镇江市鸟类生物多样性调查与评价

对镇江市城市居住区、农田保护区、城市园林、城郊山林和河流湿地等5种生境冬、夏2季鸟类多样性进行了调查研究.结果表明,5种生境夏季鸟类群落的各种指数均呈现不同的变化规律;城市保护区、农田保护区、城市园林鸟类优势种为[树]麻雀;河流湿地和城郊山林鸟类群落冬夏季在物种水平和科属水平上拥有较大的多样性,群落结构最稳定;城市居住区和城市园林鸟类群落冬季的密度较大,同时良好的栖息地对鸟类的生存起着决定性的影响.     

兴化里下河湿地越冬期鸟类多样性调查与研究

为了解兴化里下河湿地退渔还湿后越冬期的鸟类多样性状况,于2021年12月-2022年3月,采用样线法对兴化里下河湿地公园及其附近1处水产养殖塘的鸟类群落结构及多样性进行了调查分析。选取芦苇、藕塘、森林、库塘/水产养殖塘4种典型生境类型进行研究,共记录到14目31科48属69种鸟类,其中国家级保护鸟类9种,国家一级重点保护鸟类2种,为东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana)和黑脸琵鹭(Platalea minor);列入《世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)受威胁物种红色名录》的受威胁鸟类6种;列入《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》(CITES)附录Ⅰ鸟类的1种、附录Ⅱ的5种。兴化里下河湿地公园内主要越冬水鸟有东方白鹳、白琵鹭、小天鹅、凤头麦鸡、反嘴鹬、鹤鹬、骨顶鸡、夜鹭、绿翅鸭、针尾鸭、斑嘴鸭、红嘴鸥等。基于越冬鸟类的分布状况,对湿地公园的湿地修复和管理,以及加强该地区生物多样性监测、研究和保护等方面提出了建议。     

铁路交通噪声对鸟类生态环境的影响预测评价

由于鸟类的听觉频率范围与人类不同,以往基于A计权声压级的噪声测量方法,用于鸟类声环境的监测评价并不准确。以广东省江门市新会区“小鸟天堂”风景名胜区为例,开展铁路交通噪声对鸟类生态环境的影响研究。首先,通过实地调查,对鸟类生态区的多个监测点进行声环境线性频谱测量;其次,根据新茂铁路新会段的规划布局,采用模式预测法计算铁路运行期间在监测点产生的交通噪声频谱,并与铁路运行前实地测量的现状频谱叠加;在此基础上,进一步探讨铁路交通噪声对鸟类生态区声环境的影响以及预防措施。研究结果表明,列车运行时在鸟类良好听觉频率范围的噪声增量可达10~30dB,将严重影响鸟类声环境;当采取全封闭声屏障防护措施之后,可有效降低“小鸟天堂”景区范围的噪声。     

欧洲三分之一鸟类濒临灭绝 八成栖息地境况不佳

<正>据《卫报》报道,根据近期揭露的《欧盟自然状况报告》内容显示,受人类农业活动的影响,欧洲三分之一的鸟类目前濒临灭绝,生态系统已经很难应对人类活动的影响。《欧盟自然状况报告》全面研究了欧洲野生动物和自然栖息地的现状。报告收集整理了2007—2012年间27个欧盟国家的大量数据,并指出自1980年以来,云雀和斑鸠等过去一些常见鸟类的数量正急剧下降。其中,斑鸠的数量急剧下降或     

东沙沙洲离岸潮间带风电场建设对鸟类的影响

对东沙沙洲离岸潮间带风电场的建设给鸟类造成的影响进行了调查。分析表明,噪声对东沙沙洲迁徙鸟类影响不大;光对夜间迁徙鸟类造成一定的影响;风机对候鸟迁徙影响不大,少数低飞候鸟可能存在撞机风险;风机基础和人工岛的永久占地造成的直接生物量损失为3.2 t/a,总计损失约64万元;风电场建设将使东沙沙洲鸟类栖息地面积减少81.5 km2,约占总栖息地面积的13.9%,但风机对鸻鹬类等中小型涉禽、水鸟的觅食影响不大,风电场区域仍可作为这些鸟类的觅食地。在影响分析的基础上提出了设计、施工、运营阶段相应的防范措施。     

