共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 234 毫秒
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柱孢藻毒素和类毒素-A是目前饮用水处理领域关注的两种新兴藻类分泌毒素。柱孢藻毒素分子结构稳定、沸点高、水中溶解度高,可引起严重的急性肝中毒,同时具有较强的细胞毒性与基因毒性。类毒素-A分子量小、结构简单、神经毒性极大,被称为"极速致死因子"。鉴于其广泛存在于蓝藻生长的水源水中,其浓度与微囊藻毒素相当,对饮用水安全构成较大威胁,为此对柱孢藻毒素与类毒素-A的结构特征、毒性、检测方法及控制方法进行了综述。两种溶解性藻毒素在饮用水常规处理中均难以有效去除,氯化消毒对柱孢藻毒素的降解具有较好的效果而难以氧化类毒素-A,臭氧氧化和高级氧化对两种藻毒素的去除具有一定的效果。如何强化净水工艺中柱孢藻毒素和类毒素-A的有效控制是目前该领域新的研究方向之一。 相似文献
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采用聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA—SA)凝胶包埋水华鱼腥藻与活性炭混合物,对比水华鱼腥藻在包埋、吸附以及悬浮状态下对高浓度模拟废水中氨氮的去除效果,实验结果表明,水华鱼腥藻在包埋状态下对氨氮有更好的去除效果。通过正交实验研究SA、粉末活性炭(PAC)、水华鱼腥藻之间不同质量比的包埋混合物对去除污水中NH4+-N、TP以及处理后废水中微囊藻毒素(MC)残留量的影响,结果表明,当PVA量为8%时,SA、PAC和藻含量分别在0.5%、0.5%和0.2%为NH4+-N、TP的最佳去除组合,同时处理后污水中MC的含量也低于联合国标准1Iμg/L,避免了二次污染的同时为产毒素藻类的利用创造了条件。 相似文献
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水源水微囊藻毒素污染及控制方法 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
饮用水源藻毒素污染已越来越引起人们的关注,微囊藻毒素(Microcystins,即MCYST)是由蓝藻的部分藻属产生的环肽化合物,性质稳定,已被证明具有明显的肝毒性,是肝肿瘤促进剂之一。目前消除水体中MCYST的主要方法有物理法、化学法和生物法,多项研究表明臭氧、光催化氧化、氯化、活性炭以及生物控制等方法能较好地去除毒素。 相似文献
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改进的硫酸盐-聚乙烯醇法包埋藻菌脱氮除磷研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用改进的硫酸盐-PVA固定化法将藻与菌混合固定。在三种不同藻菌比的情况下,固定化系统对氮去除均可达100%,但是去除速度与固定的细菌量有关,细菌量越大,对氮的去除速度越快;对磷的去除随实验进行,最大去除率逐步下降,其下降速度与固定藻的量有关,藻量越大,下降速度越慢。由此说明脱氮的主要贡献者是细菌,而藻对除磷起了主要作用。为达到有效的脱氮除磷,应适当提高固定化藻的浓度,藻菌比应大于2:1。透射电镜照片显示,在聚乙烯醇载体上,藻类的生长没有受到限制。 相似文献
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滇池铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa Kueitz)毒素及其在水体中的变化 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文研究了昆明市滇池富营养化所形成水华的主要蔬菜-铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa Kueitz)的毒素及其在水体的变化。经研究,滇池铜绿微囊藻的提取液有一个毒峰出现,用双波长紫外分光光度计测定,发现于240nm出现一个毒峰。用色质谱联用扫描得出,其分子离子峰为1040M/Z。用小白鼠注入藻类提取液进行试验,发现其肝脏肿大,并呈紫褐色。再将肝脏匀浆提取液用高压液相色谱测定,发现有毒峰出现。在不同季节、不同地点,采取湖水,经过滤后(去除藻类和碎屑)进行测定,结果得出:在藻类生长旺季及生长繁茂的地点,水体中藻毒素的含量较高。而在藻类生长淡季及分布较少的地点,水中藻毒素含量则较少。但总的看来,经过过滤后的湖水,其中藻毒素含量少。 相似文献
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本文研究了昆明市滇池富营养化所形成水华的主要藻类———铜绿微囊藻 (MicrocystisaeruginosaK櫣itz)的毒素及其在水体的变化。经研究 ,滇池铜绿微囊藻的提取液有一个毒峰出现 ,用双波长紫外分光光度计测定 ,发现于 2 4 0nm出现一个毒峰。用色质谱联用扫描得出 ,其分子离子峰为1 0 4 0 M/Z。用小白鼠注入藻类提取液进行试验 ,发现其肝脏肿大 ,并呈紫褐色。再将肝脏匀浆提取液用高压液相色谱测定 ,发现有毒峰出现。在不同季节、不同地点 ,采取湖水 ,经过滤后 (去除藻类和碎屑 )进行测定 ,结果得出 :在藻类生长旺季及生长繁茂的地点 ,水体中藻毒素的含量较高。而在藻类生长淡季及分布较少的地点 ,水中藻毒素含量则较少。但总的看来 ,经过过滤后的湖水 ,其中藻毒素含量少 相似文献
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Distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water and sediment near a drinking water reservoir in Northeastern China 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Yu Liu Jimin Shen Zhonglin Chen Nanqi Ren Yifan Li 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(4):2535-2545
The levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the water and the sediment samples collected near the Mopanshan Reservoir—the most important drinking water resource of Harbin City in Northeast China—were examined. A total of 16 PAHs were concurrently identified and quantified in the three water bodies tested (Lalin River, Mangniu River, and Mopanshan Reservoir) and in the Mopanshan drinking water treatment plant during the high- and low water periods. The total PAH concentrations in the water and sediment samples ranged from 122.7 to 639.8 ng/L and from 89.1 to 749.0 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Similar spatial and temporal trends were also found for both samples. The lowest