基于不同毒性终点的双酚A(BPA)预测无效应浓度(PNEC)研究

双酚A(BPA)已被证实是一种类雌激素类物质。本研究根据BPA对水生生物毒性效应的特点,按照不同的毒性终点将BPA的毒性数据进行归类,采用物种敏感度分布法(species sensitivity distribution,SSD)推导了BPA对水生生物的预测无效应浓度(predicted no effect concentration,PNEC)。结果表明:以雌激素效应为暴露终点的急、慢性PNEC分别为25.11μg·L-1、1.075μg·L-1;而以所有数据的急、慢性毒性效应为暴露终点推导的PNEC值分别为355.7μg·L-1、7.549μg·L-1。BPA对水生生物的雌激素效应更为敏感,建议在推导BPA这类内分泌干扰物的PNEC值时,应依据其毒性终点分别推导,从而得到更加合理的基准值。研究成果以期为我国地表水环境质量标准的制修订提供数据支持。     

马拉硫磷水生生物基准推导研究

通过开展毒性试验和查阅国内外相关文献,获取马拉硫磷对长江三角洲流域22个代表性物种毒性数据,采用物种敏感度分布法和毒性百分数排序法推导长江三角洲流域马拉硫磷水生生物基准值。结果显示,采用物种敏感度分布法得出的急性基准值和慢性基准值分别为0.865 5和0.036 2μg·L~(-1),采用毒性百分数排序法得出的急性基准值和慢性基准值分别为0.400 0和0.033 4μg·L~(-1)。为充分保护水生生物,建议以毒性百分数排序法推导出的基准值作为长江三角洲流域马拉硫磷水生生物基准推荐值。研究结果可为我国地表水环境质量标准修订及水生生态风险评估提供科学依据。     

我国六价铬淡水水生生物安全基准推导研究

参照美国国家环境保护局(USEPA)"推导保护水生生物及其用途的国家水质基准的技术指南"的程序和规范,筛选了我国广泛存在的淡水水生生物物种,收集现有的急性和慢性毒性数据,结合课题组实验得到的部分本土生物毒性数据,分别采用物种敏感度排序法(SSR)、物种敏感度分布法(SSD)以及澳大利亚的水质基准技术方法对我国六价铬的淡水水生生物安全基准进行了推导。获得了我国淡水水生生物的六价铬的双值基准,3种方法得到的基准最大浓度(CMC)分别为23.97、22.84、29.06μg·L-1,基准连续浓度(CCC)分别为14.63、10.35、9.00μg·L-1,在同一个数量级上,但与美国的基准值有一些差异,建议使用SSD法推导CMC值和CCC值。研究结果可为我国水质基准的制定提供一些有用的基础资料。     

中国长江三角洲流域百菌清水生生物基准研究

通过生态毒理试验,获得百菌清对长江三角洲流域14种代表性水生生物的毒性数据。分别采用评价因子法、物种敏感度分布法和毒性百分数排序法,推导长江三角洲流域百菌清水生生物基准值。评价因子法、物种敏感度分布法和毒性百分数排序法得出的急性基准值分别是0.066μg·L~(-1)、3.00μg·L~(-1)和0.51μg·L~(-1),慢性基准值分别是0.0089μg·L~(-1)、0.40μg·L~(-1)和0.136μg·L~(-1)。比较了3种方法得出的基准值之间的差异并分析了原因,在此基础上,提出了我国长江三角洲流域百菌清水生生物基准推荐值,并与国外基准值进行了比较。研究结果可为中国农药水质标准制修订及水生生物风险评估提供科学依据。     

中国典型河湖水体铅的水生生物安全基准与生态风险评价

采用物种敏感度排序法(SSR)对我国铅的淡水水生生物安全基准进行推导,并以太湖为例进行了流域水生生物安全基准推导。对于难以获得的本土生物毒性数据,开展了相应的毒性试验。获得了我国国家与太湖流域铅的水生生物安全基准值,基准最大浓度(CMC)分别为63.92、104.26μg·L-1,基准连续浓度(CCC)分别为1.21、4.06μg·L-1。同时,对我国主要河流以及太湖流域进行了铅的生态风险评价,联合概率曲线法显示影响5%水生生物种类的概率分别为66.22%和43.19%,熵值法则显示中国主要河流存在较大的铅暴露风险,因此,我国铅的潜在生态风险较大,主要河流与太湖流域存在铅污染问题。     

