日本研究成功废旧塑料高效转化技术

日本石川岛播磨重工业公司最近宣布,公司已开发成功将PE、PP等废旧塑料转化为石化原料的工艺.利用这项技术可将废PE、PP塑料制品用催化剂将其裂解为苯、甲苯、二甲苯的混合物和氢.     

关于聚乙烯(PE)塑料再生料的调查问卷

正2016年国家重点研发计划"国家质量基础(NQI)的共性技术研究与应用"专项项目"典型产业链资源循环利用关键技术标准研究"项目中关于《聚乙烯(PE)塑料再生料的表征》国家标准的研制任务,由中华全国供销合作总社天津再生资源研究所负责承担,由中国标准化研究院等单位联合行业骨干企业共同组成标准编制小组,合作完成这项标准的编制工作。本次调查问卷旨在开展相关企业聚乙烯再生料回收利用及性能检测相关内容调查,希望企业认真填写。本次调查问卷中的     

废家电中聚丙烯材料回收改性及其应用

随着家电更新速度的加快,废弃家电产生的大量废旧聚丙烯(PP)成为亟需解决的资源和环境问题。通过综述废旧PP的几种可行的改性方法,旨在提高废旧PP产品的科技含量,实现废旧PP高值化再利用,形成资源循环利用的产业链,并从家电中改性PP的应用现状来分析废旧PP改性材料资源化利用的前景及意义,为废旧PP改性材料的再利用市场提供了方向。     

《致顺500型PE/PP废塑料再生模块》科技成果评价会在中再生协会召开

正2017年08月30日,中国再生资源回收利用协会科技成果评价办公室在北京主持召开了由广东致顺化工环保设备有限公司(以下简称致顺公司)完成的《致顺垃圾资源化处理系列解决方案之致顺500型PE/PP废塑料再生模块》成果评价会,会议由中国再生资源回收利用协会副会长兼秘书长潘永刚主持,清华大学化学工程系教授、中国工程院院士金涌作为评价专家组长组织了评价过程,参与评价的有华南理工大学、华东理工大学、南开大学、福建师范     

电厂循环冷却水中异养菌的检测与分析

通过对城市中水回用于火电厂循环冷却系统的微生物进行试验检测与分析,发现循环水进行前期处理后水中大肠菌群、铁细菌、硫酸盐还原菌含量分别为5个/ml、110个/ml和0.7个/ml以下,均在安全限度之内。对循环水中的异养菌检测分析发现其值在105～106个/mL范围内波动,形成火电厂循环水系统的主要危害,提出影响火电厂循环冷却系统的主要影响菌类为异养菌的结论,对循环冷却水系统微生物的控制具有一定指导意义。     

液相色谱法测定空气中17种醛酮类化合物

建立了一种用于测定空气中17种醛酮类化合物的高效液相色谱--二极管阵列检测(HPLC-PDA)分析方法.该法以2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)的盐酸溶液作为吸收液,将醛酮类化合物转化为醛酮-DNPH衍生物,以醛酮-DNPH的特征吸收波长和色谱峰保留时间进行定性分析,并采用工作曲线法同时进行定量测定.色谱测定液中各醛酮类化合物的质量浓度在0.05～2.00μg/mL的范围内与色谱峰面积呈现很好的线性关系,相关系数均大于0.999 0,方法的平均回收率为91.5%～98.9%,相对标准偏差为3.6%～9.4%,检出限为2～10μg/m3,可用于化工装置尾气及环境空气中醛酮类有机污染物的检测.     

改性聚丙烯纤维的制备及其对苯系物的吸附

分别采用熔融接枝法和共混法制备聚丙烯(PP)/苯乙烯(St)改性纤维(PP-g-St)和聚丙烯/聚苯乙烯(PS)改性纤维(PP/PS),研究了熔融接枝条件对St接枝率的影响,考察了PP纤维、PP/PS纤维和PP-g-St纤维对纯苯系物和水中乳化、溶解态苯系物的吸附性能,并探讨了再生后的重复吸附性能。实验结果表明:PP熔融接枝St的最优配比为w(St)=9%,w(过氧化二异丙苯)=0.5%,此时St接枝率为4.7%,且能顺利纺丝;相比于PP纤维,PP-g-St纤维和PP/PS纤维对纯苯系物和水中乳化、溶解态苯系物的吸附量显著提高;吸油饱和的PP-g-St纤维和PP/PS纤维通过离心法再生5次后吸附性能再生率仍能够分别达到82.0%和87.6%。     

