湍流模型和壁面函数对有障碍半开口空间氢气燃烧模拟的影响

为了进一步验证有障碍半开口空间内氢气燃烧数值模拟的准确性,使用对比验证的方法对FLUENT软件湍流模型和壁面函数数值模拟结果的准确性进行了研究。研究结果表明:可实现k-ε湍流模型和非平衡壁面函数使燃烧压力和火焰形状与实验结果相比偏差较大,RNG k-ε湍流模型和可伸缩壁面函数可更准确地预测燃烧压力变化及火焰传播行为。     

钢铁企业工作场所煤气泄漏扩散规律的研究

以钢铁企业管网煤气泄漏为研究对象,以煤气泄漏扩散规律为研究主题,在确定煤气泄漏相似于浮力射流的基础上,建立煤气泄漏扩散的数学模型。采用CFD软件PHOENICS数值模拟气体泄漏过程的速度场及其浓度分布。在已有煤气泄漏检测系统的基础上,选择性实验模拟煤气泄漏浓度与扩散时间、扩散方向的变化。数值模拟和实验模拟表明,虽然两种方法所得结果存在一定差异,从定性分析角度而言,却能够反映工作场所煤气泄漏后在有限空间内运移扩散的一般规律。     

自动抢接止回阀装置液压系统设计及仿真分析

利用井口自动化装置进行石油钻井过程中溢流、井喷时的关井作业是目前井控作业的热点。为了有效减少工作人员操作时间,保证装置的可靠性。提出了1种自动抢接止回阀装置,并将装置的控制系统设计成全液压系统。基于AMEsim对设计的液压系统进行建模以及模拟仿真分析,得到了执行元件（3个液压马达和1个伸缩液压缸）的输出特性曲线,然后与理论计算、设计及选型的执行元件的参数进行对比。研究结果表明:设计的液压回路可以确保自动抢接止回阀装置的整个工作过程正常、稳定的进行。设计的自动抢接止回阀装置的性能基本满足使用要求,具有一定的实用价值。     

分层充填开采煤层瓦斯运移方式及涌出规律研究*

为了探究使用分层充填法采煤过程中煤层瓦斯的运移方式及涌出规律,以高河煤矿E1302工作面为研究对象,采用实验室试验、理论分析、数值模拟相结合的方法建立数学模型,利用数值模拟软件对煤层瓦斯的运移方式及涌出规律进行求解。研究结果表明:使用分层充填法采煤时,充填体渗透率远大于煤体,下分层煤体中的瓦斯会以充填体为媒介向工作面涌入;开采过程中,工作面瓦斯压力随开采时间逐渐降低,开采30 d后,煤层最大瓦斯压力下降18.75％,最大瓦斯渗流速度始终位于充填体、工作面、下分层煤体交界处;工作面绝对瓦斯涌出量随着开采时间的推移呈波动式下降。     

井下移动热源对巷道局部风流温度影响规律研究

为了研究煤矿井下热源对巷道局部风流温度的影响,通过搭建实验平台以及建立数值模型,采用实验和数值模拟的方法,分析井下固定和移动热源对巷道局部风流温度的影响规律。研究结果表明:对比实验和数值模拟固定热源对巷道局部风流温度的影响,结果显示二者总体温度变化趋势一致性较好,验证了数学模型的正确性;井下热源移动速度不同时,顺风移动速度越大,对巷道局部温度影响越大,且巷道局部温度相对升高;逆风移动速度越大,对巷道局部温度影响越小,且巷道局部温度相对降低。     

不要让锅炉给水管中留有余压

在锅炉给水管路的给水泵出口止回阀至锅炉进水口止回阀的管段中,由于停止给水,两止回阀关闭,常常在该管段中截留一部分给水压力——余压。经实测,该压力比锅炉工作压力小0.2～0.5公斤力/厘米2 这部分余压会给锅炉安全带来很大威胁。第一,在止回阀4、5密封严密的情况下,两止回阀     

车用催化转化器起燃温度的数值模拟

车用催化转化器是降低汽车排气污染物浓度的主要装置.起燃温度是催化转化器的重要特性之一,它表明催化器在多高的温度下有较高转化率.数值模拟研究催化转化器的性能可以减少实验量,指导和优化催化器的设计.建立了催化转化器一维稳态转化率的数学模型,对起燃温度特性曲线进行模拟.数值模拟结果与实验测量值较吻合.这说明,建立的数学模型可以用来模拟起燃温度特性曲线.用该模型考察了空速、载体长度、催化剂比表面积、载体导热系数以及壁厚等因素对起燃温度特性曲线的影响.结果表明,空速越大,催化转化器的起燃温度越高;增大载体长度和催化剂比表面积有利于降低起燃温度;载体导热系数和壁厚的大小对起燃温度几乎没有影响.     

甲烷/空气预混气体泄爆过程的动力学研究

以甲烷/空气为研究对象,建立小尺寸管道气体爆炸实验平台,利用高速纹影技术,探测了泄爆过程中预混气体火焰在管道内的传播特性,并得出流场压力、火焰传播速度变化曲线;同时建立k-ε模型,对管道内甲烷/空气预混气体泄爆过程进行模拟,得到数值模拟情况下的流场压力和火焰传播速度变化曲线.模拟图像和实验图像变化趋势大体一致.     