Σ16PAH concentration of the Mopanshan Reservoir was obtained during the high water period; by contrast, the Lalin River had the highest concentration during the low water period. The PAH profiles resembling the three water bodies, with high percentages of low-molecular weight PAHs and dominated by two- to three-ring PAHs (78.4 to 89.0 %). Two of the molecular indices used reflected the possible PAH sources, indicating the main input from coal combustion, especially during the low water period. The conventional drinking water treatment operations resulted in a 20.7 to 67.0 % decrease in the different-ringed PAHs in the Mopanshan-treated drinking water. These findings indicate that human activities negatively affect the drinking water resource. Without the obvious removal of the PAHs in the waterworks, drinking water poses certain potential health risks to people. 相似文献
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Minimization of the formation of disinfection by-products 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The drinking water industry is required to minimize DBPs levels while ensuring adequate disinfection. In this study, efficient and appropriate treatment scheme for the reduction of disinfection by-product (DBPs) formation in drinking water containing natural organic matter has been established. This was carried out by the investigation of different treatment schemes consisting of enhanced coagulation, sedimentation, disinfection by using chlorine dioxide/ozone, filtration by sand filter, or granular activated carbon (GAC). Bench scale treatment schemes were applied on actual samples from different selected sites to identify the best conditions for the treatment of water. Samples were collected from effluent of each step in the treatment train in order to analyze pH, UV absorbance at 254 nm (UVA254), specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), haloacetic acids (HAAs) and trihalomethanes (THMs). The obtained results indicated that using pre-ozonation/enhanced coagulation/activated carbon filtration treatment train appears to be the most effective method for reducing DBPs precursors in drinking water treatment. 相似文献
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The aim of this work was to study three different concentration methods coupled with the microscale fluctuation test for routine screening of different drinking water supplies before and after treatment. Unconcentrated samples were also tested. The results showed the formation of direct-acting mutagens in drinking water from surface sources after chlorination. 相似文献
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Three laboratory-scale water pipe systems were set up to study the effects of adding oxalic acid on the bacterial regrowth and biofilm formation in the distributed drinking water. The results of water pipe experiment displayed that around 38% carbon in the oxalic acid could be converted to bacterial biomass. The maximum HPCs in biofilm were equal to 3.5x10(4), 3.38x10(5) and 2.8x10(6) CFUcm(-2) while the maximum HPCs of free bacteria were equal to 1.2x10(3), 2.54x10(3) and 3.78x10(4) CFUml(-1) for the blank and with addition of 10 and 50 micrograms OA eq-Cl(-1), respectively. These results imply that the addition of oxalic acid to distributed water has positive effect on the assimilable organic carbon content of drinking water and bacterial regrowth in water pipe. This effect is enhanced with addition of high-level oxalic acid. Batch tests