锯齿新米虾对Cu2+和毒死蜱毒性响应研究

为研究水生生物对水体中重金属和有机磷农药毒性的响应,研究了锯齿新米虾暴露在Cu2、毒死蜱单一溶液和毒性1:1混合溶液下的响应状况,同时采用相加指数法对混合毒性进行了评价.单一毒性试验结果表明:毒死蜱对锯齿新米虾的毒性显著高于Cu2+p ＜0.01); Cu2+对锯齿新米虾未觉察反应浓度(NOEC)和最低觉察反应浓度(LOEC)分别为1.78 mg· L-1、2.40mg·L-1,24、48、72和96 h的LC50分别为6.41、4.75、420和3.44 mg·Lq;毒死蜱对锯齿新米虾NOEC和LOEC分别为0.04 μg·L-1、0.07 μg· Lj,24、48、72和96 h的LC50分别为035、0.17、0.11和0.06 μg· L;参考鱼类毒性分级标准,Cu2对锯齿新米虾为高毒,而毒死蜱为剧毒.混合毒性试验结果表明:采用Cu2和毒死蜱毒性1∶1进行试验时,暴露时间为24、48、72和96 h的相加指数(D分别为0.02、045、1.86和223,即混合毒性为协同作用.通过研究锯齿新米虾对Cu2、毒死蜱单一和联合毒性的响应,可为水环境污染与防治、物种多样性保护提供科学依据.     

硝基苯对3种中国土著水生生物的毒性

以中国林蛙(Rana chensinensis)蝌蚪、中华圆田螺(Cipangopaludina cahayensis)和日本沼虾(Macrobrachiumnipponense)3种我国代表性土著生物为对象,通过半静态试验研究了硝基苯暴露对这3种生物的急性毒性.采用美国环境保护局(USEPA)的Trimmed Spearman-Karver(TSK)法得到硝基苯的急性毒性p(96 h,LC50分别为:林蛙蝌蚪,117.04 mg·L-1;中华圆田螺,104.23 mg·L-1;日本沼虾,0.033 7 mg·L-1.基于p(96 h,LC50)值,取0.01为安全系数,安全浓度ps,分别为:林蛙蝌蚪,1.17 mg·L-1;中华圆田螺,1.04 mg·L-1;日本沼虾,0.34 μg·L-1.3种受试生物对硝基苯毒性反应的敏感性大小依次为:日本沼虾＞中华圆田螺＞林蛙蝌蚪.对照鱼类急性毒性实验的毒性分级标准,硝基苯对日本沼虾属于剧毒物质,而对林蛙蝌蚪和中华圆田螺则属于中等毒性物质.     

毒死蜱(CPF)对克氏原螯虾的急性毒性及组织病理观察

采用静水生物测试法研究毒死蜱(CPF)对克氏原螯虾(Procambarus clarkii)的急性毒性效应及克氏原螯虾的组织病变情况并进行安全评价。设定0、2、10、20、40和80μg·L-1 6个CPF浓度梯度进行急性暴露试验,结果表明,CPF浓度升高对克氏原螯虾产生较大毒性,24、48和96 h半致死浓度〔ρ(LC50)〕分别为(28.24±2.81)、(19.50±2.03)和(13.13±1.70)μg·L-1,ρ(LC50)随着暴露时间延长呈显著下降趋势,符合双曲线衰减模型(r=0.999 9,P<0.000 1),安全浓度为(2.79±0.31)μg·L-1。组织病理观察发现,染毒虾心脏上皮细胞增生,心肌肌束间充满血淋巴细胞;神经细胞肿大,尼氏体溶解消失,细胞由多极形状变为圆形,神经纤维坏死并解体;肝胰腺小管收缩并充血,空泡增加;鳃组织空泡化,表面出现黑色素沉积,被多量血淋巴细胞浸润;肌肉纤维萎缩并溶解。     

丘陵地区水稻田使用毒死蜱对水体的污染及其生态风险

选择丘陵地区的小规模水稻田作为试验地,调查毒死蜱在该区域水稻田中的使用时间和使用量,监测不同时期水稻田进出水中毒死蜱残留水平.结果显示,毒死蜱使用后水稻田出水中毒死蜱残留水平高于进水,最高达26.07μg.L-1.从河流引入的进水中也存在毒死蜱残留,最高达3.23μg·L-1,说明上游农田已经对河水产生了污染.毒死蜱对斑马鱼(Brachydanio rerio)、大型溞(Daphnia magna)和斜生栅列藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的急性毒性测定结果分别为:斑马鱼,ρ(96h,LC50)为1.11mg·L-1;大型溞,ρ(48 h,EC50)为1.44μg·L-1;斜生栅列藻,ρ(72 h,EC50)为0.193 mg·L-1.根据欧盟急性毒性风险评价标准进行评估,结果表明毒死蜱对水稻田周边水体中鱼类和藻类为低风险,对大型溞为有风险.     