压入式局部通风工作面风流分布数值模拟研究

笔者应用三维k -ε紊流模型描述压入式局部通风工作面风流的流动过程 ,并采用控制容积法导出了描述流体流动方程的离散化方程式 ;用计算流体力学的方法求得了三维k -ε紊流模型的数值解。采用SIMPLE(压力耦合方程式的半阴解法 )算法解算流场 ;TDMA(三对角线算法 )和Gauss Seidel法结合通过线顺法求解离散方程。利用弱松弛法防止非线性方程组迭代求解过程中的发散现象 ,获得了掘进工作面空间的速度分布 ;并将模拟解算结果与在具有实际尺寸的拱形巷道模型中测得的实验结果进行了对比。数值计算结果与模型实验测定结果非常一致 ,验证了笔者的数学模型和数值模拟方法的正确性。     

架空天然气管道泄漏事故后果数值模拟研究

针对架空天然气管道泄漏引起的火灾爆炸问题,采用事件树分析泄漏扩散引起的事故后果,并在数值模拟中着重分析了模拟数学模型的选择。在三种不同泄漏孔径、两种不同风速、两种不同运行压力条件下分别应用ALHOA软件对事故后果进行数值模拟,结果表明:泄漏孔径、运行压力与危害影响范围成正比关系;在闪火和蒸气云爆炸中,风速与危害影响范围成反比关系,而风速对射流火灾的热辐射范围基本没有影响。     

气固两相流下球阀磨损特性研究

旋塞球阀是钻柱内防喷系统中的关键设备,在气固两相流下球阀易受磨损而失效,并造成严重的井喷事故。为此,将计算流体动力学理论与冲蚀磨损理论相结合,运用FLUENT软件对球阀壁面在气固两相流下的磨损分布情况进行研究,并进一步分析了球阀结构参数对于球阀壁面磨损的影响规律。结果表明:当气固两相流流经球阀时,固体颗粒会与气流分离,并在壁面上产生三处磨损集中区;随着球阀开度的减小,球阀壁面磨损量会急剧增大,且阀球内通道壁面上的磨损集中区由块状逐步转化为带状,而球阀出口处的磨损集中区则会逐渐向下移动;球阀流道直径的减小也会使得壁面磨损量增加,但磨损集中区的分布基本不变。研究结果可为进一步优化球阀流道结构以减轻其壁面磨损提供理论依据。     

大落差输油管道局部高点水击压力预测方程研究*

为预测大落差管道局部高点水击压力,避免在关阀、停泵等应急操作过程中因高点低压而使油品气化,采用OLGA软件水击计算模块分析介质流速、高点稳态压力、关阀时间、阀门位置对高点水击压力的影响机制,并结合国内某原油管道现场SCADA系统数据进行验证;采用通用全局优化算法（UGO）和列文伯格-马夸尔特法（LM）建立局部高点压力预测方程,相对误差在5%以内。研究结果表明:本文方程可实现大落差输油管道水击过程中局部高点水击压力的预测。研究结果可为大落差输油管道安全运行与管理提供参考。     

建筑消防水系统灭火可靠性动态评估模型研究

水位、水压、流量、阀门开启情况等运行状态参数是决定消防水灭火系统灭火可靠性的关键因素,基于对水灭火系统运行可靠性影响因素的研究,构建了用于评估灭火可靠性的贝叶斯网络推理模型。推理模型将影响系统灭火可靠性的因素分为给水设施可靠性、灭火系统管网供水可靠性、灭火设施启动可靠性、阀门开启状态等四个方面。网络结构图代表了监测因子与子系统可靠性的关联关系。节点变量状态值的分级方法和先验概率值参考了水灭火系统相关设计标准。根据监测因子对子系统可靠性的影响分别设置了各节点的条件概率表。应用表明,通过物联网技术实时监测灭火系统运行状态参数,将实时的状态参数信息输入到评估模型,可以实现动态评估系统灭火可靠性。     

MATLAB在垃圾填埋气体运移数值可视化中的应用

本文基于MATLAB环境对垃圾填埋场的填埋气体运移的非线性耦合模型进行了数值可视化研究,对填埋气体在填埋场中的压力分布进行了模拟计算.结果表明,填埋气体的压力随垃圾填埋深度的增加而增大,随着填埋时间的增加,气体压力变化加快,气体压力消散程度增大.对垃圾填埋气体运移进行数值模拟不仅可为垃圾气体释放所造成的环境灾害进行评价,同时也可为填埋场气体安全控制系统的工程设计提供科学依据.     

