中国大陆畜牧业环境效率测算及影响因素研究

环境效率是衡量资源、环境与经济协调发展的重要指标。将畜牧业碳排放作为非期望产出,运用非径向非期望产出模型(SBM模型),测算中国大陆31个省(市、区)2000—2013年畜牧业环境效率,并运用处理受限因变量的截尾回归模型(Tobit模型)对其影响因素进行分解。结果显示:(1)中国大陆的畜牧业环境效率整体处于中等水平,上海、北京、福建、浙江、江苏的畜牧业环境效率领先于其他省份,东部地区畜牧业环境效率明显高于中部地区和西部地区;(2)禀赋结构、劳动力受教育程度对畜牧业环境效率有显著正向作用,畜牧业经济发展水平、产业结构、牛和猪的饲养量对畜牧业环境效率有显著消极影响,羊、家禽的饲养量对畜牧业环境效率没有显著性影响。     

综合型生态工业园可持续发展策略探析——以郑州高新技术产业开发区为例

生态工业园作为工业生态化的主要载体在全球范围内迅速发展,近年来中国生态工业园的规划建设也取得了较大进展,而生态工业园在初步建成后如何实现其全方位可持续发展却很少被关注.针对中国综合型生态工业园初步建成后所普遍具有的特点,构建了以促进生态工业园内部产品链、固体废弃物代谢链、“产学研”平台、环境管理体系、园内基础设施以及信息共享平台6个子系统协同完善为核心的综合型生态工业园可持续发展方法体系.并以中国典型的内陆综合型高新区生态工业园(郑州高新技术产业开发区生态工业园)为例,应用所构建的方法体系对生态工业园6个子系统现状及其存在问题进行调查分析,从而探析了各个子系统的完善策略及其之间的联系,并在此基础上提出了郑州高新技术产业开发区生态工业园可持续发展整体策略.     

江苏省低碳竞争力评价探讨

如何评价区域的低碳竞争力水平,是制定低碳政策的重要先决条件.构建了包括低碳经济竞争力、低碳环境竞争力和低碳社会竞争力3个方面的江苏省低碳竞争力评价指标体系,并采用灰关联分析方法和熵理论建立了低碳竞争力的评价模型,对该省2002-2010年间的低碳竞争力进行了评价.评价结果表明,2002-2010年间江苏省的低碳竞争力总体波动不大,需要构建区域低碳发展模式以提高其竞争力水平.最后,基于波特的“钻石模型”竞争理论,从低碳能源、低碳技术、低碳产业、低碳治理、低碳社会和碳汇6个方面提出了进一步提高江苏省低碳竞争力的具体措施.     

先进制造业生态产业链的构建研究

生态产业链的形成和稳定是生态工业园可以顺利运行的核心和关键问题.根据生态产业链构架中的循环经济理论,以合肥市高新技术产业开发区先进制造业为例,分别从企业层面和产业层面对先进制造业生态产业链进行了初步设计;并尝试用灰色关联评价模型对先进制造业的可持续发展水平进行综合评价.结果表明,先进制造业生态产业链的构建提高了生态工业...     

基于灰色数据包络分析法的水运低碳竞争力动态评价模型

水运低碳发展的目标,一是促进水运业的有序发展,二是降低碳排放。因此核心科学问题是提高水运低碳竞争力。目前,国内外对水运低碳竞争力研究未有完善的理论与方法体系。鉴于此,从运输、排放和效率的视角入手,基于数据可获性、可比性、兼顾完备性与简明性、动态性等基本原则,构建水运低碳竞争力评价指标体系。该指标体系包括3个一级指标,分别是运输生产能力、总量控制能力和效率提升能力。借鉴灰关联分析法和数据包络分析法,建立水运低碳竞争力动态评价模型。运用该模型以2007—2014年江苏省水运业为研究对象,对其低碳竞争力水平进行评价分析,在此基础上构建水运低碳发展的钻石结构框架,其研究成果能为江苏省水运低碳发展战略提供决策依据。     

中国建筑业生态经济效率测度及影响因素

基于Super-SBM模型测算中国建筑业的生态经济效率,并运用Tobit模型对建筑业生态经济效率影响因素进行分析。结果表明：2007—2018年中国各省份间建筑业生态经济效率存在异质性,整体表现为东部、东北、中部、西部地区依次递减;优化能源消费结构、提升居民消费水平可显著提高建筑业生态经济效率;提高技术发展水平、优化建筑业产业结构、转型发展装配式建筑和贯彻实施绿色建筑理念对于提高中国建筑业生态经济效率具有重要作用。     

渤海湾海洋资源、生态和环境承载力评价

在海洋经济快速增长的同时,由于海域污染造成的海洋生态环境破坏等问题,严重制约了海洋资源、生态和环境的可持续发展.结合国内外海洋资源、生态和环境承载力研究方法,将人口、社会经济、海洋资源、生态和环境系统服务功能纳入一个综合系统,将海洋生态系统服务功能引入到承载力评价指标体系和研究方法中,构建了以系统动力学(SD)模型、状态空间评价模型、多目标规划( MOP)模型为主,以海洋生态系统服务功能价值评估、灰色预测模型GM(1,1)和曲线回归模型等为辅助手段的海洋资源-生态-环境承载力复合系统(以下简称复合系统),并选取渤海湾进行实证研究.通过复合系统在渤海湾的应用,定量评价和预测渤海湾的承载状况,为海洋开发与管理以及区域协调发展提供评价和决策支持的技术方法,促进中国海洋资源、生态和环境的可持续利用及海洋经济的可持续发展.     

