钛铁矿造孔核桃壳基活性炭的制备及其吸附性能

以核桃壳为原料,钛铁矿为造孔剂,制备钛铁矿造孔核桃壳基活性炭。实验结果表明：在氯化锌浓度为3mol/L、碳化时间为40min、碳化温度为400℃、钛铁矿加入量为5%的条件下,制得的钛铁矿造孔核桃壳基活性炭对苯酚、碱性品红、Pb²⁺的吸附量分别达到了156.80,181.35,35.84mg/g,比核桃壳活性炭分别提高了25.84%,18.59%,19.10%;钛铁矿作为造孔剂制备活性炭,可以降低碳化温度和缩短碳化时间,且对活性炭中孔的形成起促进作用,有利于对大分子物质和重金属的吸附去除。     

次氯酸钠废液活化法制备柚子皮活性炭

以柚子皮为原料,采用次氯酸钠废液活化法制备了柚子皮活性炭,通过正交实验优化了制备条件,并运用SEM、FTIR和XRD技术对活性炭产品进行了表征。实验结果表明:制备柚子皮活性炭的最佳工艺条件为炭化温度350℃、次氯酸钠废液含量25%(φ)、次氯酸钠废液活化时间25 min、高温活化温度650℃、高温活化时间60 min;最佳条件下,柚子皮活性炭的产率为31.88%、碘吸附值为854 mg/g、亚甲基蓝吸附值为216.9 mg/g。表征结果显示:活化后的柚子皮炭具有更大的孔体积、更有序的孔径排布和更发达的孔隙结构;柚子皮活性炭表面存在大量的含氧基团;柚子皮活性炭的石墨化度为61.32%,具有较高的稳定性。     

NaOH改性活性炭的表面特征及吸附甲醛的性能

研究了NaOH改性活性炭(AC)的表面官能团变化特征及其吸附甲醛的性能.实验结果表明:改性AC表面的羧基、酚羟基、内酯基等官能团均与NaOH发生化学反应;质量分数为30%的NaOH溶液对AC表面的清洗作用最大,能将AC表面的杂质基本清除,此时AC表面羧基、酚羟基、内酯基和羰基浓度均达到最大;NaOH溶液质量分数为30%时,改性AC吸附甲醛的效果最好;改性AC表面酚羟基浓度的大小与改性AC吸附甲醛气体穿透时间的长短呈正比.     

Lignin-based Carbon Fibers: Effect of Synthetic Polymer Blending on Fiber Properties

Carbon fibers have been produced from hardwood lignin/synthetic polymer blend fibers. Hardwood kraft lignin was thermally blended with two recyclable polymers, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and polypropylene (PP). Both systems were easily spun into fibers. A thermostabilization step was utilized prior to carbonization to prevent fusion of individual fibers. For the lignin-based carbon fibers, careful control of heating rate was required. However, PET–lignin blend fibers can be thermostabilized under higher heating rates than the corresponding homofibers. Carbon fiber yield decreased with increasing incorporation of synthetic plastic. However, carbon fiber yield obtained for a 25% plastic blend fiber was still higher than that generally reported for petroleum pitch. Blend composition also affected surface morphology of the carbon fibers. Immiscible lignin–PP fibers resulted in a hollow and/or porous carbon fiber; whereas carbon fiber produced from miscible lignin–PET fibers have a smooth surface. Synthetic polymer blending also affected the mechanical properties of the fibers, especially MOE; lignin-based carbon fiber properties improved upon blending with PET.     

Effects of functionality and textural characteristics on the removal of Cd(II) by ammoniated and chlorinated nanoporous activated carbon

Virgin activated carbon (VAC) was chemically activated by hydrochloric acid and aqueous ammonia to obtain different surface functionalities and nanopore distributions. The N-tailored AC (NAC) acquired by alkali treatment significantly enhanced the cadmium sorption capacity, while the Cl-tailored AC obtained by acidic modification decreased the sorption capacity compared with that of VAC. With increasing ammonia concentration in the basic treatment, the NAC surface area was increased with declining pore volume and diameter, which increased the adsorption capacity for Cd(II) removal. However, increasing HCl concentration in the acidic modification decreased the surface area, with increasing pore volume and diameter, which decreased the cadmium adsorption capacity. The basic treatment created more alkaline-rich sites such as nitrogen-containing functional groups, on the carbon surface, thereby improving cadmium removal efficiency. However, the acidic treatment generated a stronger acidic chemical structure and much more the formation of the acyl- and alkyl chloride groups that greatly inhibited the Cd(II) sorption capacity.     