were also conducted using water samples collected from a Taiwanese drinking water distribution system. The bacterial regrowth potentials (BRPs) of the blank were equal to 4.25x10(3), 1.46x10(4), 4.9x10(4) and 7.54x10(4) CFUml(-1) for water samples collected from treatment plant effluent, commercial area, mixed area, and residential area, respectively. These results show that the biological stability of distributed drinking water is the highest in treatment plant effluent, the moderate in the commercial area and mixed area, and the lowest in the residential area. 相似文献
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The combined XAD-4/8-Ames test procedure for concentrating and detecting trace amounts of organic mutagens, as already described for surface water, is shown to be suitable for drinking water as well. DMSO is as effective as acetone in eluting the adsorbed mutagens, and optimal recovery of overall mutagenic activity is observed at a flow rate of 2–4 bed volumes/min. The drinking water of 6 cities in The Netherlands, which prepare their drinking water from the rivers Rhine and Meuse, has been tested for mutagenic activity. Mutagenic activity could be demonstrated in 4 cities. Dose-related responses are observed with concentrates of as little as 500 ml of drinking water and the 4 cities clearly differ with regard to the type of mutations induced (TA 98 or TA 100) and the effect of metabolic activation. The absence of mutagenic activity in drinking water of 2 cities indicates that by a proper combination of treatment processes the organics which are responsible for the detected mutagenic activity in drinking water can be removed to a high degree. 相似文献
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雨水集流工程对于解决干旱地区人民生活用水问题起着重要作用,甘肃省兰州市榆中县北山地区处于严重缺水的地区,人畜的饮用水为雨水、雪水直接沉淀后的水窖水。经过对北山饮用水进行水质检测,发现水中浊度、锰含量、微生物数量均超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)的规定值。通过对传统滤池进行改造并结合阳光消毒研制出了一种新型水处理器——阳光消毒-生物砂滤池(SBF)家庭水处理设备,通过生物砂滤池中微生物对雨水中污染物的氧化分解及河砂的过滤使水浊度及锰得到有效地去除,日光高温灭活和光氧化降解综合作用杀灭水中致病微生物。用SBF家庭水处理设备对雨水进行处理,水中浊度、锰含量、微生物数量均达到标准的规定值。 相似文献
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The potential presence of pharmaceuticals, hormones and personal care products in drinking water supplies has raised concerned over the efficiency with which these substances are removed by water treatment processes. In this work, we analyzed samples of raw, unprocessed water collected in different periods and found them to contain higher levels of these contaminants in the colder periods (viz. 12–314 ng L−1 in autumn and winter as compared to 8–127 ng L−1 in spring and summer) as a result of their biodegradation being favoured by high temperatures and solar irradiance. We also assessed the efficiency with which these contaminants are removed from drinking water by a water treatment plant operating in south-eastern Spain. Preoxidation with potassium permanganate and chloramination with sodium hypochlorite in the presence of highly concentrated ammonia were found to be the treatment steps most markedly contributing to the removal of pharmaceuticals, hormones and personal care products from drinking water (especially in the warmer periods, where these contaminants were completely removed from the water). By contrast, water treated in the colder periods (autumn and winter) still contained small amounts of ibuprofen and carbamazepine (0.09–0.5 ng L−1) which, however, accounted for less than 0.2% of their original concentrations in the water prior to treatment. 相似文献