利用废弃物煅烧水泥时重金属Pb、Cd的逸放污染

利用废弃物作为代替原料煅烧水泥已广泛应用于水泥生产,但其带来的环境污染问题不容忽视。以利用废弃物生产水泥的厂家为研究对象,采用原子吸收分光光度法检测所采集样品中重金属Pb、Cd的含量,对水泥生产过程中重金属Pb、Cd的逸放及其对周围土壤的污染进行研究。研究结果表明:利用废弃物煅烧水泥的过程中,重金属Pb、Cd的逸放率很高,其中立窑的Pb、Cd逸放率高达84%～90%,湿法回转窑的Pb、Cd逸放率达到63%～74%;在水泥厂上下风向500m、1000m和2000m处采集土壤样品,工厂周围的土壤均已受到不同程度的重金属污染,位于工厂下风向的土壤受到的污染更为严重,距离工厂500m处土壤中重金属Pb、Cd的含量均超过了国家标准的最大限量;对几家工厂员工的头发进行随机取样,头发样品中Pb含量均超过正常限量。     

土壤重金属污染对丛枝菌根真菌产孢量的影响

以沈阳附近重金属矿区自然和农田土壤为研究对象，对土壤重金属含量、植物类型、AMF种群及孢子密度进行了调查，并对污染的农田、荒地土壤进行了比较．结果表明：调查污染区土壤中球囊霉属为优势类群，无梗囊霉属为少见类群，盾巨孢囊霉属为偶见类群，无梗囊霉属和盾巨孢囊霉属对重金属污染特别是铜污染较为敏感；丛枝菌根真菌重金属污染土壤中分布广泛．在综合污染指数达到28．03的严重污染土壤中仍能生存，其孢子密度在不同污染程度的土壤中变异很大，轻、中度污染土壤中较高，随重金属污染程度的增加而锐减；矿区重金属污染土壤中土壤污染程度、土壤pH值、土壤利用情况及宿主植物都影响AMF产孢．图4表4参32     

Experimental evaluation of emission factors of cement kilns burning hazardous wastes

Cement industry is an interesting way to eliminate combustible wastes. Thermal valorization is maximal, conditions of combustion are especially favorable to the destruction and the trapping of pollutants, and there are neither ultimate residues (slag) nor aqueous rejects. Moreover the properties of the cement are not modified. Nevertheless the increased use of substitution fuel may lead to deal with unusual amounts of heavy metals. Tests were realized on several rotary cement kilns with varying substitution ratios of fossil fuels by wastes. Mass balances were fitted over the whole plant, and emission factors were explained.     

黄河三角洲生态区土壤石油污染及其对碱蓬萌发的生态影响

基于黄河三角洲生态区内的油田生产区中石油污染土壤的调查取样,分析石油污染状况,并在实验室人工控制条件下,研究土壤中不同质量分数的石油污染对该区先锋植物——碱蓬（Salsola glauca Bung）的种子萌发影响。结果表明,油田区土壤受到了不同程度的石油污染;溢油处石油的质量分数最高达6.230 g·kg^-1。另外,萌发实验说明在土壤污染情况下种子萌发率具有不确定性,土壤石油污染质量分数为5～40 g·kg^-1时,对碱蓬种子的萌发无明显抑制作用。该研究对黄河三角洲生态区土壤石油类污染敏感指示指标的筛选和植物的生物修复具有重要意义。     

污泥对区域生态环境的影响

对上海某乡因施用大量污泥而造成的污染状况作跟踪调查研究和质量评价。研究对象为土壤、水稻和蔬菜，被研究的污染元素为Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｐｈ、Ｎｉ、Ｃｒ、Ｈｇ和Ａｓ．结果表明，该乡土壤为复合污染，Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ是主要污染元素．污泥施用越多的地区，水稻、蔬菜受污染就越严重，尤以Ｃｄ污染最为突出，超过了允许卫生标准。确定了污染村、污染程度和污染面积。     

太原市污灌区农田土壤中多环芳烃污染特征及生态风险评价

通过对污灌区农田土壤多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,PAHs)的分布特征、污染程度及来源进行解析,深入了解污水灌溉引发的土壤污染问题,实现污水灌溉农田土壤的污染预警和科学合理利用.在太原污灌农田共采集110个土壤样品,使用气相色谱-质谱仪(Gas Chromatography...     