太湖流域3种氯酚类化合物水质基准的探讨

按照美国地面水水质基准制定的程序和规范,筛选了太湖流域广泛存在的水生生物物种并收集了相应的基础毒性数据,探讨了五氯酚(PCP)、2,4-二氯酚(2,4-DCP)和2,4,6-三氯酚(2,4,6-TCP)在我国太湖地区的水生态基准的定值.同时采用蒙特卡罗构建物种敏感度分布(SSD)曲线和生态毒理模型方法预测了3种氯酚类化合物对太湖水生生物的急性基准浓度(CMC)和慢性基准浓度(CCC).结果表明,基于EPA规范方法和急慢性毒性比率得到的PCP、2,4-DCP和2,4,6-TCP3种氯酚类化合物的CMC值分别为25、908和594μg·L-1,CCC值分别为12、176和162μg·L-1;基于SSD曲线得到的CMC值分别为25、818和648μg·L-1,CCC值分别为6、75和198μg·L-1;基于生态毒理模型得到的CCC值分别为4、15和67μg·L-1,显示出3种方法得到的氯酚类化合物的CMC或CCC在同一个数量级上,但在数值上由生态毒理模型得出的CCC要小于其它两种方法,并且除PCP的急慢性基准值与美国EPA推出的水生态基准值相近外,其它两种氯酚类化合物的急慢性基准值均低于美国EPA推出的急慢性基准值.研究结果希望能为我国水质基准的制定提供一些有用的线索.     

影响银淡水生物水质基准的环境因素分析

水质基准是制定水环境质量标准,以及评价、预测和控制与治理水体污染的重要依据。为了系统分析水体硬度、物种门类和地域条件对水质基准的影响,本研究筛选了6门20科25种水生生物的毒性数据,用毒性百分数排序法推导了中国银的淡水生物水质基准。研究结果表明,银的基准最大浓度(CMC)与水体硬度呈幂函数关系,等式为CMC=0.85×e[0.62ln(水体硬度)-4.28]μg·L-1,基准连续浓度为0.02μg·L-1。中国和美国2个不同生物区系研究都表明低等生物(无脊椎动物)比高等生物(脊椎动物)对银离子的毒性更为敏感。由地域条件引起的生物区系和敏感物种差异及基准推导方法的不同也会影响水质基准值。     

淡水水生态基准方法学研究:数据筛选与模型计算

水生态基准研究的核心是水生态基准方法学,如何鉴于现有的生态毒理学数据推导出科学合理的基准值,并达到切实保护水生生物的目的,是水生态基准研究的重点。论文从淡水水生态基准方法学中数据筛选和模型计算出发,系统地阐述和比较了现有方法学中关于数据的数量和质量、本土物种数据和非本土物种数据、实验室试验数据和野外现场试验数据、常规测试指标和非常规测试指标以及数据的整理等数据筛选原则,并对评估因子法、物种敏感度分布曲线、种间关联预测以及生态毒理模型等水生态基准的计算模型进行比较。参照国外水质基准推导的过程及我国水生态系统的特征,发展我国水生态基准研究中数据的筛选原则以及科学合理的基准计算方法,以期为建立我国淡水水生态基准推导方法学提供研究基础和科学依据。     

基于水质基准的中国地表水体中林丹生态风险评估案例研究

由于过去大量使用及其持久性,导致有机氯农药林丹在我国水体普遍存在,当过量的林丹汇聚于水体时,不免抑制水生生物生长发育。为评估和保护受林丹污染的地表水体,本研究筛选收集了37种本土代表性水生生物的林丹急慢性毒性数据,依照物种敏感度排序法(SSR)及物种敏感度分布法(SSD)推导出林丹的水质基准,并运用商值法和联合概率曲线法评估分析国内典型流域中林丹水生态风险。结果表明,针对保护95%水生生物的林丹急性基准为2.34μg·L^-1,慢性基准值为0.05μg·L^-1。商值法结果表明,林丹可能在我国部分水体具有高生态风险,联合概率曲线法结果显示我国约有53.57%的水体可能使超过5%的水生生物受到林丹长期污染危害的风险。该结果可为我国林丹水质基准及地表水体生态风险评估提供基础数据和科学依据。     