工业结构低碳发展程度的评估方法及案例研究

工业高碳发展及结构性污染已经成为中国环境问题的一个重要特征,对工业结构的低碳发展程度,包括资源能源消耗、污染物排放等进行合理评估,是工业结构调整的前提.定性和定量相结合对工业结构的低碳发展程度进行快速评价,定性评价采用单因子行业位置值与产值所占比例关系图进行分析,定量评价采用工业结构综合低碳发展程度指数进行计算.以北京市海淀区为例,其工业结构综合低碳发展程度指数为0.42,属于工业结构低碳发展程度的较好等级,说明其工业结构基本合理,但是耗能大的行业仍占较大比例,应该进一步优化工业结构来达到可持续发展.     

网络版论文摘要

企业环境报告发展现状的国内外对比———以宝钢集团和日本的Brother集团为例张振华林逢春(华东师范大学环境科学系,上海200062)从环境报告的发布对象、法律法规、环境报告指南等方面对企业环境报告的国内外发布状况进行了比较,并对日本Brother公司及中国宝钢两个企业环境报告进行了详细的对比分析。指出中国企业环境报告书的发布水平与发达国家相比有较大差距。关键词企业环境报告可持续发展报告信息披露耕地生态环境价值测算与环境质量控制潘玲玲1张燕2彭补拙2(1.中国科技大学继续教育学院,安徽合肥230052;2.南京大学城市与资源学系,江苏…     

中国战略环境评价中低碳评价指标体系拓展探讨

低碳发展是应对全球气候变化而催生的新兴发展理念,已经成为中国社会经济发展转型的必然选择,将低碳理念融入战略环境评价(SEA)的目的就是要把抽象的、宏观的战略落实到可操作的具体项目中.从温室气体的污染特性、碳排放的区域差异性以及当前中国SEA指标体系存在的问题等方面,探讨了构建中国SEA中低碳评价指标体系的技术基础.在此基础上,提出将SEA中的低碳评价指标分为评价型指标和建议型指标,以全面体现SEA的功能定位.评价型指标的作用是综合评价拟议规划对低碳理念的融合程度;建议型指标则是提出低碳发展的评估体系和衡量标准.最后指出,当前中国大部分战略规划都尚未融入明确的低碳发展指标,因此建议型指标的构建是未来一段时间内SEA指标体系需要考虑的重点和难点.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides in pinon pine (Pinus edulis) nuts from los alamos national laboratory lands and the dose from consumption

Abstract

One of the dominant tree species growing within and around the eastern portion of Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM, lands is the pinon pine (Pinus edulis). Pinon pine is used for firewood, fence posts, and building materials and is a source of nuts for food—the seeds are consumed by a wide variety of animals and are also gathered by people in the area and eaten raw or roasted. This study investigated the (1) concentration of ³H, ¹³⁷Cs, ⁹⁰Sr, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu, and²⁴¹ Am in soils (0‐ to 12‐in. [31 cm] depth underneath the tree), pinon pine shoots (PPS), and pinon pine nuts (PPN) collected from LANL lands and regional background (BG) locations, (2) committed effective dose equivalent (CEDE) from the ingestion of nuts, and (3) soil to PPS to PPN concentration ratios (CRs). Most radionuclides, with the exception of ³H in soils, were not significantly higher (p < 0.10) in soils, PPS, and PPN collected from LANL as compared to BG locations, and concentrations of most radionuclides in PPN from LANL have decreased over time. The maximum net CEDE (the CEDE plus two sigma minus BG) at the most conservative ingestion rate (10 lb [4.5 kg]) was 0.0018 mrem (0.018 μSv); this is far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem (1000 μSv). Soil‐to‐nut CRs for most radionuclides were within the range of default values in the literature for common fruits and vegetables.     

Degradation and sorption of imidacloprid in dissimilar surface and subsurface soils

Degradation and sorption/desorption are important processes affecting the leaching of pesticides through soil. This research characterized the degradation and sorption of imidacloprid (1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)-methyl]-N-nitro-2-imidazolidinimine) in Drummer (silty clay loam) and Exeter (sandy loam) surface soils and their corresponding subsurface soils using sequential extraction methods over 400 days. By the end of the incubation, approximately 55% of imidacloprid applied at a rate of 1.0 mg kg^?1 degraded in the Exeter sandy loam surface and subsurface soils, compared to 40% of applied imidacloprid within 300 days in Drummer surface and subsurface soils. At the 0.1 mg kg^?1 application rate, dissipation was slower for all four soils. Water-extractable imidacloprid in Exeter surface soil decreased from 98% of applied at day 1 to > 70% of the imidacloprid remaining after 400 d, as compared to 55% in the Drummer surface soil at day 1 and 12% at day 400. These data suggest that imidacloprid was bioavailable to degrading soil microorganisms and sorption/desorption was not the limiting factor for biodegradation. In subsurface soils > 40% of ¹⁴C-benzoic acid was mineralized over 21 days, demonstrating an active microbial community. In contrast, cumulative ¹⁴CO₂ was less than 1.5% of applied ¹⁴C-imidacloprid in all soils over 400 d. Qualitative differences in the microbial communities appear to limit the degradation of imidacloprid in the subsurface soils.