豫东黄河故道湿地鸟类自然保护区现状调查及生态保护规划

对豫东黄河故道湿地鸟类自然保护区现状进行了调查,并提出了生态保护规划。     

西藏典型城市公园繁殖鸟类中的外来鸟种

选取位于西藏拉萨的罗布林卡、龙王潭公园、布达拉宫广场,位于林芝的福建公园,以及位于昌都的天津广场等5个城市公园,于2017年5—6月采取样线法对其中的鸟类群落组成和外来鸟种情况进行调查。调查共记录到鸟类9目20科36种,其中属于古北界的有12种,东洋界和广布种也均为12种。36种鸟类中,留鸟24种,夏候鸟6种,冬候鸟2种,旅鸟4种。统计到外来鸟种4种,包括山噪鹛(Garrulax davidi)、八哥(Acridotheres cristatellus)、红嘴相思鸟(Leiothrix lutea)及大紫胸鹦鹉(Psittacula derbiana),占调查鸟种种类的11.1%,外来物种的入侵风险在高原不容忽视。     

山东省省级自然保护区人类活动遥感监测与评价

基于2018年高分系列遥感影像数据,提取山东省省级自然保护区人类土地利用活动信息,探讨人类活动对山东省省级自然保护区的影响。结果表明,自然保护区人类活动总面积占保护区总面积的22.2%,人类活动影响指数介于0~0.01368。不同类型的自然保护区人类活动面积不同,主要影响因子差异明显,森林生态类保护区以农业用地为主,内陆湿地类保护区以养殖场为主。内陆湿地类保护区是受到人类干扰程度最为严重的保护区类型,野生动物类保护区受到人类影响最小。     

伊犁地区生物多样性保护及利用

伊犁地区是新疆多种多样动植物的分布中心,堪称自然宝库、天生的博物园。由于人类活动的不断加剧、物种资源过度开发利用、森林的破坏与片段化、水域污染等原因,使生物多样性受到威胁。本文通过对伊犁地区生物多样性保护现状和存在问题的分析,提出相应的保护对策及建议。     

基于“天-空-地”一体化的生态保护红线区监管评价体系构建及应用ADDINCNKISM.UserStyle

科学监管评价生态保护红线区生态环境是合理利用自然资源和充分保护生态环境的基础,对推动国家生态文明建设具有重要意义。该研究基于“天-空-地”一体化获取多源数据,结合GIS和RS空间分析,从生态系统格局和质量、人类活动、环境限制4个方面选取25个指标,构建了生物多样性维护生态保护红线区监管评价体系,并以泰山生态保护红线区为例进行分析研究。结果表明:2000—2015年,研究区生态系统格局、生态系统质量、人类活动状况3个分指数得分及生态环境综合得分均呈现先降后升的趋势,就综合得分而言,2000—2005年、2005—2010年得分降幅分别为18.73%和5.24%,2010年得分最低(41.97分),而2010—2015年得分增幅为81.63%,2015年得分为76.23分,生态环境综合得分评价等级由Ⅱ级升为Ⅰ级。其中城乡居民和工矿用地面积占比、生态系统破碎度和分离度、植被生物量是影响研究区生态环境的关键指标,相关部门应加强对研究区边界处人类活动的监管,并注重生态系统完整性和植被生长状态的保护。该监管评价体系具有较强的实践性、科学性和可操作性,可为生态保护红线区的监管评价提供新思路。     

Relationships of Human Disturbance, Bird Communities, and Plant Communities Along the Land-Water Interface of a Large Reservoir

We examined the relationships of humanactivity, bird communities, and plant communities along theland-water interface of Lake Texoma, a large human-madereservoir on the Texas-Oklahoma border. Measurements ofhuman activity, plant surveys, and bird surveys wereperformed at 40 paired transects, one with humandisturbance, the other undisturbed. Both principalcomponents and correspondence analyses of bird-survey dataseparated disturbed sites from paired undisturbed sites, andtypical disturbance-tolerant species from those lesstolerant of human activity. Compared to undisturbed sites,disturbed sites tended to have more individual birds persurvey, pavement, and mowed lawns, and less canopy,vegetation volume, and vegetation vertical diversity. Aprincipal components analysis of quantitative disturbancemeasurements revealed that most bird and plant measures werehighly correlated with the first disturbance component. However, the correlation between birds and human activitywas much stronger than that between birds and plants, orbetween plants and disturbance. Our data suggest that bird-species composition is regulated more by human activity thanby plant-community composition. Also, in this system, birdcommunities are a better choice than plant communities toindex the effect of human disturbance. To maintain regionaldiversity of both birds and plants, undisturbed areas shouldbe maintained around reservoirs.     