水中硫化物测定方法的研究

改进了用于水中硫化物测定的酸化－吹取－吸收预处理方法,对样样预处理条件及校准曲线的制作 进行了详细试验。该方法具有吹取完全,吸收安全、操作简单、准确度高的优点,适用于水和废水中微量硫化物的测定。     

火焰原子吸收光度法测定水中铝的方法改进

研究了在盐酸介质中，壬基酚聚氧乙烯-7醚（NP-7）活化下，火焰原子吸收光度法测定环境水体中铝的方法改进。在25mL容量瓶中，加入5．0mL体积分数为50％的盐酸、2．0mL质量浓度为0．01g／mL NP-7和4．0mL质量浓度为75．0μg/mL的铝标准溶液，在原子吸收分光光度计的最佳测定条件下测定吸光度。根据吸光度与铝质量浓度绘制了工作曲线，线性范围3．0～24．0μg/mL，检出限1．32μg/mL。该法用于环境水体中铝含量的测定，加标回收率为94．4％～101．4％，最大相对标准偏差5．8％，方法对比最大相对误差4．1％。     

PP-g-AA-TETA螯合纤维对Pb2+的吸附

以熔喷聚丙烯(PP)纤维为基体、丙烯酸(AA)和三乙烯四胺(TETA)为功能单体，通过低温等离子接枝和胺化反应制备了PP-g-AA-TETA螯合纤维，并将其用于吸附废水中的Pb²⁺，考察了影响Pb²⁺吸附量的主要因素和PP-g-AA-TETA的再生性能。实验结果表明：在初始Pb²⁺质量浓度为250 mg/L、PP-g-AA-TETA加入量为10 g/L、初始溶液p H为6、吸附时间为120 min的最佳工艺条件下，PP-g-AA-TETA对Pb²⁺的吸附量为13.46 mg/g;PP-g-AA-TETA经5次重复使用后，对Pb²⁺的吸附量仍可达到初始值的80%以上；Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺的存在对PP-g-AA-TETA吸附Pb²⁺的过程影响不大。PP-g-AA-TETA对Pb²⁺的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir等温吸附模型，PP-g-AA-TETA对...     

废PE塑料熔剂法制氧化聚乙烯蜡

研究了在不同溶剂中以聚乙烯废塑料制高附加值氧化聚乙烯蜡产品的方法,测定了所得产物的分子量、酸值、软化点,并用IR考察了含氧基团.结果表明,溶剂A体系中能制备出颜色、分子量、酸值合格的低分子量氧化聚乙烯蜡,产品软化点在101～110℃,相对分子质量为1 500～3 000,酸值是12.以废塑料包装为原料,氧气做氧化剂下制得的氧化聚乙烯蜡的酸值最高.     

Tar and soot generation behaviors from ABS,PC and PE pyrolysis

In this study we performed a non-isothermal thermogravimetric analysis on three thermoplastics—ABS, PC and PE. The Coats and Redfern method (Nature 201:68–69, 1964) was then used to approximate the kinetic parameters of each material. In addition, we performed a series of pyrolysis experiments in a batch reactor, for each plastic. The experiments were performed over the temperature range of 600–1000 °C at a constant residence time. The liquid and solid products of the pyrolysis, were collected, separated and weighted. Those products were categorized as soot, tar and char (PC only), and their relative weight to initial sample weight (DAF) was plotted against the temperature. The tar measured was exclusively medium to high molecular weight (>80 g/mol). Results revealed that relative tar and soot production, for all three materials, first increases and then decreases with temperature increase. The maximum achieved tar yields for ABS, PC and PE were at 700, 650 and 800 °C, respectively; and the maximum soot yields were at 1000, 1000, 950 °C, respectively.     