Tiefentschwefelte Kraftstoffe

In recent years, much attention has been given to the desulphurization of fuels like diesel oil and gasoline, since exhaust gases containing SOx cause air pollution and acid rain. Moreover, a lower sulphur content of fuels would allow the use of new engines and catalytic systems for the reduction of CO, particle and NOx-emissions, and a more efficient fuel consumption. The S-level in fuels is presently limited in Germany for gasoline and diesel oll to 150 ppm and 350 ppm, respectively. In 2005 the level will be decreased Europe-wide for all vehicle-fuels down to 50 ppm; in some countries, fuels are or will be on the market with even less sulphur. The current technology of hydrodesulphurization (heterogeneous, catalyzed hydrorreating of organic sulphur compounds) can desulphurize quite adequately down to today’s S-level. The process, however, is limited for the production of ultra-low sulphur fuels, and the expenses (pressure, reactor size, investment costs, energy consumption, specific active catalysts) are high to meet future requirements. alternative processes, which are not limited to hydrotreating, are therefore desirable. Beside an overview about hydrotreating, this paper presents two quite different alternatives: Extraction of sulphur compounds by ionic liquids and the synthetic production of S-free fuels from natural gas by Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis. Ionic liquids (ILs) are low melting (<100°C) salts which represent a new class of non-molecular, ionic solvents. In the experiments presented, extraction of model diesel oils (dibenzothiophene and dodecanthiol in n-dodecane) as well as of a real predesulphurized diesel oil (with about 400 ppm S) were investigated. The results show the excellent and selective extraction properties of ILs for organic sulphur compounds, especially with regard to those compounds which are very difficult to remove by common hydrodesulphurization. As expected, the desulphurization by extraction is much more complicated in case of real diesel oil (compared to a model oil) due to its complex chemical composition including many different sulphur compounds and other impurities like organic nitrogen and metal-compounds. Nevertheless, the results with pre-desulphurized diesel oil are also very promising. So, extraction of sulphur components by ILs is a new approach for deep desulphurization of diesel oil. The application of very mild process conditions (low pressure and temperature) in comparison to traditional hydrotreating is an additional advantage of this new concept. An alternative to today’s fuels based on crude oil is the production of gasoline and diesel oil from natural gas (or other fossil fuels like coal) by Fischer-Tropsch-synthesis (FTS). The products like diesel oil are completely free of sulphur and other impurities like nitrogen and metal compounds. Although several FTS-processes have been investigated and developed, and some processes are already running on a technical scale, a real breakthrough was not obtained up to now. The production costs of these capital-intensive processes are probably above the breakeven point, at least at today’s oil price. In this paper, a ‘lowcost’ process is discussed, which is based on nitrogen-rich syngas. In contrast to classical FTS-processes with nitrogen-free syngas, the investment costs are probably lower: The syngas is produced by partial oxidation with ait, which eliminates the need of an air separation plant, while a process with nitrogen-rich syngas does not utilize a recycle loop and a recycle compressor.     

Brown backstops versus the green paradox

Anticipated climate policies are ineffective when fossil fuel owners respond by shifting supply intertemporally (the green paradox). This mechanism relies crucially on the exhaustibility of fossil fuels. We analyze the effect of anticipated climate policies on emissions in a simple model with two fossil fuels: one scarce and dirty (e.g. oil), the other abundant and dirtier (e.g. coal). We derive conditions for a ‘green orthodox’: anticipated climate policies may reduce current emissions. The model can also be used to analyze spatial carbon leakage. Calibrations suggest that intertemporal carbon leakage (from 0% to 8%) is a relatively minor concern.     