亚硝酸盐和氨对日本沼虾肝胰腺代谢的影响

通过气质联用仪和液质联用仪的非靶向检测,结合主成分分析(PCA)和正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)等方法,对日本沼虾肝胰腺进行代谢物分析,以研究在非致死剂量的亚硝酸盐或氨胁迫下,日本沼虾肝胰腺新陈代谢的变化。经亚硝酸盐(0.5 mg·L~(-1),以N计)胁迫2 d后,鉴定到具有显著差异的代谢化合物46个,涉及氨基酸代谢、脂肪酸代谢和甘油磷脂代谢等; p H=9.0时,氨(1.0 mg·L~(-1),以N计,即非离子氨氮为0.378 mg·L~(-1))胁迫后,鉴定出显著差异性代谢化合物52个,涉及三羧酸循环、氨基酸代谢和甘油磷脂等代谢通路。选择p H=9.0氨(1.0 mg·L~(-1))胁迫组对日本沼虾肝胰腺中的三羧酸循环进行定量验证实验,结果显示,日本沼虾肝胰腺中草酰乙酸含量与对照组相比在12 h显著升高,24 h和48 h后则与对照组无显著差异。α-酮戊二酸含量与对照组相比在12 h即有显著增加,24 h含量与对照组相比显著下降,48 h后与对照组相比无明显差异。推测p H=9.0时氨氮(1.0 mg·L~(-1))胁迫12 h即会对三羧酸循环产生影响。     

氰戊菊酯对河川沙塘鳢幼鱼的毒性效应

采用静水生物测试法,研究了氰戊菊酯(fenvalerate,FEN)对河川沙塘鳢(Odontobutis potamophila)幼鱼的毒性效应.结果显示,FEN对河川沙塘鳢幼鱼的24、48、72和96 h(t)的半数致死质量浓度ρ(LC50)(95％置信区间)分别为(3.19±1.38)、(1.66±1.02)、(0.98±0.69)和(0.70±0.49) μg·L-1,变化规律符合指数衰减模型ρ(LC50) =0.915 1 +15.012 3 ×exp(-0.075 8 ×t)(r=0.996 2),安全浓度为(0.13±0.97) μg·L-1.半数致死时间t(LT50)表现出显著的剂量[ρ(FEN)]效应,可用方程t(LT50) =2 653.467 6 ×exp[-5.590 4 ×ρ(FEN)]+56.378 7 ×exp[-0.209 5×ρ(FEN)](r=0.999 4)对其进行拟合.双因素方差分析显示,肝脏过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量随FEN浓度的增加和暴露时间的延长而均呈显著变化(P＜0.05),但两个因素的交叉影响不显著(P＞0.05).暴露24 h时,4μg· L-1浓度组SOD和CAT活性达到峰值,随后开始下降,而此时各浓度组MDA含量无显著变化(P＞0.05),48和96 h时,4、6和10 μg·L-1浓度组MDA含量则表现为显著上升.暴露时间和FEN浓度的交互作用对鳃Na+ /K+-ATP酶活性影响显著(P＜0.05),暴露24、48和96 h时,高浓度(6和10 μg·L-1)组Na +/K+-ATP酶活性均呈现显著下降;上述指标可较好地用于评价FEN的毒性效应.组织病理观察发现,FEN污染对河川沙塘鳢幼鱼的鳃、肝脏均造成严重损伤:鳃丝紊乱,上皮细胞增生,柱状细胞破裂;肝细胞实质空泡化,胆管内皮细胞肥大、融合.     