活性炭催化臭氧氧化水中诺氟沙星

以椰壳基活性炭为催化剂,采用催化臭氧氧化工艺降解诺氟沙星(NF),优化了工艺条件,评价了催化活性,并对反应机理进行了探讨。实验结果表明:活性炭催化臭氧氧化工艺的优化条件为臭氧通量80 mg/h、初始NF质量浓度15.0 mg/L、反应温度25℃、初始NF溶液p H 5.0;在该优化条件下反应60 min时,TOC去除率达51.5%,较单独臭氧氧化的32.5%和单独活性炭吸附的11.5%有明显改善;在活性炭催化臭氧氧化工艺中臭氧氧化与活性炭吸附之间存在一定的协同作用,活性炭具有较好的催化活性;活性炭催化臭氧氧化工艺对NF的去除主要是基于臭氧的直接氧化作用。     

Utilization of Triacetylcellulose Waste for the Production of Carbonaceous Adsorbents

Triacetylcellulose(TAC)-based globular activated carbons having the adsorption capacity comparable with commercial ones have been derived using a carbonization system developed for this purpose. The carbonization of TAC proceeds through a liquid phase causing bubbling due to the emission of the decomposition gases. The phosphorus compounds resulting from the starting material of TAC waste promote the activation reactions to produce micro-pores.     

Using liquid waste streams as the moisture source during the hydrothermal carbonization of municipal solid wastes

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a thermal conversion process that can be an environmentally beneficial approach for the conversion of municipal solid wastes to value-added products. The influence of using activated sludge and landfill leachate as initial moisture sources during the carbonization of paper, food waste and yard waste over time at 250 °C was evaluated. Results from batch experiments indicate that the use of activated sludge and landfill leachate are acceptable alternative supplemental liquid sources, ultimately imparting minimal impact on carbonization product characteristics and yields. Regression results indicate that the initial carbon content of the feedstock is more influential than any of the characteristics of the initial liquid source and is statistically significant when describing the relationship associated with all evaluated carbonization products. Initial liquid-phase characteristics are only statistically significant when describing the solids energy content and the mass of carbon in the gas-phase. The use of these alternative liquid sources has the potential to greatly increase the sustainability of the carbonization process. A life cycle assessment is required to quantify the benefits associated with using these alternative liquid sources.     

复合顺序对三维花状TiO_2-FeOOH复合材料吸附及光催化性能的影响

以TiCl_4为钛源、Fe(NO_3)3·9H_2O为铁源,采用分子自组装法在活性炭表面制备了不同复合顺序的TiO_2-FeOOH复合材料,研究了其对甲基橙的吸附和光催化性能。实验结果表明,TiO_2-FeOOH复合材料由锐钛矿TiO_2和α-针铁矿复合层组成,并呈直径为200~300 nm的三维花状多级结构,这种独特的多级结构有利于实现吸附与光催化的协同作用。UV-Vis吸收光谱显示TiO_2与FeOOH的复合减小了TiO_2的禁带宽度,但TiO_2/FeOOH/AC、TiO_2/FeOOH/AC和TiO_2/AC对质量浓度为10 mg/L的甲基橙溶液处理6 h后,溶液脱色率分别为78.8%,33.9%,57.5%,表明复合顺序对TiO_2-FeOOH复合材料的界面电子传递过程及光催化性能有重大影响。     

Characterizations of biochar from hydrothermal carbonization of exhausted coffee residue

The aim of this study was to produce renewable energy from exhausted coffee residue, which is a form of biomass. As coffee preference continues to increase, the importation of coffee beans has been increasing sharply. However, the amount of coffee that is actually consumed is only about 0.2% of coffee beans, while the spent coffee beans are discarded in the form of exhausted coffee residue. Hydrothermal carbonization is a method of producing an improved fuel from renewable energy sources by changing the physical and chemical properties of biochars. Biochars were obtained from a variety of reaction temperatures during hydrothermal carbonization and analyzed using elemental analysis, ultimate analysis, and calorific value measurement. The atomic C/O and C/H ratios of all obtained biochars decreased and were found to be similar to those of lignite and sub-bituminous coal. The highest energy recovery efficiency of biochar indicates that the optimum reaction temperature for hydrothermal carbonization was between 210 and 240 °C, which produced biochars with calorific value of approximately 26–27 MJ/kg. The spectra of biochars obtained from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed fewer C–O and aliphatic C–H functional groups, but more carbonyl C=O functional groups and aliphatic CH _x groups. The results of this study indicate that hydrothermal carbonization can be used as an effective means to generate highly energy-efficient renewable fuel resources from coffee residue. The thermogravimetric analysis provided the changing combustion characteristics due to increased fixed carbon content.     

