短期噪声暴露对作业人员心率的影响

综采工作面噪声污染严重,为了减少噪声污染对作业人员的身心健康和作业安全的不利影响,运用人因工程学、生理学、实验心理学和行为学的相关知识,利用24 h动态心电图仪器进行试验研究,定量分析不同噪声水平和噪声暴露时间对作业人员心率的影响。结果表明:①噪声刺激会造成人心率升高;②噪声刺激水平和暴露时间大小都对被试者的心率产生了显著性影响;作业人员心率与噪声刺激的水平和暴露时间大小都有相关关系;③由于人耳对噪声的适应性,在同一噪声水平刺激下,随着暴露时间的延长,心率会有短暂恢复;④在噪声水平95 dB的噪声刺激下,随着暴露时间的增加,人对噪声的适应性比较明显,此时的噪声暴露时间是影响人心率的主导因素,且在噪声暴露40～50 min时,由于人耳对噪声的适应性会出现短暂的心率恢复的现象,人体出现疲劳;⑤在噪声水平95 dB的噪声刺激下,随着暴露时间的增加,人对噪声无明显适应性,心率随着噪声分贝的增大在缓慢上升,此时的噪声水平是影响人的心率变化的主导因素。     

NIOSH采用新方法测量射击场暴露的脉冲噪声

<正>美国国家职业安全健康研究所(NIOSH)在2014年8月发布的健康危害评估(HHE)报告发现,枪支教官在战术训练演习时暴露于高强度的脉冲噪声,显著高于NIOSH上限值140 dB。一联邦机构已要求NIOSH对教官在训练枪械和武器系统时所暴露于的脉冲噪声进行测量,并计算教官每天可以暴露于多少武器射击之内才不会造成显著的听力损失风险。     

某飞机维修公司个人听力防护用品使用情况调查分析

为了解听力防护用品使用过程中的问题,提高我国噪声暴露工人听力防护用品的使用率和有效率,选择噪声危害较大的某飞机维修公司的员工,进行听力防护用品使用情况的问卷调查。结果显示:该公司为员工提供耳塞和耳罩两种听力防护用品;员工的听力保护意识、使用情况较好,使用率达95%,但对听力防护用品相关知识的了解不够全面;能够在工作中一直坚持使用的工人较少,仅占11%,影响工人工作时间使用听力防护用品时间长短的因素主要是其舒适性。调查分析提示:在未来听力防护用品的生产过程中,需要进一步加强和改善舒适性的技术;政府、企业和个人3方面共同参与,降低职业性噪声暴露对工人听力的损伤。     

石化聚酯装置生产性噪声职业暴露调查及风险评估

目的通过对生产性噪声职业暴露进行定量风险评估,探讨其在职业病危害评价工作中的主要内容和步骤,从而提高职业病危害评价水平。方法以某石油化工聚酯装置的短丝及聚酯生产车间为对象,通过对其生产工艺过程噪声职业暴露调查,分析劳动者职业暴露的特点、检测工作环境的噪声强度并对频谱特性进行分析,对个人使用的防噪耳塞防护效果进行分析,通过装置的噪声检测结果与国际标准化组织1971年发布的0a—45a间连续性噪声A声级与听力损害的危险率的关系表相结合,对聚酯装置噪声所致听力损害进行风险评价。结果牵伸工、卷绕工和切粒岗存在噪声暴露时间长、暴露强度高的特点;聚酯装置主要岗位噪声暴露强度为85.5dB(A)—99.7dB(A);卷绕机频谱带较窄;切粒工及卷绕工护耳器保护不足;卷绕工发生听力损害的危险率最高。结论对高噪声作业进行职业暴露评估是研究劳动者听力保护管理的重要方法,其中关键的步骤就是要进行定量风险评估。通过开展生产性噪声职业暴露的调查与风险评估,可进一步探讨噪声危害的客观规律,从风险管理的角度提出切实可行的噪声危害控制措施,保护劳动者的健康。说明噪声的职业暴露及风险评估在今后的建设项目职业病危害评价工作中有一定的实际意义。     

国内外噪声暴露标准分析

0 引言 工业噪声又称为生产性噪声,是涉及面最广泛、对工作人员影响最严重的噪声,目前已成为当今社会最主要污染因素之一.工业噪声相当广泛,A声级大多数都在90dB以上,长时间职业性暴露会造成工人听力损失,还会对神经系统、心血管系统、消化系统、精神心理及其他系统有不良影响.     