9种杀虫剂对中华大刀螂幼虫的毒性

螳螂是田间控制害虫种群增加的重要捕食性天敌之一。以中华大刀螂3龄幼虫(Paratenodera sinensis Saussure)为受试生物,利用9种常用杀虫剂配制成不同浓度梯度的药剂,通过喷雾法直接暴露,分别测定了LC50和死亡率来评价不同杀虫剂对中华大刀螂毒性和危害程度的影响。结果显示,9种杀虫剂对中华大刀螂幼虫的毒性(LC50值)差异很大,用药后24h的LC50在0.7182～347.7962mg·L-1之间,LC95在8.8057～1734.5650mg·L-1之间;用药后48h的LC50在0.3564～193.6887mg·L-1之间,LC95在3.8958～1548.3258mg·L-1之间;用药后72h的LC50在0.2232～115.3391mg·L-1之间,LC95在1.7730～530.6462mg·L-1之间。不同杀虫剂对中华大刀螂幼虫的毒性差异最高达到543.46倍。毒性大小依次为,高效氯氟氰菊酯﹥啶虫脒﹥联苯菊酯﹥毒死蜱﹥噻虫嗪﹥茚虫威﹥吡虫啉﹥阿维菌素﹥苏云金杆菌原粉(Bt)。根据田间推荐浓度处理的死亡率判断,毒死蜱、联苯菊酯、啶虫脒、高效氯氟氰菊酯为有害水平,Bt为中度有害水平,吡虫啉、茚虫威、噻虫嗪为微害水平,阿维菌素接近无害水平。根据LC50与田间推荐浓度的比值判断,阿维菌素、吡虫啉对螳螂种群数量不会产生太大影响;Bt、茚虫威和噻虫嗪对螳螂种群数量会产生一定危害;而毒死蜱、啶虫脒、联苯菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯将严重影响螳螂种群数量的稳定性。在24～72h范围内,不同杀虫剂LC50和LC95随施药时间的延长而降低,说明暴露时间越长毒性越大,危害程度也越大。建议在中华大刀螂生活范围内减少高效氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯、啶虫脒和毒死蜱的施用,推荐杀虫剂田间使用量时,除考虑对防治对象的防效,还应考虑对天敌种群的危害,提高药剂使用安全性,保护天敌种群的稳定性。     

联苯胺对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的急性和慢性毒性试验

研究了联苯胺对大型溞(Daphniamagna)的急性毒性和慢性毒性.急性毒性试验结果表明,联苯胺对大型溞的ρLC50, 24h、ρLC50, 48h值分别为 1. 73mgL-1和 0. 89mgL-1. 21d生活周期试验结果表明,大型溞的生殖是对该化合物最为敏感的慢性毒性指标.联苯胺对大型溞生殖的无可见效应浓度(NOEC/Reproduction)为 0. 004mgL-1,最低可见效应浓度(LO EC/Reproduction)为 0. 012mgL-1.并据此计算出该毒物的最大允许浓度(MATC)为 0. 008 9mgL-1. 表 3参 19     

硫化物胁迫对日本沼虾呼吸代谢和能量代谢酶的影响

研究了硫化物暴露后日本沼虾细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、延胡索酸还原酶(FRD)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)4种呼吸代谢酶及能量代谢酶-精氨酸激酶(AK)活性的变化规律.将日本沼虾暴露于0.6 mg·L~(-1)、2mg·L~(-1)的2个硫化物质量浓度组和不含硫化物的对照组水体中,暴露后0、2、12、24、48 h和解除暴露后48 h取肝胰腺和肌肉组织进行酶活性分析.结果显示:肝胰腺和肌肉组织SDH和CCO活性随硫化物质量浓度升高或暴露时间延长而显著降低(P<0.05).FRD、LDH和AK活性随硫化物质量浓度升高或暴露时间延长而显著升高(P<0.05).解除硫化物暴露后48 h,各质量浓度组酶活性与对照组无显著差异.上述酶活性还存在组织差异,肝胰腺呼吸代谢酶活性高于肌肉中相应酶活性,而AK活性与此相反.结果表明,硫化物胁迫导致日本沼虾有氧呼吸代谢减弱,无氧呼吸代谢增强,并动用其能量贮存物质磷酸精氨酸,产生更多ATP以适应外界不良环境.     

丙烯酰胺对大型溞(Daphnia magna)的急性和慢性毒性

丙烯酰胺对大型(Daphniamagna)的急性试验表明,丙烯酰胺对大型的24h LC50、48h LC50值分别为173.21和89.59mg·L-1。21d生活周期试验结果表明,大型的生殖指标是对该种化合物最为敏感的慢性毒性参数。丙烯酰胺对大型生殖的无可见效应浓度(NOEC)为1.56mg·L-1,最低可见效应浓度(LOEC)为3.13mg·L-1,并据此计算出该毒物的最大允许浓度(MATC)为2.47mg·L-1。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.     