TG/FTIR analysis on co-pyrolysis behavior of PE,PVC and PS

The pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis behaviors of polyethylene (PE), polystyrene (PS) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) under N₂ atmosphere were analyzed by Thermal gravimetric/Fourier transform infrared (TG/FTIR). The volatile products were analyzed to investigate the interaction of the plastic blends during the thermal decomposition process. The TGA results showed that the thermal stability increased followed by PVC, PS and PE. The pyrolysis process of PE was enhanced when mixed with PS. However, PS was postponed when mixed with PVC. As for PE and PVC, mutual block was happened when mixed together. The FTIR results showed that the free radical of the decomposition could combine into a stable compound. When PE mixed with PVC or PS, large amount of unsaturated hydrocarbon groups existed in products while the content of alkynes was decreased. The methyl (CH₃) and methylene (CH₂) bonds were disappeared while PVC mixed with PE.     

Open windrow composting of polymers: an investigation into the operational issues of composting polyethylene (PE)

This paper investigates the operational issues surrounding the open windrow composting of degradable polyethylene sacks. Areas for consideration were the impact of degradable polyethylene sacks on the composting process, the quality of the finished compost product, and how the use of sacks influenced the on-site processing. These factors were investigated through determining the amount of polymer residue and chemical contaminants in the finished compost product and the daily monitoring of windrow temperature profiles. Site and practical handling considerations of accepting an organic waste contained within PE sacks are also discussed. Statistical analysis of the windrow temperature profiles has led to the development of a model that can help to predict the expected trends in the temperature profiles of open compost windrows where the organic waste is kerbside collected using a degradable PE sack.     

Distribution of Cd,Ck, Pb and Zn in Soil and Vegetation Compartments in Stands of Five Boreal Tree Species in N.E. Sweden

Concentrations and total quantity of cadmium (Cd), cupper (Cu),lead (Pb) and zink (Zn) were determined in biomass and soil compartments in a replicated tree species experiment with 27-yr-old stands growing on former farmland in N.E. Sweden. Sequentialextractions of soil samples were performed in order to estimate the exchangeable and an organically bound fraction of each element. The tree species included were Picea abies (L.)H. Karst., Pinus sylvestris L., Pinus contorta Dougl., Larix sibirica Ledeb., and Betula pendula Roth.Tree species influenced the rate of removal of Cu, Pb and Zn incase of stemwood harvesting, and of Cd, Cu and Zn in the case ofwhole-tree harvesting. B. pendula and P. abies had higher quantities and average concentrations of Zn in the biomass. For all species, >50% of the Zn in the stems was found in the bark. P. abies and L. sibirica had higher quantities of Cu in the biomass than the other species.P. abies and P. contorta had high quantities of Cd inthe biomass in relation to the other species. Branches and stembark contained high concentrations of Cd and Pb in relation to foliage and stemwood. Dead branches had especially high concentrations of Pb. The high accumulation rate of Zn in thebiomass of B. pendula was related to a low exchangeable amount of Zn in the A horizon. In the superficial centimeters ofthe A horizon, a depletion similar to that found for Zn was detected for Cu, whereas for Cd and Pb, no correlations were found between quantities of elements in the trees and element pools in the soil.     

Starch-plastic materials—Preparation,physical properties,and biodegradability (a review of recent USDA research)

Recent starch-plastic research at the National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research is reviewed and related worldwide efforts are noted. Properties of starch that influence its formulation and performance in plastics are discussed. Methods are given for preparation of starch-poly(methyl acrylate) graft copolymer, starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid), and starch-poly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)-polyethylene plastics. Their physical properties are discussed, as is degradability by enzymes or amylolytic organisms from soil, ponds, and streams.The mention of firm names or trade products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over other firms or similar products not mentioned.     