职业病知识介绍——噪声聋

通俗地讲,噪声就 是指人们讨厌听到的声 音。一般来说,低于85 分贝的声音对人的听力 是无害的,而职工们长 期暴露在超过90分贝的 噪声下,则会降低听力, 造成职业性难听和职业 性耳聋。声级越高,暴 露时间越长,危害也越 大。因噪声而造成的职 业性耳聋称为噪声聋。 绝大多数噪声聋是 渐进而成的。当人们刚 接触到强噪声时,常反 映听觉灵敏度下降、听 觉迟钝,感到声音发闷。并伴有耳鸣现象发生。这说明已经产生了暂时性听力损失,应及时采取措施,使听力逐渐恢复。否则,就可能逐渐产生永久性听力损失。常此下去,还可能进一步恶化,发展为职业性耳…     

噪声个体防护的研究与试验

噪声是当今世界最为普遍存在的问题。它对人的危害是多方面的,后果是严重的。职业噪声引起的听力损失是累积暴露的结果。一旦产生听力损失,很难得到治愈。特别是当有的噪声频率与人某些器官的固有频率相接近日,即发生共振现象,使人心血管系统和神经系统受到影响。噪声不仅危害工人的     

工业企业噪声暴露研究动态

噪声是工业企业作业场所中最普遍存在的有害物理因素之一,噪声不仅影响作业工人的生产效率,而且危害工人的身体健康,工人长期接触高强度的噪声会形成永久性的并且不可恢复的听力损失。在国外,听力损失是最主要、最常见的职业病之一,而在我国已有上百万的工人患有听力损失。     

对国内外油锯噪声的调查研究

1前言国内外林业生产广泛使用油锯伐木、打枝和造材，在作业过程中油锯手长时间暴露在噪声中，结果导致油锯手慢性耳损伤和噪声性耳聋。由于作业时的体位和姿势等原因，油锯手右耳的慢性损伤的噪声性耳聋往往比左耳要严重一些。此外，油锯噪声还会引起人的中枢神经系统和植物神经系统失调，并且极易诱发其它疾病。因此，油锯噪声对人体的危害已引起人们的重视和关注。2国内外油锯的噪声2．1国产油锯1976年我国首次对国产油锯的噪声进行了全面测试，结果表明国产油锯的噪声均超过100dB（A）。其中051型和GJ85型高把油锯的噪声为104～110dB…     

煤炭作业的听力保护措施探讨

煤炭行业是噪声危害较严重行业之一,高噪声不仅存在于井工矿和露天矿作业,而且存在于煤炭的洗选、输送等流程中。目前国内煤炭行业员工接近360万人,其中接触噪声作业人员占从业人员总数比例平均60%,尤其是掘进和采煤作业人员听力损失高发。噪声不仅危害作业者的健康,而且影响作业者的行为造成作业失误,进而影响煤矿安全生产。本文针对煤炭作业的噪声及作业者的听力损失现状,提出相应的个体防护措施建议,为噪声危害的预防工作提供有效参考。     

Self-assessment of hearing status and risk of noise-induced hearing loss in workers in a rolling stock plant

Noise measurements and questionnaire inquiries were carried out for 124 workers of a rolling stock plant to develop a hearing conservation program. On the basis of that data, the risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) was evaluated. Additionally, the workers' hearing ability was assessed with the (modified) Amsterdam inventory for auditory disability and handicap, (m)AIADH. The workers had been exposed to noise at A-weighted daily noise exposure levels of 74-110 dB for 1-40 years. Almost one third of the workers complained of hearing impairment and the (m)AIADH results showed some hearing difficulties in over half of them. The estimated risk of hearing loss over 25 dB in the frequency range of 3-6 kHz was 41-50% when the standard method of predicting NIHL specified in Standard No. ISO 1999:1990 was used. This risk increased to 50-67% when noise impulsiveness, coexposure to organic solvents, elevated blood pressure and smoking were included in calculations.     

Noise and neurotoxic chemical exposure relationship to workplace traumatic injuries: A review

IntroductionMore than 5,000 fatalities and eight million injuries occurred in the workplace in 2007 at a cost of $6 billion and $186 billion, respectively. Neurotoxic chemicals are known to affect central nervous system functions among workers, which include balance and hearing disorders. However, it is not known if there is an association between exposure to noise and solvents and acute injuries. Method: A thorough review was conducted of the literature on the relationship between noise or solvent exposures and hearing loss with various health outcomes. Results: The search resulted in 41 studies. Health outcomes included: hearing loss, workplace injuries, absence from work due to sickness, fatalities, hospital admissions due to workplace accidents, traffic accidents, hypertension, balance, slip, trips, or falls, cognitive measures, or disability retirement. Important covariates in these studies were age of employee, type of industry or occupation, or length of employment. Discussion: Most authors that evaluated noise exposure concluded that higher exposure to noise resulted in more of the chosen health effect but the relationship is not well understood. Studies that evaluated hearing loss found that hearing loss was related to occupational injury, disability retirement, or traffic accidents. Studies that assessed both noise exposure and hearing loss as risk factors for occupational injuries reported that hearing loss was related to occupational injuries as much or more than noise exposure. Evidence suggests that solvent exposure is likely to be related to accidents or other health consequences such balance disorders. Conclusions: Many authors reported that noise exposures and hearing loss, respectively, are likely to be related to occupational accidents. Practical applications: The potential significance of the study is that findings could be used by managers to reduce injuries and the costs associated with those injures.     