Human Influence and Classical Biogeographic Predictors of Rare Species Occurrence

Biogeographic theory predicts that rare species occur more often in larger, less‐isolated habitat patches and suggests that patch size and connectivity are positive predictors of patch quality for conservation. However, in areas substantially modified by humans, rare species may be relegated to the most isolated patches. We used data from plant surveys of 81 meadow patches in the Georgia Basin of Canada and the United States to show that presence of threatened and endangered plants was positively predicted for patches that were isolated on small islands surrounded by ocean and for patches that were isolated by surrounding forest. Neither patch size nor connectivity were positive predictors of rare species occurrence. Thus, in our study area, human influence, presumably due to disturbance or introduction of competitive non‐native species, appears to have overwhelmed classical predictors of rare species distribution, such that greater patch isolation appeared to favor presence of rare species. We suggest conservation planners consider the potential advantages of protecting geographically isolated patches in human‐modified landscapes because such patches may represent the only habitats in which rare species are likely to persist. Influencia Humana y Predictores Biogeográficos Clásicos de la Ocurrencia de Especies Raras     

Seasonal dynamics of macro-algae in the South Lake of Tunis

The macro-algae communities observed in the south lake of Tunis are characterized by the predominance of nitrophilous algae which are in the order of biomass importance:Ulva, Cladophora andEnteromorpha. We have noted seasonal changes of alga distribution. The wind appears to be one of the most important factors influencing this distribution. The total biomass reaches a maximum in the spring. Rapid decomposition of the biomass leads to a severe ecological imbalance, resulting in crises of anoxia and fish death. A restoration project has already started. It aims at removal of contaminated muds and the introduction of a new circulation system. The main objectives of this work were to collect information on the distribution and biomass of the phytobenthic communities as a first step in the constitution of a database for further comparison.     

Patterns and biases of climate change threats in the IUCN Red List

International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List assessments rely on published data and expert inputs, and biases can be introduced where underlying definitions and concepts are ambiguous. Consideration of climate change threat is no exception, and recently numerous approaches to assessing the threat of climate change to species have been developed. We explored IUCN Red List assessments of amphibians and birds to determine whether species listed as threatened by climate change display distinct patterns in terms of habitat occupied and additional nonclimatic threats faced. We compared IUCN Red List data with a published data set of species’ biological and ecological traits believed to infer high vulnerability to climate change and determined whether distributions of climate change‐threatened species on the IUCN Red List concur with those of climate change‐threatened species identified with the trait‐based approach and whether species possessing these traits are more likely to have climate change listed as a threat on the IUCN Red List. Species in some ecosystems (e.g., grassland, shrubland) and subject to particular threats (e.g., invasive species) were more likely to have climate change as a listed threat. Geographical patterns of climate change‐threatened amphibians and birds on the IUCN Red List were incongruent with patterns of global species richness and patterns identified using trait‐based approaches. Certain traits were linked to increases or decreases in the likelihood of a species being threatened by climate change. Broad temperature tolerance of a species was consistently related to an increased likelihood of climate change threat, indicating counterintuitive relationships in IUCN assessments. To improve the robustness of species assessments of the vulnerability or extinction risk associated with climate change, we suggest IUCN adopt a more cohesive approach whereby specific traits highlighted by our results are considered in Red List assessments. To achieve this and to strengthen the climate change‐vulnerability assessments approach, it is necessary to identify and implement logical avenues for further research into traits that make species vulnerable to climate change (including population‐level threats).     

Parasitic wasps orient to green leaf volatiles

Summary Undamaged plants emit low levels of green leaf volatiles (GLVs), while caterpillar-damaged and artificially damaged plants emit relatively higher levels of certain GLVs. Female braconid parasitoids,Microplitis croceipes, oriented to both damaged plants and to individual GLVs in no-choice tests in a wind tunnel, but seldom oriented to undamaged plants. Female ichneumonid parasitoids,Netelia heroica, also oriented to individual GLVs in a wind tunnel. Males of both wasp species failed to orient to the GLVs. These data show that leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause the release of GLVs, and that parasitic wasps can respond to these odors by flying upwind (chemoanemotactic response), which brings the wasps to their caterpillar hosts. This supports the hypothesis that plants communicate with members of the third trophic level,i.e., plants under herbivore attack emit chemical signals that guide natural enemies of herbivores to sites of plant damage. In this interaction, the GLVs serve as tritrophic plant-to-parasitoid synomones. That parasitoids from two different wasp families oriented to GLVs suggests that the response may be widespread among the Hymenoptera.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture