抚仙湖浮游植物群落结构、影响因子及水质评价

为研究抚仙湖浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系。基于2017年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、11月(秋季)和2018年2月(冬季)抚仙湖浮游植物和部分水质理化指标的监测数据,分析了浮游植物群落结构特征,通过冗余分析(RDA)研究了影响浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子,同时运用藻类生物学法和综合营养状态指数法TLI(∑)对抚仙湖水质进行综合评价。结果表明,共鉴定出浮游植物7门54属,绿藻在种类组成上占绝对优势。不同季节浮游植物细胞密度存在明显变化,春季细胞密度最高(401.74×10~4 cells/L),其次为夏季(247.31×10~4 cells/L)和秋季(143.41×10~4 cells/L),冬季最低(88.98×10~4 cells/L)。浮游植物优势属在不同季节有所不同,各季节绝对优势属为伪鱼腥藻属(春季)、转板藻属(夏秋季)、小环藻属和蓝隐藻属(冬季)。Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)和Pielou均匀度指数(J)变化趋势一致,夏季值最高,分别为2.76和0.64,冬季值最低,分别为2.13和0.50。Berger-Parker优势度指数(D)变化与H′和J相反,冬季最高(0.945),夏季最低(0.922)。RDA表明,水温、溶解氧和高锰酸盐指数是影响抚仙湖浮游植物群落结构的主要环境因子。综合评价认为,抚仙湖水质处于贫中营养状态。     

花溪区思雅河水质分析与评价

在花溪区思雅河大学城段布设10个采样点,监测pH值、温度(T)、悬浮物(SS)、化学需氧量(COD)、氨氮(NH_3-N)、总磷(TP)和细菌总数(TPC)等指标,并采用单因子指数法、综合指数法和模糊综合法3种方法对水质进行评价。结果表明:河流主要污染指标为COD,且增势最明显,TPC和NH_3-N测定值的RSD均超过1,比其他指标变异程度更大;COD和TPC春冬季测定值高于夏秋季,NH_3-N测定值秋季最低,TP季节变化不明显,而冬季测定值较其他季节更稳定;思雅河大学城段水质较差,上游水质等级为Ⅳ类,中下游为劣Ⅴ类,主要污染源自农业和高校生活用水;3种方法中,模糊综合法更适用于小流域河流水质的定性定量评价,评价结果更加科学合理。     

呼伦湖不同季节水质现状评价及主要影响因子分析

通过2014—2015年期间4次对呼伦湖水质进行监测,评价不同季节水体中TN、TP和Chla的时空分布特征及水体的富营养化状态,并分析影响水质变化的主要因素。结果表明,4个季节中呼伦湖水体中TN、TP质量浓度超标较严重,Chla质量浓度随季节变化明显。空间分布规律为TN由湖四周向湖心扩散再到四周;TP春、夏季基本保持稳定,秋—冬季由湖心向四周转移;Chla呈现由南—北—东—东北的变化趋势。呼伦湖春、夏、秋季呈现轻度富营养化,冬季呈现中营养化。水体主要受富营养化、盐化和有机物污染控制。     

洞庭湖水体叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的相关性

2013年6月至2014年5月逐月对洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度和主要环境因子进行测定,分析洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度的时空分布特征,探讨洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度与环境因子的相关性。结果表明,洞庭湖水体叶绿素a质量浓度为0.11~8.62 mg/m~3,年均值为(1.89±1.23)mg/m~3,属贫营养;叶绿素a质量浓度随季节变化明显,总体呈现夏、秋季明显大于冬、春季的规律;在空间上,总体表现为西洞庭湖和东洞庭湖明显大于南洞庭湖。全湖叶绿素a质量浓度与水温、电导率、COD和TP呈极显著正相关,与DO、NH3-N、TN和TN/TP呈极显著负相关,与NO-3-N呈显著负相关,与p H和透明度无显著相关性。全湖TN/TP的年均值为28.5,磷可能是洞庭湖水体浮游植物生长的限制性营养盐。     

应用水质标识指数法评价太湖湖滨带水质

以2009年12月和2010年4、8月的全太湖湖滨带水质监测数据为基础,以TN、TP、NH₃-N、COD_Mn、DO为评价指标,采用水质标识指数评价法对太湖湖滨带水质进行评价。水质指标基本信息显示,NH₃-N冬季、春季空间变异较大,TP夏季空间变异较大;单因子标识指数评价结果显示,太湖湖滨带水体水质因子污染风险时空差异显著,TN冬季、春季全区域污染风险均较大,NH₃-N冬季和夏季在竺山湾、西部沿岸区域污染风险较大,TP三季在竺山湾、西部沿岸区域污染风险较大;综合标识指数评价结果显示,东太湖、东部沿岸、贡湖区域水质较好,为Ⅲ类水,竺山湾和西部沿岸水体水质最差,为Ⅴ类水,且竺山湾和西部沿岸水体三季均处于重度污染状态。该研究可为太湖湖滨带水环境的生态恢复和标识指数应用的推广提供一定的科学依据。     

大通湖主要污染物浓度空间分布及其污染来源解析

为了解大通湖主要污染物TN、TP和NH3-N的空间分布特征及污染来源,于2017年9月对大通湖及周边河流进行采样分析。结果表明,大通湖周边入湖河流的ρ(TN)为0. 74～2. 18 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为0. 094～0. 874 mg/L,ρ(TP)为0. 02～0. 243 mg/L;湖体ρ(TN)为0. 82～1. 47 mg/L,呈现湖体中间低、四周高的特征,ρ(NH3-N)为0. 14～0. 42 mg/L,但整体差异较大,高值区主要在大通湖西南及东部,ρ(TP)为0. 160～0. 289 mg/L,水质为Ⅴ类或劣Ⅴ类,TP为湖体的主要污染物,湖体的ρ(TP)变化呈现出从四周向中部增加的趋势,高值区主要集中在大通湖正南及湖心处;根据2016年大通湖区域污染源统计及入湖污染物计算,大通湖水环境的TP污染负荷大小排序为农田径流畜禽养殖生活污水工业污染网箱养鱼旅游服务。     

淮河干流江苏段着生藻类群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为了解淮河干流江苏段着生藻类群落结构时空变化特征及其与环境因子的关系,于2020年11月—2021年7月分4个季节布设5个断面采样调查。结果表明：该河段共检出着生藻类5门36属39种,物种组成以硅藻、绿藻和蓝藻为主,占比分别为35.90%、33.33%和23.08%;着生藻类群落结构虽然在空间上未出现显著差异,但呈现秋季＞冬季＞春季＞夏季的季节变化趋势;alpha多样性指数和beta多样性距离分析均显示,着生藻类群落变化主要体现在季节差异上,夏季和冬季较春季和秋季变异程度更高;环境因子冗余分析（dbRDA）表明,影响着生藻类群落结构在不同季节之间演替的环境因子各不相同,总氮是营养盐指标中唯一显著的影响因子。     

伊犁地区部分河流的水质标识指数

通过2004 - 2006年对伊犁地区的特克斯河、伊犁河的水质调查及水质标识指数和综合指数(WQI)的计算发现,DO、COD、TN、NH3-N、TP 5项指标在10个断面的空间分布上伊宁市区的2个断面水质最差,在时间上属8月最差,水质主要污染指标的排序依次为TP、TN、COD和NH3-N.     

太阳山湿地浮游植物优势功能群季节演替特征及驱动因子分析

为探明太阳山湿地浮游植物优势功能群季节演替规律及其主要驱动因子,于2019年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和2020年1月(冬季)采样分析了太阳山湿地浮游植物的种类组成、优势种、丰度、生物量及季节变化,同时测定了水环境理化因子指标,采用冗余分析方法研究了浮游植物优势功能群的优势度、丰度与水环境因子之间的关系。结果表明:太阳山湿地浮游植物可分为22个功能类群;优势功能群的季节演替和空间分异特征明显,存在一定的规律性。春、秋、冬3个季节的浮游植物以硅藻门为主,夏季以绿藻门和蓝藻门为主。春季优势功能群主要为D、C、P,以硅藻门种类为主;夏季优势功能群主要为J、Lo、TC、M、H1,以硅藻门、绿藻门、蓝藻门种类为主;秋季优势功能群主要为D、S1、MP,以硅藻门、绿藻门种类为主;冬季优势功能群主要为D、X3,以硅藻门种类为主。影响太阳山湿地浮游植物优势功能群季节演替的水环境因子有水温(WT)、pH、溶解氧(DO)、透明度(SD)、盐度(Sal)、氮磷营养元素含量、化学需氧量(COD_Cr)和高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)。4个湖区浮游植物优势功能群的时空差异与水环境因子密切相关,其中,西湖区浮游植物优势功能群的季节演替驱动因子为pH、DO、WT、总磷(TP),东湖区为pH、DO、WT、氮磷营养元素含量,南湖区为pH、DO、COD_Cr、五日生化需氧量(BOD₅),小南湖区为pH、DO、WT、BOD₅、COD_Cr、TP。pH、DO、WT、BOD₅、SD等水环境因子的季节差异以及TP、TN、氨氮(NH₃-N)、COD_Mn等水环境因子的湖区差异是太阳山湿地浮游植物优势功能群出现季节演替的主要原因。     

岳阳南湖叶绿素a及其水质关系分析

通过对南湖水环境中叶绿素a的测定并同时分析其水质,结果表明,南湖水域叶绿素a呈现明显的时空变化特征:夏季>春季>秋季>冬季,麦子港>湖心。叶绿素a含量与环境因子有关,如水温、水质营养因子、BOD5、CODMn有关,南湖N、P满足藻类生长需要,春季总P对数值与夏季叶绿素a对数值成线性关系。南湖叶绿素a含量变化范围在1.75～3.62mgm3,说明南湖水体处于中富营养状态。     

城市空气质量周报效用分析

介绍了世界上一些发达国家的空气污染预报的做法和采取的措施,阐述了我国开展空气质量预报的方针和方法,指出了周报是预报的基础工作。叙述了我国空气质量周报的污染参数的选取、污染指数的分级及其浓度限值和污染指数计算及确定,分析并总结了开展城市空气质量周报所发挥的效用是提高公众的环保意识,加大了治理污染的力度,转变了环境监测的职能,促进了环境监测事业的发展     

锅炉烟尘测试中锅炉负荷率的计算方法探讨

GB5468 -91规定 ,锅炉烟尘测试时 ,必须对锅炉的运行负荷进行测试 ,而实际监测过程中 ,许多锅炉房不具备测试的计量条件 ,为了解决这一问题 ,文章提出利用烟气量和空气过剩系数计算锅炉负荷率。在实际监测工作中 ,该方法方便、易于操作 ,所得结果和标准规定方法所得结果有很好的一致性     

水中总硬度测量不确定度的评定

采用EDTA滴定法测定水质总硬度的测量不确定度评定。充分考虑测量重复性、标准溶液的配制、滴定等过程对测量的影响,计算水中总硬度的测量相对合成标准不确定度为1·81×10-3。     

Evaluation of method of preparation of passive diffusion tubes for measurement of ambient nitrogen dioxide

This study was carried out in response to suggestions that the measurement of NO(2) by Palmes-type passive diffusion tubes (PDT) is affected by the method of preparation of the triethanolamine (TEA) absorbent coating on the grids. The following combinations of factors were investigated: TEA solvent (acetone or water), volume composition of TEA in solvent (50% or 20%), and grid coating method (dipping in solution prior to assembly or pipetting solution on after assembly). Duplicate PDTs prepared by each of the 8 methods were exposed in parallel, in urban air, for a total of 80 separate 1 week exposures. NO(2) concentrations derived from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were significantly less precise than concentrations from dipping methods, with mean RSDs for duplicate measurements of 13.8% and 8.5%, respectively (n= 316 each category). Pipetting methods using solutions of 50% TEA composition were particularly imprecise (mean RSD 17.2%). Data from PDTs prepared by pipetting methods were systematically more poorly correlated with each other and with data from co-located chemiluminescence analysers, than corresponding data from PDTs prepared by dipping methods, indicating that more consistent accuracy was also obtained by the latter PDTs. The statistical evidence suggested that PDTs prepared by pipetting 50% TEA in water generally gave lower NO(2) concentrations. Although this is in agreement with a previous study, it is also possible that such an observation here may be a statistical artefact given the demonstrably poorer precision of this method. The general tendency of PDTs to show positive bias in NO(2) measurement in urban air in 1 week exposures was again evident in this study (mean biases at roadside and urban centre locations of +35% (n= 475) and +18% (n= 112), respectively) consistent with augmentation of within-tube NO(2) flux by chemical reaction between co-diffusing NO and O(3). Overall, it is recommended that the pipetting method of PDT grid preparation is avoided, or at least investigated further, because of the apparent degradation in precision and accuracy of NO(2) measurement. Potential reasons for the effect are discussed.     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施GB/T15481-2000 idt ISO/IEC17025:1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》的过程中,通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析,识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节,提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法,对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Fractionation of heavy metals and assessment of contamination of the sediments of Lake Titicaca

