废催化剂再生后对甲基橙的吸附动力学研究

废催化剂为生产醋酸乙烯过程中产生的废弃物,经过热处理直接得到ZnO／活性炭。以ZnO／活性炭为吸附剂,进行了吸附水溶液中甲基橙（MO）实验,在优化条件下,实验浓度范围内甲基橙溶液的吸附去除率均高于97％,表明ZnO／活性炭适于吸附甲基橙。采用准二级动力学模型和粒子内扩散模型研究ZnO／活性炭对水溶液中甲基橙的吸附动力学,并计算得到动力学参数和相关系数。结果表明,两种模型较好地描述了实验数据,其吸附过程的速率控制步骤为膜扩散控制,并随溶液初始浓度的增加准二级速率常数降低,面内扩散速率常数增加。     

废催化剂再生后对甲基橙的吸附动力学研究

废催化剂为生产醋酸乙烯过程中产生的废弃物,经过热处理直接得到ZnO／活性炭。以ZnO／活性炭为吸附剂,进行了吸附水溶液中甲基橙（MO）实验,在优化条件下,实验浓度范围内甲基橙溶液的吸附去除率均高于97％,表明ZnO／活性炭适于吸附甲基橙。采用准二级动力学模型和粒子内扩散模型研究ZnO／活性炭对水溶液中甲基橙的吸附动力学,并计算得到动力学参数和相关系数。结果表明,两种模型较好地描述了实验数据,其吸附过程的速率控制步骤为膜扩散控制,并随溶液初始浓度的增加准二级速率常数降低,面内扩散速率常数增加。     

对印染废水中甲基橙去除的新方法研究

本文主要研究了碳纳米管-铁氧化物磁性复合材料(磁性碳纳米管)在吸附处理甲基橙方面的应用。分别研究了甲基橙初始浓度、吸附剂投加量、吸附时间、溶液温度和p H值等工艺条件对甲基橙吸附率的影响。结果表明,在甲基橙初始浓度为2 mg/L,吸附剂投加量4 g/L,吸附时间30min,p H值为3的条件下,吸附率达到了63.99%。磁性碳纳米管吸附甲基橙的吸附率随着吸附剂的用量增大而增大;在20 min以前,甲基橙的吸附率随着时间的增加而增大,到达30 min后吸附率基本保持不变;甲基橙的吸附率随着起始甲基橙的浓度的增加而减小。另外,酸性溶液有利于磁性碳纳米管吸附甲基橙,随着p H的增大吸附率逐渐减小,当溶液呈碱性时,p H对吸附率的影响逐渐减小。     

甲壳素/有机累托石复合凝胶珠高效去除甲基橙

用十二烷基磺酸钠对天然累托石进行改性得到有机累托石(OREC)。将甲壳素低温下溶解于8 wt.%NaOH/4 wt.%尿素水溶液,得到甲壳素溶液。然后以一定的比例将OREC和甲壳素溶液共混,采用滴入法制备OREC/甲壳素复合凝胶珠(BCO)。以BCO为吸附剂,研究其对甲基橙有机染料的吸附性能,探讨了吸附剂的制备比例、初始浓度、温度等主要因素的影响。结果表明,当使用OREC和甲壳素质量之比为0.4∶1时,所制备的复合凝胶珠对甲基橙有较好的吸附性能,最大吸附容量为0.53 mg/g,染料去除率为99.4%,且吸附剂能循环再生使用。     

改性稻壳生物炭对水溶液中甲基橙的吸附效果与机制

本文以废弃稻壳为原料,通过不同改性方法将其制成生物炭吸附剂,并用于水体中甲基橙(MO)的吸附.通过氮吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅立叶转换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电镜分析(SEM)、热重分析(TG)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术分析了改性剂种类、浸渍比和热解温度对生物炭的物理化学性质及对MO吸附量的影响,发现热解温度为400℃,以ZnCl_2为改性剂,浸渍比为2∶1时制备的生物炭Z2RT400对MO的去除效果最好.以Z2RT400为吸附剂,探究吸附剂添加量、吸附时间、初始污染物浓度、溶液pH等对甲基橙吸附效果的影响,结果表明,饱和吸附时间为420 min,吸附反应的最佳pH为4,当吸附剂用量为10 mg,初始甲基橙浓度为2 000 mg·L~(-1)时,Z2RT400对MO的最大吸附量可达1 967. 72 mg·g~(-1);当吸附剂添加量为80 mg时,去除率最高可达99. 52%.此外,对吸附机制进行分析,发现吸附等温线数据符合Freundlich模型,吸附动力学数据符合拟二级动力学模型,说明吸附以化学吸附为主,物理吸附为辅.因此,废弃稻壳为原料改性制备的生物炭可作为高效的有机染料吸附剂,并应用于水体中污染物的治理.     