徐州市城区公园绿地土壤重金属污染及其评价

通过对徐州市泉山、云龙、鼓楼、九里4个城区的公园绿地土壤进行系统采样测定,对其土壤重金属富集与污染状况进行分析与评价。结果表明,该城区表层土壤中5种重金属(Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr)含量均高于中国土壤元素背景值,其中Cd单因子富集指数为30.00,污染指数为14.56,富集程度较高,污染较严重;Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr单因子富集指数和污染指数均接近1,富集程度较低,无污染或轻度污染。     

基于环境背景值的重金属污染地块划定——以浙东沿海某典型固体废物拆解区污染土壤为例

通过对浙江东部沿海某典型固体废物拆解区污染土壤的调查与分析,评价了其土壤重金属的污染程度。结果表明,与土壤环境背景值相比,研究区土壤污染较为严重,Cd、Cu中等程度以上污染土壤均在50%以上。在此基础上,重点对重金属污染土壤的划定进行了探讨,提出了适合土地质量差别化管护的污染土壤表达方法。     

Investigation of the sources of aliphatic hydrocarbons in the mussel Mytilus edulis from north sea oil production platforms by Capillary glc and CGCMS†

Aliphatic hydrocarbons isolated from mussels collected over a 20 month period from three North Sea Forties field oil production platforms have been examined by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry.

The biological hydrocarbons consist predominantly (300–700 μh g^‐1 lipid) of C₃₁ and C₃₃ n‐alkenes with 2, 3 and 4 double bonds probably derived from a dietary intake of Emiliania huxleyi, a microscopic coccolithophorid alga. In some of the mussels C₁₈, C₂₀ and C₂₂ n‐alkanes are present in unusually high abundance compared to their odd carbon number homologues. Possible reasons for this distribution are discussed.

The concentrations of fossil fuel hydrocarbons (mainly unresolved complex mixtures) in the mussels ranged from 330 to 5,298 μg g^‐1 of lipid. No significant increase in values was detected two months after the start of discharge of treated Forties production water from the Forties D platform.

To determine the pollutant hydrocarbon sources, the sterane and terpane distributions of hydrocarbon fractions isolated from the mussels and from a number of fossil fuels, including Forties crude oil, were examined by mass fragmentography. The steranes in the mussels from the Forties C and D platforms contained higher proportions of regular 14α(H), 17α(H) components than Forties oil in which the steranes were mainly 13ß(H), 17α(H) diasteranes. In addition, the terpane distributions of the mussel fractions differed markedly from that of Forties crude oil, particularly in the relative abundance of diterpanes to triterpanes, which was higher in the mussel fractions than in the oil, and in the absence of 17α(H), 18α(H), 21ß(H)‐18, 30‐bisnorhopane, a known component of Forties crude. Furthermore, the ratio of C₂₉ to C₃₀ triterpanes was greater than unity in the mussels but much less than unity in the Forties oil. These data preclude Forties or other similar North Sea crudes as the major source of pollutant aliphatic hydrocarbons in the mussels. The relative concentrations and distributions of steranes and triterpanes suggest that the most likely source of pollutants is a Middle Eastern based oil derived either from rig activities, or from background pollution in the North Sea. The low concentration of ≥ C₂₇ steranes in the more polluted mussels (e.g. Forties B; UCM > 200 ppm dry wt.) suggests that gas oils used on the platforms may be the major source of petrogenic hydrocarbons in these samples.     

土壤生态毒性测试方法综述

土壤生态毒性测试在化学品管理和污染土壤评价等方面具有重要作用。传统的测试方法通常是利用生物个体、种群等水平上的存活、繁殖等测试终点来评价化学品或污染土壤对生态系统的影响。微宇宙等模拟生态系统和一些野外试验方法更接近生态系统的实际情况,但耗时更长、花费更高。与传统的测试方法相比,生物标志物敏感性高、响应速度快,有可能作为土壤污染的快速诊断工具。近年来,新技术的应用进一步促进了土壤生态毒理学的发展,如组学技术有助于理解有毒物的致毒机制,发现新的分子生物标志物。本文综述了目前土壤生态毒性测试的主要方法及其标准化和应用现状,同时对土壤生态毒性测试方法今后的研究方向及在我国环境管理中的应用提出展望。     

Pollution indices and sources appointment of heavy metal pollution of agricultural soils near the thermal power plant