活性炭对气体中二硫化碳吸附性能的研究

研究了４种不同活性炭的孔结构及对二硫化碳的平衡吸附性能,并对４种活性炭床层的穿透性进行了考察,为选择吸附净化废气中低浓度二硫化碳的吸附剂奠定了基础。     

木质素活性炭的制备及其对硝基苯的吸附

利用工业碱木质素分别经KOH及H3PO4活化制备两种木质素活性炭（KAC和PAC）,并用于模拟硝基苯废水的处理。采用SEM和IR等手段对木质素活性炭进行了表征。考察了木质素活性炭加入量、废水pH、吸附时间等因素对硝基苯吸附量的影响。表征结果显示,KAC具有丰富的孔结构,PAC表面含有多种功能基团。实验结果表明： 在吸附温度298 K、初始硝基苯质量浓度250 mg/L、木质素活性炭加入量1.0 g/L、废水pH 3、吸附时间24 h的条件下,KAC及PAC对硝基苯的吸附量分别为237.8 mg/g和211.9 mg/g,去除率分别达到91%和84%; KAC及PAC对硝基苯的吸附过程符合拟二级动力学方程,吸附等温线满足Langmuir等温吸附方程;当解吸剂的V（乙醇）∶V（去离子水）=9时,在PAC和KAC上吸附的硝基苯的解吸率分别达到99%和93%;木质素活性炭重复使用5次后,KAC和PAC对硝基苯的吸附量分别为115.4 mg/g和130.7 mg/g。     

Study on desulfurization performance of MnO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-based activated carbon from waste coconut shell for diesel emissions control

Increasing concern about the air pollution caused by sulfur dioxide (SO₂) from diesel exhaust has resulted in the improvement of low-temperature desulfurization materials for the combined SO₂ trap. In this study, coconut shell activated carbon (AC) is pretreated by nitric acid to prepare MnO₂-based activated carbon materials for SO₂ removal. The prepared materials are characterized intensively by SEM, TEM, BET, XRD, FTIR, and XPS. The SO₂ capture capacity of these materials are measured at low temperature by thermogravimetry, and the SO₂ equilibrium adsorption characteristic is also investigated. The results show that the concentrations of nitric acid do not significantly change the textural properties of MnO₂-based AC materials. The content of surface-oxygenated groups (carbonyl carbon and transition) initially increases with the HNO₃ concentration rising and reaches the maximum value when the HNO₃ concentration is 10 mol/L, resulting in the enhancement of the SO₂ capture capacity. SO₂ capture capacity of MnO₂-based activated carbon decreases after regeneration and keeps stable after several cycles of thermal regeneration. The experimental data for SO₂ adsorption on MnO₂-based AC composite can fit the Freundlich model well in comparison with Langmuir model.     

Activation of waste MDF sawdust charcoal and its reactive dye adsorption characteristics

This paper reports an experimental investigation of converting waste medium density fibreboard (MDF) sawdust into chars and activated carbon using chemical activation and thermal carbonisation processes. The MDF sawdust generated during the production of architectural mouldings was characterised and found to have unique properties in terms of fine particle size and high particle density. It also has a high content of urea formaldehyde resin used as a binder in the manufacturing of MDF board. Direct thermal carbonisation and chemical activation of the sawdust by metal impregnation and acid (phosphoric acid) treatment prior to pyrolysis treatment were carried out. The surface morphology of the raw dust, its chars and activated carbon were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Adsorptive properties and total pore volume of the materials were also analysed using the BET nitrogen adsorption method. Liquid adsorption of a reactive dye (Levafix Brilliant red E-4BA) by the derived sawdust carbon was investigated in batch isothermal adsorption process and the results compared to adsorption on to a commercial activated carbon (Filtrasorb F400). The MDF sawdust carbon exhibited in general a very low adsorption capacity towards the reactive dye, and physical characterisation of the carbon revealed that the conventional chemical activation and thermal carbonisation process were ineffective in developing a microporous structure in the dust particles. The small size of the powdery dust, the high particle density, and the presence of the urea formaldehyde resin all contributed to the difficulty of developing a proper porous structure during the thermal and chemical activation process. Finally, activation of the dust material in a consolidated form (cylindrical pellet) only achieved very limited improvement in the dye adsorption capacity. This original study, reporting some unexpected outcomes, may serve as a stepping-stone for future investigations of recycle and reuse of the waste MDF sawdust which is becoming an increasing environmental and cost liability.     