活性炭/聚丙烯腈纤维对溶液中的甲基橙染料吸附动力学研究

采用自制添加活性炭的聚丙烯腈纤维为吸附剂,吸附染料甲基橙溶液,考察了活性炭含量、温度及溶液pH值等因素对纤维吸附染料甲基橙吸附量和吸附速率的影响。结果表明,活性炭/聚丙烯腈纤维吸附甲基橙染料符合表观二级动力学方程。吸附过程的限速步骤为甲基橙染料向活性炭/聚丙烯腈纤维中活性炭颗粒内部微孔扩散,自制的活性炭/聚丙烯腈纤维对甲基橙染料具有较大的吸附容量和较快的吸附速率,可作为甲基橙等染料废水治理的理想材料。     

污泥基吸附剂除磷及其吸附效能研究

试验通过制备的污泥基吸附剂A、B、C和市售果壳活性炭分别对磷酸二氢钾、三聚磷酸钠、甘油磷酸钠不同的磷溶液进行吸附除磷,研究吸附时间、吸附剂投加量、吸附溶液pH值以及磷溶液初始浓度对除磷效果的影响。试验结果表明:污泥基吸附剂对磷的去除率随吸附时间的增加而提高,在2h时基本达到吸附平衡;磷去除率随吸附剂投加量的增加而提高,但单位吸附剂的吸附量会降低;磷去除率随着磷溶液浓度的增加而降低,而吸附量随磷溶液浓度的增加而提高;随着污泥基吸附剂含铁量的增加,磷溶液解析pH值也越小;同时在对生活污水吸附除磷试验中发现,污泥基吸附剂A、B、C磷去除率均好于市售果壳活性炭,分别为73.4%、85.2%、93.6%、73.3%。     

沸石负载氧化铁吸附剂吸附除磷研究

采用铁盐溶液蒸发法制备沸石负载氧化铁吸附剂,探讨其对磷的吸附性能。结果表明:随着沸石负载氧化铁吸附剂投加量的增加,单位质量吸附剂对磷的吸附量先升高后降低;磷的去除率随负载铁含量的增加而升高;p H=7时,去除率高达92.6%;吸附剂对磷的去除率受共存离子的影响较小;吸附数值可采用Freundlich等温模型拟合,相关性显著;吸附过程很好地遵循准二级动力学模型;采用Na OH为再生剂效果较好,再生率随着Na OH溶液浓度的提高而提高。     

包埋活性炭聚氨酯软泡去除废水中苯酚的研究

通过对Pu-Ac吸附剂进行吸附苯酚实验,Pu-Ac吸附剂吸附25mg/L苯酚溶液时确定平衡吸附时间为12h;当pH值在6~7范围内,溶液呈弱酸性时对苯酚的去除率达到最大值;Pu-Ac吸附剂对腐殖酸的吸附去除率低于粉末活性炭;水体中含有的细颗粒泥沙含沙量在0.1~10kg/m3范围内对苯酚的吸附效果基本没有影响;Pu-Ac吸附剂经NaOH强碱溶液再生后,对苯酚的去除率保持在70%左右,可以循环利用。     

稻壳活性炭对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色研究

将稻壳在微波条件下制备成活性炭吸附剂,研究其对活性艳蓝KN-R的吸附特性。通过静态实验,考察了pH值、温度、时间、溶液起始浓度和吸附剂用量对吸附过程的影响。结果表明,当pH为2和12时吸附效果较好,最大吸附量分别为303.03、384.62 mg/g;随着温度的升高,达到吸附平衡的时间缩短;等温吸附过程可以用Langmuir方程来描述;动力学实验表明,吸附过程更符合拟二级动力学模型;热力学数据分析发现,吸附过程是自发进行的吸热过程。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.