电子工业脉冲噪声对工人健康影响的调查研究

对电子行业接触脉冲噪声的冲压工进行了调查，其脉冲噪声水平波动在１０２～１１２ｄＢ（八）之间（峰值），对作业工人听力已产生不同程度的损伤，心电图在中高工龄组有改变。还分析了脉冲噪声引起听力损失与暴露时间有密切关系。提出了进一步加强安全监督管理的对策。     

Theoretical predictions and actual hearing threshold levels in workers exposed to ultrasonic noise of impulsive character--a pilot study.

Results of standard pure-tone audiometry (PTA) were collected from 25 workers, mainly females, aged 23-58 years, exposed for 2-13 years to ultrasonic noise emitted by ultrasonic welders. Hearing tests were completed by evaluation of exposure to ultrasonic noise. The subjects' actual audiometric hearing threshold levels (HTLs) were compared with theoretical predictions calculated according to ISO 1999:1990. In 60% of cases sound pressure levels in the 10-40 kHz 1/3-octave bands at workstands exceeded Polish exposure limits for ultrasonic noise. Our comparison of predicted and measured HTLs suggests that the ISO 1999:1990 method, intended for audible noise, might also make it possible to predict reliably permanent hearing loss (in the 2000-6000 Hz frequency range) after exposure to ultrasonic noise. No significant progress of hearing impairment (assessed using PTA) in the operators of ultrasonic welders was noted. Nevertheless, further studies on the hearing status of workers exposed to ultrasonic noise are needed.     

Evaluation of sound exposure and risk of hearing impairment in orchestral musicians

This study aimed to assess exposure to sound and the risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) in orchestral musicians. Sound pressure level was measured in 1 opera and 3 symphony orchestras; questionnaires were filled in. On the basis of that data, the risk of NIHL was assessed according to Standard No. ISO 1999:1990. Classical orchestral musicians are usually exposed to sound at equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure levels of 81?90 dB (10th?90th percentiles), for 20?45 h (10th?90th percentiles) per week. Occupational exposure to such sound levels over 40 years of employment might cause hearing loss (expressed as a mean hearing threshold level at 2, 3, 4 kHz exceeding 35 dB) of up to 26%. Playing the horn, trumpet, tuba and percussion carries the highest risk (over 20%).     

铅与噪声对蓄电池制造作业工人健康影响的联合作用

探讨铅与噪声对蓄电池制造作业工人的联合作用,为职业危害联合作用健康管理提供科学依据。依据蓄电池厂作业工人的职业史调查、环境检测和生物检测资料,将研究对象分为铅与噪声联合暴露组、单纯铅暴露组、正常组,分析比较3组作业工人的听力损伤、神经系统和消化系统症状、贫血结果。结果显示在4 000 Hz和6 000 Hz频率段,联合组听力异常率及听阈均值高于单纯铅暴露组和正常组(P0.05),与单纯铅暴露组和正常组比较,联合组的神经系统和消化系统症状率明显增多(P0.05)。表明铅和噪声联合作用可增加作业者的听觉系统、神经系统和消化系统症状患病,并提出相应管理对策。     

听力防护装备为健康筑起安全防线

随着我国工业的发展,噪声危害的分布范围越来越广,人们接触噪声的机会日益增多。长期接触噪声会对人体多个系统产生不良影响,其中尤以对听觉器官的损害最为突出。本文针对噪声的概念及噪声作业听力防护,分析了噪声对人体健康的影响因素及其主要损害,阐述了预防和控制噪声的个体防护装备,提出了噪声性听力损伤的自身防护早发现早防治措施。     

Application of Prevention through Design for hearing loss in the mining industry

INTRODUCTION: Overexposure to noise remains a widespread and serious health hazard in the U.S. service providing and goods producing industries. Excessive noise can lead to poor verbal communication and reduce the ability to recognize warning signals. These dangerous work conditions can also cause stress and fatigue. Occupational hearing loss is a permanent illness, with no recovery currently possible. METHOD: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has recognized Noise Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) as one of the ten leading work-related diseases and injuries in the United States, and has emphasized its importance as one of the critical areas expressed in the National Occupational Research Agenda. RESULTS: One of the most serious noise problems in the goods producing industries is the operation of continuous mining machines during underground coal mining. In order to minimize occupational hearing loss, noise hazards are "designed out" early in the design process. NIOSH is leading a national initiative called Prevention through Design (PTD) to promote this concept. This paper describes the quiet-by-design approach of a noise control that reduced noise exposures of continuous mining machine operators by 3dB(A) using the four functional areas of PTD, namely Practice, Policy, Research, and Education.     

单兵用主动式听力保护技术研究现状分析

战场噪声是造成单兵听力损伤的重要原因,通常要求单兵处于大于85dBA的噪声环境中需佩戴听力保护装置。听力保护装置通常包括耳罩式和耳塞式。新型单兵用耳塞式听力保护装置具有听力保护、环境声音的监听、持续及脉冲噪声抑制、通信接入等多种功能。