中国淡水环境锰的水质基准及其生态风险评估

锰(Mn)是生物必需微量元素,但近年来地表水锰超标现象时有发生,威胁水生态安全。鉴于目前尚缺乏中国锰的淡水水生生物水质基准,本研究通过筛选中国淡水生物锰的急慢性毒性数据,利用水体硬度和pH参数归一化的毒性数据,建立物种敏感度分布曲线获得了锰的短期和长期水质基准,并采用商值法评价我国部分水体锰的生态风险。本研究建立了基于水体硬度修正的锰的短期水质基准模型,推导了不同硬度和pH值水平下中国淡水环境锰的短期和长期水质基准。研究结果表明当水质硬度标准化到150 mg·L^-1 CaCO₃和pH标准化到7.8时,锰的短期基准值和长期基准值分别为2 625μg·L^-1和231μg·L^-1。锰的短期水质基准值以硬度的函数表示：短期水质基准=e⁽[1.0304ln(硬度)+2.7099])。生态风险评价表明山西汾河、贵州松桃河流域和湖南酉水流域存在较高生态风险。研究结果可为锰水质标准制定、水生生物保护和水生态环境管理提供科学依据。     

Discounting for personal and social payments: Patience for others,impatience for ourselves

The market rate of return on private investment is often used as the discount rate when conducting cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of public projects. I argue that the decision to invest pits current consumption against future consumption, both of which accumulate to the private decision maker. Public projects, on the other hand, provide benefits that accrue to society in general. To examine the appropriateness of discount rates based on returns to private investment, this paper considers lab experiments designed to test whether individuals discount personal and social benefits at different rates. Personal benefits are captured through personal monetary payments, while social benefits are captured through anonymous donations to charitable organizations. I jointly elicit time and risk preferences and find that subjects discount charitable contributions at significantly lower rates than personal payments.     

Discounting for personal and social payments: Patience for others,impatience for ourselves

The market rate of return on private investment is often used as the discount rate when conducting cost-benefit analysis (CBA) of public projects. I argue that the decision to invest pits current consumption against future consumption, both of which accumulate to the private decision maker. Public projects, on the other hand, provide benefits that accrue to society in general. To examine the appropriateness of discount rates based on returns to private investment, this paper considers lab experiments designed to test whether individuals discount personal and social benefits at different rates. Personal benefits are captured through personal monetary payments, while social benefits are captured through anonymous donations to charitable organizations. I jointly elicit time and risk preferences and find that subjects discount charitable contributions at significantly lower rates than personal payments.     

Parameter estimation for fractional dispersion model for rivers

The fractional dispersion model for natural rivers, extended by including a first order reaction term, contains four parameters. In order to estimate these parameters a fractional Laplace transform-based method is developed in this paper. Based on 76 dye test data measured in natural streams, the new parameter estimation method shows that the fractional dispersion operator parameter F is the controlling parameter causing the non-Fickian dispersion and F does not take on an integer constant of 2 but instead varies in the range of 1.4–2.0. The adequacy of the fractional Laplace transform-based parameter estimation method is determined by computing dispersion characteristics of the extended fractional dispersion model and these characteristics are compared with those observed from 12 dye tests conducted on the US rivers, including Mississippi, Red, and Monocacy. The agreement between computed and observed dispersion characteristics is found to be good. When combined with the fractional Laplace transform-based parameter estimation method, the extended fractional dispersion model is capable of accurately simulating the non-Fickian dispersion process in natural streams.     