典型湖泊水华特征及相关影响因素分析

通过2011-2015年对太湖、巢湖和滇池水华高发季节的连续监测,以藻类密度和水华面积为判据评价了3个湖体的水华情况及变化趋势,探讨了水华发生的主要影响因素。结果表明：太湖水华程度以"轻度水华"为主,巢湖水华程度以"轻微水华"为主,滇池水华程度以"中度水华"为主;太湖、巢湖和滇池水华规模均以"零星性水华"为主;太湖和巢湖藻类密度与水温、pH、溶解氧、总氮、总磷和高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关,与透明度呈显著负相关,与氨氮无显著相关性;滇池藻类密度与水温、总磷和高锰酸盐指数均呈显著正相关,与透明度和氨氮呈显著负相关,与pH、溶解氧和总氮无显著相关性。     

Comparison of averaging techniques for the calculation of the 'European average exposure indicator' for particulate matter

A comparison of various averaging techniques to calculate the Average Exposure Indicator (AEI) specified in European Directive 2008/50/EC for particulate matter in ambient air has been performed. This was done for data from seventeen sites around the UK for which PM(10) mass concentration data is available for the years 1998-2000 and 2008-2010 inclusive. The results have shown that use of the geometric mean produces significantly lower AEI values within the required three year averaging periods and slightly lower changes in the AEI value between the three year averaging periods than the use of the arithmetic mean. The use of weighted means in the calculation, using the data capture at each site as the weighting parameter, has also been tested and this is proposed as a useful way of taking account of the confidence of each data set.     

洞庭湖水体叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的相关性

2013年6月至2014年5月逐月对洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度和主要环境因子进行测定,分析洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度的时空分布特征,探讨洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度为0.11~8.62 mg/m~3,年均值为(1.89±1.23)mg/m~3,属贫营养;叶绿素a质量浓度随季节变化明显,总体呈现夏、秋季明显大于冬、春季的规律;在空间上,总体表现为西洞庭湖和东洞庭湖明显大于南洞庭湖。全湖叶绿素a质量浓度与水温、电导率、COD和TP呈极显著正相关,与DO、NH3-N、TN和TN/TP呈极显著负相关,与NO-3-N呈显著负相关,与p H和透明度无显著相关性。全湖TN/TP的年均值为28.5,磷可能是洞庭湖水体浮游植物生长的限制性营养盐。     

Modelling Wetland Bird Response to Water Level Changes in the Lake Ontario – St. Lawrence River Hydrosystem

Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River (LOSL) wetland bird abundance and diversity are greatly influenced by lake and river hydrology. Our study used an interdisciplinary ecosystem approach, blending avian and plant ecology, ecohydraulic, statistical ecology and modelling to evaluate potential impacts of water level fluctuations on indicator species representative of the wetland breeding bird assemblages in the entire LOSL freshwater system. Multi-year (2000–2003) bird surveys captured bird distribution and density in wetland habitats under varying degrees of water inandation, depth and fluctuation. Analyses revealed strong associations between estimated breeding pair densities and plant communities, water depth, and degree of water level fluctuation during the breeding season for a suite of wetland bird species using marsh, wet meadow, shrub swamp and treed swamp habitats. These quantitative associations were used to develop wetland bird performance indicators for use in a LOSL water regulation review study. Several bird species also nest at or near the water surface and are thus vulnerable to nest flooding or stranding. Changes to the seasonal hydrology of Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River that result in an increased frequency or magnitude of these nest failure events may have a significant impact on regional population sustainability. Long term nest record databases were analyzed to create nesting flooding and stranding probability equations based on water level increases and decreases during the breeding season. These species-specific nesting relationships were incorporated into a reproduction index.Many breeding bird species were strongly associated with specific wetland plant communities. Predicted habitat suitability, as measured by estimated breeding pair density, can also change significantly within a specific wetland plant community based solely on changes in water depth during the breeding season. Three indicator species, Black Tern, Least Bittern and Virginia Rail were selected as key environmental performance indicators for alternate regulation plan comparisons.Water regulation criteria should be such that the long term diversity and abundance of wetland plant communities and frequency of spring flooding in marsh habitats during breeding are not reduced. Magnitude and frequency of water level change during the nesting season (May–July) can also adversely impact reproductive success of many wetland bird species. As such, regulation criteria that increase the seasonal magnitude and frequency of water level change may be detrimental to the long term viability of certain regional breeding bird populations.     