Bioassessment of silvicultural impacts in streams and wetlands of the Eastern United States

Bioassessment is a useful tool to determine the impact of logging practices on the biological integrity of streams and wetlands. Measuring biota directly has an intuitive appeal for impact assessment, and biota can be superior indicators to physical or chemical characteristics because they can reflect cumulative impacts over time. Logging can affect stream and wetland biota by increasing sedimentation rates, altering hydrologic, thermal, and chemical regimes, and changing the base of food webs. Biotic impacts of logging on streams compared to wetlands probably differ, and in this paper we review some of those differences. In streams, invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, algae, and macrophytes have been used as indicators of logging impacts. In wetlands, bioassessment is just beginning to be used, and plants and birds are the most promising indicator taxa. Various best management practices (BMPs) have been developed to reduce the impacts of logging on stream and wetland biota, and we review quantitative studies that have evaluated the efficacy of some of these techniques in streams and wetlands in the eastern United States. Remarkably few studies that address the overall efficacy of BMPs in limiting biotic changes in streams and wetlands after BMP implementation have been published in scientific journals, although some work exists in reports or is unpublished. We review these works, and compile conclusions about BMP efficacy for biota from this body of research.     

Characterization of air emissions and residual ash from open burning of electronic wastes during simulated rudimentary recycling operations

Air emissions and residual ash samples were collected and analyzed during experiments of open, uncontrolled combustion of electronic waste (e-waste), simulating practices associated with rudimentary e-waste recycling operations. Circuit boards and insulated wires were handled separately to simulate processes associated with metal recovery. The average emissions of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDFs) were 92 ng toxic equivalency (TEQ)/kg [n = 2, relative standard deviation (RSD) = 98%] and 11 900 ng TEQ/kg (n = 3, RSD = 50%) of the initial mass of the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. The value for the insulated wire is about 100 times higher than that for backyard barrel burning of domestic waste. The emission concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/PBDFs) from the combustion of circuit boards were 100 times higher than for their polychlorinated counterparts. Particulate matter (PM) sampling of the fly ash emissions indicated PM emission factors of approximately 15 and 17 g/kg of the initial mass for the circuit boards and insulated wire, respectively. Fly ash samples from both types of e-waste contained considerable amounts of several metallic elements and halogens; lead concentrations were more than 200 times the United States regulatory limits for municipal waste combustors and 20 times those for secondary lead smelters. Leaching tests of the residual bottom ash showed that lead concentrations exceeded U.S. Environmental Protection Agency landfill limits, designating this ash as a hazardous waste.     

Historical Weathering Based on Chemical Analyses of Two Spodosols in Southern Sweden

Chemical weathering losses were calculated for two conifer stands in relation to ongoing studies on liming effects and ash amendments on chemical status, soil solution chemistry and soil genesis. Weathering losses were based on elemental depletion trends in soil profiles since deglaciation and exposure to the weathering environment. Gradients in total geochemical composition were assumed to reflect alteration over time. Study sites were Horröd and Hasslöv in southern Sweden. Both Horröd and Hasslöv sites are located on sandy loamy Weichselian till at an altitude of 85 and 190 m a.s.l., respectively. Aliquots from volume determined samples from a number of soil levels were fused with lithium metaborate, dissolved in HNO₃, and analysed by ICP – AES. Results indicated highest cumulative weathering losses at Hasslöv. The weathering losses for the elements are in the following order:Si > Al > K > Na > Ca > MgTotal annual losses for Ca+Mg+K+Na, expressed in mmol_c m^-2 yr^-1, amounted to c. 28 and 58 at Horröd and Hasslöv, respectively. Variations between study sites could not be explained by differences in bulk density, geochemistry or mineralogy. The accumulated weathering losses since deglaciation were larger in the uppermost 15 cm than in deeper B horizons for most elements studied.     

Transformations of nitrogen at the interface between the topsoil and an impervious clay subsoil

Much work has been done on gaseous emissions and leaching of nitrogenous compounds from whole soil profiles and also from soil surface measurements which are assumed to be mainly due to topsoil activity. In soils with an impervious clay subsoil, the boundary between the topsoil and subsoil may provide an interface for microbial activity, including N transformations. In this study, we investigated movement and transformations of two reactive N species (nitrate and urea) at the subsoil interface using a series of replicate, intact soil blocks, under two contrasting watering regimes. We measured fluxes in both liquid and gaseous phases and demonstrated that nitrate reaching the subsoil interface does not necessarily leach into water systems, but may denitrify immediately and could, therefore, add to atmospheric pollution through N₂O production. On the other hand, ammonium reaching the subsoil interface either directly, or after mineralization, appears to be more mobile than expected and has the potential to pollute watercourses.