段。     

城市边缘区乡村景观生态特征与景观生态建设探讨

城市边缘区是城市和乡村的交错结合带，是城市发展与资源环境保护之间矛盾冲突的区域．科学地规划好该区域的生态环境建设对城市和乡村和谐发展具有十分重要的现实意义。首先论述了城市边缘区乡村景观生态特征；分析了该区域乡村景观功能的科学定位问题．探讨了乡村景观生态建设的基本原则。在此基础上，作者提出了城市边缘区应重点开展以下几方面景观生态建设：①以景观生态规划与设计的理念推进城市边缘区乡村景观建设。并注重地方特色景观的保护；②积极探索城乡一体化协调发展与建设的合理模式，实现城市和乡村优势互补、协调发展；③改变传统的农业耕作模式，推动城郊型生态农业、观光农业和现代都市农业建设；④合理开发城市边缘区景观生态资源。发展城郊生态旅游；⑤绿色景观建设；⑥景观廊道和网络建设。     

贵州喀斯特山区近30 a景观格局脆弱性时空演化研究

研究景观格局脆弱性,对提高生态保护意识、促进生态文明建设有重要意义。运用景观指数和空间自相关分析方法,探究了贵州典型喀斯特山区近30 a的景观格局脆弱性时空演化特征。结果表明：(1)研究区最佳分析粒度是150 m、幅度为900 m;(2) 1990～2018年景观格局脆弱性以低和较低类型为主,面积均占70%以上;转化类型主要发生在低和较低及中等脆弱度间,且集中于海拔800～1 400 m和坡度6°～25°范围;(3)1990～2018年景观格局脆弱性存在明显的正向空间自相关关系,其中,高-高集聚主要在中部贵阳、西部六盘水、西南兴义、东北部思南及东南荔波县等区域,低-低集聚区主要在北部余庆县和南部紫云县等地;(4)国家政策和人类活动等综合作用是引起景观格局脆弱性变化的重要因素。研究区近30 a景观格局脆弱性略有增加且空间上有分散趋势。     

岷江上游生态脆弱性评价

岷江上游流域是我国典型的生态脆弱区之一,由于地质变化频繁、高差显著、气候干旱,加上人为活动影响,生态脆弱性的表现十分明显。通过对其生态环境脆弱性因素及成因机制的分析,构建了由土地生产力、地表起伏度、干燥度指数、土壤侵蚀强度、草场退化荒漠化率、物种消失率等14个指标组成的岷江上游生态脆弱性的评价指标体系;根据本地区生态环境现状、全国和四川省情况及奋斗目标,建立了Ⅰ到Ⅲ级的评价标准体系;利用模糊数学聚类方法对评价指标进行分析计算,得出了岷江上游生态环境为第Ⅲ级,即生态环境非常脆弱的结论。评价结果符合岷江上游地区的生态环境状况。     

桂西北喀斯特地区水土流失敏感性评价

由于碳酸盐岩的可溶蚀性、所形成土壤的不稳定性及碳酸盐岩植被的脆弱性等特征,在碳酸盐岩区水土流失的风险较非碳酸盐岩区更大,水土流失敏感性受岩性的影响比非碳酸盐岩地区更明显。作为生态功能区划的基础性工作,针对桂西北喀斯特地区生态环境特征,以河池市为例,分别建立了碳酸盐岩区域和非碳酸盐岩区域水土流失敏感性评价指标体系。以碳酸盐岩区岩性的差异为主导指标,在GIS技术支持下,对研究区水土流失敏感性进行评价,并分析其空间分布格局。结果显示：桂西北河池市水土流失敏感区面积比例在99%以上,其中碳酸盐岩区域水土流失敏感性明显高于非碳酸盐岩区域;从全市来看,水土流失敏感程度较高,其中高度敏感和极度敏感面积比例分别达到了31%和237%;水土流失重要敏感区主要分布于河池市南部的都安大化和中北部岩溶山原区,这些地区应加强生态环境防护措施。     

基于生态压力视角的长三角地区生态安全格局构建与优化

人类经济活动对生态环境造成的压力,是威胁区域生态安全的重要因素,基于生态压力视角构建生态安全格局对维持区域生态安全具有重要意义。以长三角为研究区,在形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)基础上采用景观连通性指数识别生态源地,基于能值生态足迹模型并结合夜间灯光数据识别生态压力热点区,通过最小累积阻力模型(MCR)提取生态源间廊道和生态压力需求廊道,从而构建生态安全格局。结果表明:(1)研究区生态源地总面积为25 581.47 km²,占研究区总面积的24.20%,主要分布在太湖流域和浙西浙东等地;生态压力热点区集中在上海、苏州等城市化水平较高的地区;生态源地与生态压力热点区在空间上并无重叠,生态供需存在一定程度的空间失耦。(2)生态廊道网络由生态源间廊道和生态压力需求廊道组成,生态源间廊道总长度为2 459.13 km,呈现"两纵一横"的空间格局,适宜修建宽度为1 200 m;生态压力需求廊道总长度为1 186.71 km,呈现以生态源地为核心的空间组团特征,一般、较高、高压力需求廊道的适宜修建宽度分别为750、550和100～200 m。(3)划分了生态保育区、生态控制区...     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.