Need for multiscale planning for conservation of urban bats

For over a century there have been continual efforts to incorporate nature into urban planning. These efforts (i.e., urban reconciliation) aim to manage and create habitats that support biodiversity within cities. Given that species select habitat at different spatial scales, understanding the scale at which urban species respond to their environment is critical to the success of urban reconciliation efforts. We assessed species–habitat relationships for common bat species at 50‐m, 500‐m, and 1 km spatial scales in the Chicago (U.S.A.) metropolitan area and predicted bat activity across the greater Chicago region. Habitat characteristics across all measured scales were important predictors of silver‐haired bat (Lasionycteris noctivagans) and eastern red bat (Lasiurus borealis) activity, and big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) activity was significantly lower at urban sites relative to rural sites. Open vegetation had a negative effect on silver‐haired bat activity at the 50‐m scale but a positive effect at the 500‐m scale, indicating potential shifts in the relative importance of some habitat characteristics at different scales. These results demonstrate that localized effects may be constrained by broader spatial patterns. Our findings highlight the importance of considering scale in urban reconciliation efforts and our landscape predictions provide information that can help prioritize urban conservation work.     

Accounting for Complementarity to Maximize Monitoring Power for Species Management

To choose among conservation actions that may benefit many species, managers need to monitor the consequences of those actions. Decisions about which species to monitor from a suite of different species being managed are hindered by natural variability in populations and uncertainty in several factors: the ability of the monitoring to detect a change, the likelihood of the management action being successful for a species, and how representative species are of one another. However, the literature provides little guidance about how to account for these uncertainties when deciding which species to monitor to determine whether the management actions are delivering outcomes. We devised an approach that applies decision science and selects the best complementary suite of species to monitor to meet specific conservation objectives. We created an index for indicator selection that accounts for the likelihood of successfully detecting a real trend due to a management action and whether that signal provides information about other species. We illustrated the benefit of our approach by analyzing a monitoring program for invasive predator management aimed at recovering 14 native Australian mammals of conservation concern. Our method selected the species that provided more monitoring power at lower cost relative to the current strategy and traditional approaches that consider only a subset of the important considerations. Our benefit function accounted for natural variability in species growth rates, uncertainty in the responses of species to the prescribed action, and how well species represent others. Monitoring programs that ignore uncertainty, likelihood of detecting change, and complementarity between species will be more costly and less efficient and may waste funding that could otherwise be used for management. Contabilización de la Complementariedad para Maximizar el Poder de Monitoreo para el Manejo de Especies     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及其絮凝除浊性能

采用某污水处理厂活性污泥富集的菌种 ,通过筛选获得了 1 0株絮凝除浊性能较强的菌株。以其中絮凝性能最优的菌株GS7为研究对象 ,探讨了影响其絮凝作用的主要因素。结果表明 ,GS7的最适生长条件为 :培养基pH值 6、培养时间 1 8h、培养温度 30℃。当废水pH值为 8左右时 ,GS7的絮凝效果最好。在废水中投加少量的二价金属离子Ca2 +可大大提高GS7的絮凝除浊率。GS7处理城市河涌污水等实际废水时浊度去除率可达 93.5%。     

A foundation for developing a methodology for social network sampling

Researchers are increasingly turning to network theory to understand the social nature of animal populations. We present a computational framework that is the first step in a series of works that will allow us to develop a quantitative methodology of social network sampling to aid ecologists in their social network data collection. To develop our methodology, we need to be able to generate networks from which to sample. Ideally, we need to perform a systematic study of sampling protocols on different known network structures, as network structure might affect the robustness of any particular sampling methodology. Thus, we present a computational tool for generating network structures that have user-defined distributions for network properties and for key measures of interest to ecologists. The user defines the values of these measures and the tool will generate appropriate network randomizations with those properties. This tool will be used as a framework for developing a sampling methodology, although we do not present a full methodology here. We describe the method used by the tool, demonstrate its effectiveness, and discuss how the tool can now be utilized. We provide a proof-of-concept example (using the assortativity measure) of how such networks can be used, along with a simulated egocentric sampling regime, to test the level of equivalence of the sampled network to the actual network. This contribution is part of the special issue “Social Networks: new perspectives” (Guest Editors: J. Krause, D. Lusseau and R. James).     

建立我国生态环境标准体系的初步构想

我国的生态环境标准极其薄弱,建立生态环境标准体系是我国生态环境保护的迫切需要。借鉴我国目前针对污染防治的环境标准体系,提出了我国生态环境标准体系的基本框架,以及生态环境标准制订的原则和重点。