Chemical weathering is one of the major geochemical processes that control the mobilization of heavy metals. The present study provides the first report on heavy metal fractionation in sediments (8–156 m) of Lake Titicaca (3,820 m a.s.l.), which is shared by the Republic of Peru and the Plurinational State of Bolivia. Both contents of total Cu, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Cd, Pb, and Zn and also the fractionation of these heavy metals associated with four different fractions have been determined following the BCR scheme. The principal component analysis suggests that Co, Ni, and Cd can be attributed to natural sources related to the mineralized geological formations. Moreover, the sources of Cu, Fe, and Mn are effluents and wastes generated from mining activities, while Pb and Zn also suggest that their common source is associated to mining activities. According to the Risk Assessment Code, there is a moderate to high risk related to Zn, Pb, Cd, Mn, Co, and Ni mobilization and/or remobilization from the bottom sediment to the water column. Furthermore, the Geoaccumulation Index and the Enrichment Factor reveal that Zn, Pb, and Cd are enriched in the sediments. The results suggest that the effluents from various traditional mining waste sites in both countries are the main source of heavy metal contamination in the sediments of Lake Titicaca.     

“湖泛”恶臭物质分析及来源浅析

介绍了中国南方"湖泛"中的恶臭物质及检测情况,采用常规分析和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对"湖泛"水样进行检测,认为"湖泛"恶臭物主要是氨和硫醚类物质。根据"湖泛"发生的时间及频次,结合南方地区农业水稻秧田的农药使用情况,推断氨基甲酸酯类农药的使用可能是"湖泛"发生的诱因。     

贵州黔东南州三板溪水库春季拟多甲藻水华特征

2011年3月13日对贵州省黔东南州三板溪水库进行春季浮游植物调查的结果表明,三板溪水库Ⅱ号采样点(下革东)发生以佩纳形拟多甲藻为优势种的拟多甲藻水华,细胞密度高达1.15×10⁷cell/L;板溪水库总氮的最低值为2.09 mg/L,总磷的最低值为0.95 mg/L,三板溪水库的总氮、总磷含量较丰富,不存在总氮或总磷是限制性因子;通过SPSS16.0统计软件分别进行Pearson 积距相关系数分析表明,氮磷比是三板溪水库发生拟多甲藻水华的主要影响原因。     

Environmental Assessment of the Impact of Ozone to the Neuston of the Sea-Surface Microlayer of the Gulf of Mexico

Substantial amounts of NOx (146 000 t/y) and total hydrocarbons (294 000 t/y) are released to the marine atmosphere by the large number of oil and gas operations over Federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Under appropriate meteorological conditions these emissions react to form ozone (0–54 g/m3 over-water) which can affect the marine environment. Using a dry deposition model, this work examines the amount of ozone derived from oil and gas offshore operations and deposited in the sea surface of the Gulf of Mexico, and assesses its impact on the neuston of the sea-surface microlayer. Surface integrated estimates of ozone deposited from oil and gas operations over the sea surface ranges from 400 kg to 1800 kg which results in sea surface concentrations of 15 g/m3. This estimate and the actual toxic ozone levels suggest no acute, toxic impacts to the neuston. However, indirect effects may occur through changes to the pelagic foodwebs and organic carbon pathways. Another potential pathway for ozone impacting the environment is through the production of bromate. Based on the concentrations and time scales (11–139 days) only sublethal effects appear to occur, but uncertainties associated with this assessment need to be further studied. From an ecological perspective, the environmental impacts and risks of NOx and VOC discharges from offshore platforms need to be assessed for neuston and other components of the marine ecosystem.     

Assessment of the efficiency and economic viability of various methods of treatment of sanitary landfill leachate

This study assesses the efficiency of various physico-chemical, biological and other tertiary methods for treating leachate. An evaluation study on the treatability of the leachate from methane phase bed (MPB) reactor indicated that at an optimum hydraulic retention time of 6 days, the efficiency of the reactor in terms of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 91.29 and 82.69%, respectively. Recycling of the treated leachate through the municipal solid waste layers in the leachate recycling unit (LRU) resulted in a significant increase in the biodegradation of organics present in the leachate. Optimum BOD and COD removal efficiencies were achieved at the third recycle; additional recycling of the leachate did not produce any significant improvement. Physico-chemical treatment of the leachate demonstrated that alum and lime (Option 2) were more economical than coagulants lime and MgCO₃. A cost analysis of the economics of the various treatments revealed that the alternative treatment consisting of a MPB bed followed by a LRU and aerated lagoon is the most cost-effective treatment. However, the alternative consisting of a MPB followed by the LRU and a soil column, which is slightly more costly, would be the most appropriate treatment when adequate land is readily available.