The dynamic response of pressure relief valves in vapor or gas service,part I: Mathematical model

In order to prevent unstable operation, or “chatter”, of a pressure relief the API guidelines recommend limiting the irreversible pressure loss in the inlet line to a pressure relief valve to no more than 3% of the valve set pressure. This criterion is based on steady-state operating conditions and a typical blow-down pressure for the valve of about 7% of the set pressure. However, the stability of the valve is also influenced by other factors such as the dynamic response of the valve disk to the unsteady pressures and forces exerted by the fluid on the disk. A model for the opening lift dynamic response of a pressure relief valve in gas/vapor service is presented here which accounts for all of these effects through a set of five coupled nonlinear algebraic/differential equations. These equations are solved by a numerical method that can be implemented on a spreadsheet to predict the position of the valve disk as a function of time for given valve characteristics, operating conditions, and installation parameters. The model incorporates the influence of the various parameters on the stable/unstable nature of the disk response. An example is presented for a typical valve that illustrates the various modes of stable and unstable dynamic response that can be predicted by the model under various conditions. Two additional papers will be forthcoming: Part II – Experimental Investigation and Part III – Analysis of Data and Comparison with Model Predictions.     

Dynamic behavior of direct spring loaded pressure relief valves in gas service: Model development,measurements and instability mechanisms

A synthesis of previous literature is used to derive a model of an in-service direct-spring pressure relief valve. The model couples low-order rigid body mechanics for the valve to one-dimensional gas dynamics within the pipe. Detailed laboratory experiments are also presented for three different commercially available values, for varying mass flow rates and length of inlet pipe. In each case, violent oscillation is found to occur beyond a critical pipe length, which may be triggered either on valve opening or closing. The test results compare favorably to the simulations using the model. In particular, the model reveals that the mechanism of instability is a Hopf bifurcation (flutter instability) involving the fundamental, quarter-wave pipe mode. Furthermore, the concept of the effective area of the valve as a function of valve lift is shown to be useful in explaining sudden jumps observed in the test data. It is argued that these instabilities are not alleviated by the 3% inlet line loss criterion that has recently been proposed as an industry standard.     

Study of mechanical aspects of leak tightness in a pressure relief valve using advanced FE-analysis

This paper presents a numerical study involving the deformation of contact faces in the metal-to-metal seal in a typical pressure relief valve. The valve geometry is simplified to an axisymmetric problem, which comprises a simple geometry consisting of only 3 components. A cylindrical nozzle, which has a valve seat on top, contacts with a disk, which is preloaded by a compressed linear spring. All the components are made of AISI type 316N(L) steel defined using the multilinear kinematic hardening model based on monotonic and cyclic tests at 20° C. In-service observations show that there is a limited fluid leakage through the valve seat at operational pressures about 90% of the set pressure, which is caused by the fluid penetrating into surface asperities at the microscale. Nonlinear FEA in ANSYS using the fluid pressure penetration (FPP) technique revealed that there is a limited amount of fluid penetrating into gap, which is caused by the plastic deformation of the valve seat at the macroscale. Prediction of the fluid pressure distribution over the valve seat just before the valve lift is addressed in this study considering the FPP interaction on multiscale. This is the principal scope, since it allows adjustment of the valve spring force in order to improve the leak tightness.     

基于LabVIEW的安全阀型式试验数据采集系统

安全阀型式试验数据采集系统结合安全阀开启高度与其他性能指标的关系,创新性地将开启高度、压力和流量三组数据整合到同一个曲线监控图中分别显示,根据开启高度的不同状态读取相应试验数据．从而得到安全阀各项性能指标。     

Development of a mitigation system against hydrogen-air deflagrations in nuclear power plants

A novel mitigation system against hydrogen-air deflagrations in nuclear power plant buildings is proposed and developed through a series of field experiments using explosion vessels of different volume sizes. The mitigation system is installed on the outer surface of the vessels, and it comprises flame arrester and explosion air bag. The flame arrester is made by stacking 10–20 sheets of fine-mesh wire screens, and the air bag is connected for holding explosion gas. The successful mitigation mechanism is the sequence of pressure-rise reduction by the air bag expansion, flame quenching by the flame arrester, and the slow burning of the gas mixture sucked from the air bag back into the vessel due to the negative pressure caused by the rapid condensation of water vapor inside the vessel. Necessary conditions for the successful mitigation system are discussed, and the practical unit size of flame arrester sheet is recommended.     

娱乐场所自动喷水灭火系统简化设计探讨

对一个930 m2的歌舞厅自动喷水灭火系统的最不利点喷头工作压力分别按10 mH2O(1 mH2O=9.8×103Pa)和5 mH2O计算,得出系统所需的最低水压和流量及各自的喷水强度。根据娱乐场所营业时间和火灾发生规律,提出对娱乐场所自动喷水灭火系统进行简化设计,简化设计立足于解决原有公共娱乐场所改建的先天限制,突出初期火灾的扑救,在尽量保证安全的情况下,取消系统用电设备,取消水流指示器、信号阀、报警阀和与其配套的压力开关、水力警铃以及报警控制器,取消消防水箱、消防水池、消防水泵,直接利用室外市政给水管网的压力供水,供水压力不要求时刻保证中危险级Ⅰ级的要求,只需白天满足轻危险级设计要求,夜间满足中危险级Ⅰ级的要求即可。