Alluvial soils of valleys of the Danube and Mlave rivers represent priority development areas with favorable conditions for life, agriculture and tourism in eastern Serbia. Operation of the thermal power plant Kostolac results in the emission of potentially toxic pollutants into the air, water and land. The goals were to determine the soil pollution with inorganic pollutants using different pollution indices, to identify of the sources of pollutants by means of principal component analysis and the loading of each factor for individual element assessed by multi-linear regression analyses. Chemical characteristics of the studied area resulted in division of the area into four impact zones upon the distance from main pollutants (power plant blocks and ash disposal dumps). There was no established soil pollution with potentially toxic elements in bulk of the agricultural territory. Two principal components (PC1 and PC2) explained about 73% of variance. Three studied elements (As, Cu and Pb) showed anthropogenic origin of their most concentrations in soil, while other elements (Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Zn) were of a natural (geological) origin. Single pollution index showed moderate pollution level by Ni. Integrated Nemerow pollution index showed low to no pollution levels, indicating slight ecological risk. There were no established limitations for agricultural production in the studied area, except for the only spot polluted by As due to the great flooding event in the studied year.

     

A review of combinations of electrokinetic applications

Anthropogenic activities contaminate many lands and underground waters with dangerous materials. Although polluted soils occupy small parts of the land, the risk they pose to plants, animals, humans, and groundwater is too high. Remediation technologies have been used for many years in order to mitigate pollution or remove pollutants from soils. However, there are some deficiencies in the remediation in complex site conditions such as low permeability and complex composition of some clays or heterogeneous subsurface conditions. Electrokinetic is an effective method in which electrodes are embedded in polluted soil, usually vertically but in some cases horizontally, and a low direct current voltage gradient is applied between the electrodes. The electric gradient initiates movement of contaminants by electromigration (charged chemical movement), electro-osmosis (movement of fluid), electrolysis (chemical reactions due to the electric field), and diffusion. However, sites that are contaminated with heavy metals or mixed contaminants (e.g. a combination of organic compounds with heavy metals and/or radionuclides) are difficult to remediate. There is no technology that can achieve the best results, but combining electrokinetic with other remediation methods, such as bioremediation and geosynthetics, promises to be the most effective method so far. This review focuses on the factors that affect electrokinetic remediation and the state-of-the-art methods that can be combined with electrokinetic.     

A new FTIR method to monitor transesterification in biodiesel production by ultrasonication

New renewable fuels are urgently needed due to increasing fossil fuel pollution. Biodiesel, which contains alkyl esters produced by transesterification of oils, is an alternative fuel. Nevertheless, the main problem of biodiesel is its high price. Costs can be reduced by replacement of the current homogeneous catalysts by heterogeneous catalysts; however, research for new catalysts is actually slowed by lengthy analytical techniques. Here, we set up a simple and rapid analytical method using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) to monitor transesterification. Conversion of sunflower and recycled cooking oils to their corresponding methyl esters was easily measured using a linear correlation between the intensity of an infrared peak at 1,437 cm^?1 and the percent conversion. The results obtained by infrared were validated by gas chromatography. We also studied the effect of 20 kHz ultrasonic irradiation on biodiesel synthesis. Using our FTIR method, we found that replacing mechanical stirring with an ultrasonic probe leads to quality biodiesel in 10 min for sunflower oil and 20 min for recycled cooking oil.     

Life-cycle assessment of net greenhouse-gas flux for bioenergy cropping systems.

Bioenergy cropping systems could help offset greenhouse gas emissions, but quantifying that offset is complex. Bioenergy crops offset carbon dioxide emissions by converting atmospheric CO2 to organic C in crop biomass and soil, but they also emit nitrous oxide and vary in their effects on soil oxidation of methane. Growing the crops requires energy (e.g., to operate farm machinery, produce inputs such as fertilizer) and so does converting the harvested product to usable fuels (feedstock conversion efficiency). The objective of this study was to quantify all these factors to determine the net effect of several bioenergy cropping systems on greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions. We used the DAYCENT biogeochemistry model to assess soil GHG fluxes and biomass yields for corn, soybean, alfalfa, hybrid poplar, reed canarygrass, and switchgrass as bioenergy crops in Pennsylvania, USA. DAYCENT results were combined with estimates of fossil fuels used to provide farm inputs and operate agricultural machinery and fossil-fuel offsets from biomass yields to calculate net GHG fluxes for each cropping system considered. Displaced fossil fuel was the largest GHG sink, followed by soil carbon sequestration. N20 emissions were the largest GHG source. All cropping systems considered provided net GHG sinks, even when soil C was assumed to reach a new steady state and C sequestration in soil was not counted. Hybrid poplar and switchgrass provided the largest net GHG sinks, >200 g CO2e-C x m(-2) x yr(-1) for biomass conversion to ethanol, and >400 g CO2e-C x m(-2) x yr(-1) for biomass gasification for electricity generation. Compared with the life cycle of gasoline and diesel, ethanol and biodiesel from corn rotations reduced GHG emissions by approximately 40%, reed canarygrass by approximately 85%, and switchgrass and hybrid poplar by approximately 115%.     