Physical and chemical properties study of the activated carbon made from sewage sludge

Preparation of activated carbon from sewage sludge is a promising way to produce a useful adsorbent for pollutants removal as well as to dispose of sewage sludge. The objective of this study was to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the activated carbon made from sewage sludge so as to give a basic understanding of its structure. The activated carbon was prepared by activating anaerobically digested sewage sludge with 5 M ZnCl2 and thereafter pyrolyzing it at 500 degrees C for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The properties investigated in the present study included its surface area and pore size distribution, its elemental composition and ash content, its surface chemistry structure and its surface physical morphology. Furthermore, its adsorption capacities for aqueous phenol and carbontetrachloride were examined. The results indicated that the activated carbon made from sewage sludge had remarkable micropore and mesopore surface areas and notable adsorption capacities for phenol and carbon-tetrachloride. In comparison with commercial activated carbons, it displayed distinctive physical and chemical properties.     

废弃中密度纤维板制备活性炭

以磷酸为活化剂、废弃中密度板木粉为原料制备活性炭(AC),采用正交实验得出制备AC的最佳工艺条件:磷酸质量浓度为813.43 g/L,浸渍比(木粉与磷酸的质量比)为4.5:1,浸渍时间为12 h,活化温度为500 ℃,活化时间为2 h.在此条件下AC得率为40.67%,碘吸附值为934.56 mg/g,亚甲基蓝吸附值为172.5 mg/g,焦糖脱色率为100%.采用3 g AC处理150 mL实际水样,COD去除率为84.50%,NH_3-N去除率为61.70%,色度去除率为86.88%,浊度去除率为82.80%,悬浮物去除率为80.98%.     

黑索金废水的处理

以球形活性炭为吸附剂，用吸附法处理黑索金（ＲＤＸ）废水，出水能够达到国家排放标准，球形活性炭的动态饱和吸附量为０．１２３－０．１４０ｇ／ｇ，吸附带长为２ｍ。吸附饱和的球形活性炭，可用碱液以复再生。笔者还提出了数学模型，导出了处理实验数据公式，此公式可推广应用于同类吸附实验数据处理。     

碱改性活性炭对VOCs的吸附性能

选用3种经氢氧化钠改性的活性炭,研究了其对4种代表性VOCs(丁酮、乙酸乙酯、甲苯和四氯化碳)的吸附规律。结果表明:活性炭经碱改性后吸附性能有较大改善,吸附量的大小与其比表面积呈正相关性,而其比表面积多为微孔提供;改性活性炭对有机气体的吸附以物理吸附为主;吸附质的相对分子质量、密度、熔点与其在改性活性炭上的吸附量具有线性相关性,而沸点、饱和蒸气压、分子动力学直径则与吸附量无明显相关性;对于同一吸附剂,170℃再生时的性能最好,130℃次之,210℃最差。     

响应面法优化阴阳极同时作用电化学法处理染料废水

在自制电化学反应器中,以甲基橙模拟染料废水为处理对象,采用Box-Behnken Design响应面法研究了影响阴阳极同时作用电化学法处理染料废水的因素及其交互作用。实验得出各因素对废水脱色率影响的大小顺序为：电流密度> Fe³⁺浓度>Cl^-浓度。各因素之间的交互作用对废水脱色率影响的大小顺序为：电流密度和Fe³⁺浓度>电流密度和Cl^-浓度>Fe³⁺浓度和Cl^-浓度。优化结果表明：Fe³⁺浓度为1.02 mmol/L、Cl^-浓度为10.96 mmol/L、电流密度为11.52 mA/cm²时,最佳脱色率为94.67%。阴阳极同时作用电化学法对甲基橙去除效果显著。     

Adsorption characteristics of siloxanes in landfill gas by the adsorption equilibrium test

Due to the increase in energy cost by constantly high oil prices and the obligation to reduce greenhouse effect gases, landfill gas is frequently used as an alternative energy source for producing heat and electricity. Most of landfill gas utility facilities, however, are experiencing problems controlling siloxanes from landfill gas as their catalytic oxidizers are becoming fouled by silicon dioxide dust. To evaluate adsorption characteristics of siloxanes, an adsorption equilibrium test was conducted and parameters in the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms were analyzed. Coconut activated carbon (CA1), coal activated carbon (CA2), impregnated activated carbon (CA3), silicagel (NCA1), and activated alumina (NCA2) were used for the adsorption of the mixed siloxane which contained hexamethyldisiloxane (L2), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4), and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). L2 had higher removal efficiency in noncarbon adsorbents compared to carbon adsorbents. The application of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm demonstrated that coconut based CA1 and CA3 provided higher adsorption capacity on L2. And CA2 and NCA1 provided higher adsorption capacity on D4 and D5. Based on the experimental results, L2, D4, and D5 were converted by adsorption and desorption in noncarbon adsorbents. Adsorption affinity of siloxane is considered to be affect by the pore size distribution of the adsorbents and by the molecular size of each siloxane.