Montane Meadows as Indicators of Environmental Change

We used a time series of satellite multispectral imagery for mapping and monitoring six classes of montane meadows arrayed along a moisture gradient (from hydric to mesic to xeric). We hypothesized that mesic meadows would support the highest species diversity of plants, birds, and butterflies because they are more moderate environments. We also hypothesized that mesic meadows would exhibit the greatest seasonal and interannual variability in spectral response across years. Field sampling in each of the meadow types was conducted for plants, birds, and butterflies in 1997 and 1998. Mesic meadows supported the highest plant species diversity, but there was no significant difference in bird or butterfly species diversity among meadow types. These data show that it may be easier to detect significant differences in more species rich taxa (e.g., plants) than taxa that are represented by fewer species (e.g., butterflies and birds). Mesic meadows also showed the greatest seasonal and interannual variability in spectral response. Given the rich biodiversity of mesic montane meadows and their sensitivity to variations in temperature and moisture, they may be important to monitor in the context of environmental change     

西宁冬季PM2.5和PM10手工与自动监测现状研究

为研究PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)手工与自动监测仪器在高海拔地区的适用性,于2014年12月至2015年1月(冬季)在青海省西宁市开展了为期34 d的监测比对实验。PM监测数据表明:手工监测数据之间都有差异,除了受监测滤膜种类的影响,还存在监测仪器间的系统误差。石英滤膜的PM监测数据都高于聚丙烯滤膜,尤其是PM_(2.5)更为明显,偏高近1/4;石英滤膜与聚丙烯滤膜的PM监测数据具有较好的相关性,PM_(10)监测数据的相关系数为0.97。自动监测数据之间进行了同期比对研究,发现TEOM1405DF(微振荡天平法)和APM-2(β射线法)的PM监测值较低,BAM-1020(β射线法)的PM监测值最高;而Grimm(光散射法)的PM监测值居中。BAM1020配备动态加热系统(DHS),其PM监测数据比没有配备DHS的APM-2偏高40%。基于PM监测比对研究,建议在空气污染严重时加密对各监测仪器的运行维护,并加强长期观测以全面评估PM监测。     

太湖蓝藻水华预警监测与风速风向的关系研究

太湖蓝藻水华预警监测的启动问题基本解决,但监测响应日期和周期却一直难以确定。统计分析了太湖2007-2009年蓝藻预警监测、现场观测的历史资料,研究蓝藻水华在水体中的分布与风速风向之间的关联规律,从环境监测部门蓝藻预警监测工作的实际出发,划分出了蓝藻水华预警监测的响应级别,提出具体的监测要求,较好解决了预警监测的响应周期问题。为环太湖地区相关部门更好地开展蓝藻预警监测工作提供了科学依据。     

淀山湖水质状况及富营养化评价

对2001年—2007年淀山湖水质监测结果进行了分析和评价。结果表明,淀山湖的水质均未达到Ⅱ类水质标准,主要超标项目为氨氮、TP、TN、石油类、IMn、COD和BOD5。综合营养状态指数为60.79～63.57,均处于中度富营养状态,chla与石油类和透明度具有很好的相关性,与TP具有较好的负相关性,与BOD5具有一定的负相关性,与水温、DO、IMn、COD、氨氮、TN的相关性不显著。chla季节变化较为明显。     

Changing lichen diversity in and around urban settlements of Garhwal Himalayas due to increasing anthropogenic activities

Decrease in lichen diversity is an important biometric tool to assess the prevailing environmental condition in an area. An attempt has been made to explore the utility of lichen diversity in the monitoring of air pollution in the city of Pauri and Srinagar, Garhwal Himalayas, Uttaranchal. Eighty five lichen species were recorded from Pauri and Srinagar (Garhwal) in June 2005. It was observed that polluted sites had very low lichen diversity, mostly dominated by members of lichen family Physciaceae. Kiyonkaleshwar area is the site with maximum lichen diversity (46 lichen taxa) located in a more or less pollution-free area of Pauri city. Two-dimensional principal components analysis plot revealed significant positive contribution of natural (unaltered) sites towards lichen biodiversity, thus affirming the utility of lichen diversity in biomonitoring studies in a wide geographical area.