珠江三角洲地区典型菜地土壤与蔬菜重金属分布特征研究

通过对珠江三角洲地区的广州市、佛山市、江门市和惠州市典型菜地土壤和蔬菜中重金属（Pb、Cr、Cd、As和Hg）含量及其土壤中有效态（Pb、Cr、Cd）含量的调查,分析蔬菜重金属污染状况与土壤重金属含量的相关性,探讨了土壤重金属含量、有效态含量与土壤理化性质的相关性。结果表明,菜地土壤主要受Pb、Cd、Hg污染。Pb、Cd主要以轻度污染为主;而Hg污染在广州市菜地土壤以轻度污染和重度污染为主,佛山市菜地土壤以中度污染和重度污染为主,江门市和惠州市菜地土壤以轻度污染为主。蔬菜主要受Pb、Cd、Hg污染,少数蔬菜受到Cr污染,但并未检测出蔬菜受As污染。蔬菜中重金属含量与土壤中Pb、Cr、Cd的总量、有效态含量之间呈显著正相关关系,与土壤中As、Hg的总量无显著相关性。土壤中Pb、Cr含量与土壤有机质含量、黏粒含量、粉粒含量均达到显著相关。土壤中有效Pb与有效锰含量呈显著负相关关系,土壤中有效Cr含量与土壤粘粒含量、有效铁含量呈极显著正相关关系。     

西藏当雄拉屋矿区污染土壤微生物及其活性研究

通过现场采样及室内培养分析,研究了西藏当雄拉屋矿区污染土壤微生物区系组成、主要生理类群及其活性。结果表明：矿区土壤受重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd不同程度污染,矿区污染土壤几种重金属质量分数比非矿区土壤有明显的增加。矿区土壤微生物区系组成和各生理类群发生了明显变化,土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌以及各生理类群数量均显著降低,且3大微生物以及各生理类群对矿区污染的敏感性大小分别表现为放线菌〉细菌〉真菌,硝化细菌〉氨化细菌〉纤维分解菌。矿区土壤酶活性较低,对照土壤的各种酶活性最高,而矿区土壤基础呼吸和代谢商则受到刺激明显提高,其中土壤脱氢酶的活性变化最大,作为矿区重金属污染的指标更灵敏。可见,土壤中微生物区系组成及参与物质转化的生理类群种类、数量及土壤酶活和微生物活性在一定程度上可反映该矿区污染生境的重金属污染特征及其生态功能的演变规律。     

燃煤电厂氟污染与治理对策

本文以一个包含干湿两种除尘系统的高氟煤源的电厂为例,研究了电厂的氟迁移转化规律和氟污染源对周围环境的影响。并提出了综合治理电厂氟污染的对策。研究表明：湿法除尘系统的氟污染物主要是渣氟、水氟,而干法除尘系统主要是渣氟和气氟;小麦氟含量与大气中氟显著相关;灰场附近的地表水受到灰水的氟污染,部分潜水井受到了灰场渗水的污染,部分灰场土壤受到大气氟污染。     

公路重金属污染的形态特征及其解吸、吸持能力探讨

以宁-杭公路南京段为例,对公路环境土壤介质中重金属污染叠加的研究表明,研究区已形成污染的元素为Pb,Co和Cr,污染晕带沿公路延伸方向展布,自公路起向其两侧强度逐渐减弱,扩散范围为140—150m,污染重金属元素有效态占其总含量的3.4—60.6％,主要以交换态和Fe-Mn氧化物态存在。土壤对研究区重金属元素的吸持能力:Pb>Co>Cu>Mn>V>Ni,Cr;重金属在土壤中的解吸能力:V>Co>Pb,污染叠加重金属来源主要为公路机动车辆燃料和轮胎中和所含微量重金属成份。