新疆头屯河流域径流演变特征分析

本文以新疆头屯河流域为例，采用滑动平均、Mann-Kendall检验和小波分析等水文统计分析方法，科学分析近64 a新疆头屯河流域径流演变特征。结果表明：头屯河流域径流年际变化小，年内变化大，来水时段与用水时段较为一致，对流域水资源开发利用有利。从趋势、突变分析来看，头屯河流域径流突变点为1965年、1967年和1994年，突变和趋势不显著。从周期分析来看，流域的年径流量周期性明显，第一主周期为40 a,第二和第三主周期分别为11 a和4 a。     

黄柏河流域水体污染及防治初探

当前,河道型水库水污染问题（包括水库自身及其支流）受到越来越多的关注.黄柏河是长江的一级支流,属于葛洲坝水库流域,受葛洲坝水库蓄水影响,其水体水动力条件完全改变,使水体污染日益严重,已严重影响到沿岸经济的发展.根据1998 - 2002年黄柏河河道断面水质监测资料,进行水质现状评价,分析引起流域水体污染的主要环境问题及其产生原因,提出黄柏河流域水污染综合防治措施.     

艾比湖流域核心区景观生态功能区划及生态调控措施研究

在探讨了景观生态功能区划的概念、原则及区划方法的基础上,以新疆艾比湖流域核心区为对象,采用叠置法并利用“3S”技术对研究区进行了自下而上的景观生态功能区的划分,共划分出4个景观生态功能区和9个景观生态功能亚区。分析了各景观功能区的主导生态功能、保护目标,并有针对性地提出了景观生态调控的工程措施和管理措施,为恢复和重建艾比湖流域景观生态安全格局提供科学的参考依据。     

阿克苏境内塔里木河水质状况存在的问题及对策

塔里木河由发源于天山山脉的阿克苏河、发源于喀喇昆仑山的叶尔羌河以及和田河汇流而成。流域总面积102×104km2,流域总人口约830×104人。阿克苏境内塔里木河流域是新疆农产品主产区,国家重点生态功能区,塔河水资源保护非常重要,保护塔里木河,事关人民群众福祉,事关沿岸各民族长远发展,是实现可持续发展的重要基石。通过利用塔河源流阿克苏河及塔里木干流5个国控监测断面实测数据,全面对塔里木河水质现状分析,结合塔里木河目前水资源利用与消耗情况,找出在塔里木河生态环境保护中存在的环境问题,分别从建立保护塔河管理机制,减轻对塔河水质污染,建立塔河水污染防治工程,生态修复工程等方面,提出了针对性很强的生态环境保护有效对策和措施。     

骆马湖富营养化发生机制与防治途径初探

骆马湖为一浅水湖泊 ,具有典型的过水性特征 ,其已经处于中—富营养化阶段。通过对骆马湖富营养化发生机制的研究 ,发现入湖河道携入大量营养物质入湖和水生植物的破坏是骆马湖富营养化进程加快的主要原因。文章提出了控制骆马湖富营养化的一些措施 :控制外源污染物入湖、加强湖滨湿地建设和水生植物的保护、合理的水库调度以及湖泊内部的生物治理     

《长江保护法》的8大亮点

《长江保护法》于2021年3月1日起施行。长江保护,法治先行。《长江保护法》是我国第一部流域专门法律,对于贯彻落实习近平生态文明思想和党中央有关决策部署,加强长江流域生态环境保护和修复,促进资源合理高效利用,保障生态安全,实现人与自然和谐共生、中华民族永续发展,具有重大意义,其实施非常必要,非常及时。     

牛栏江流域水污染时空分布与防治对策措施研究

根据昆明市环境监测中心2004～2008年连续5年对昆明辖区牛栏江流域河道及库区水质监测的结果,对牛栏江-滇池补水工程昆明辖区流域的水环境质量现状进行了分析研究,探讨了该流域段水污染的时空分布,就此提出水污染防治对策措施建议.     

富营养化水库水生生态环境长期观测研究

分析某富营养化水库长达15年的水质和藻类观测结果,研究该水库水质及水生生态环境变化趋势,评估各类污染防治措施的治理成效。提出富营养化防治是一个长期的工作,应在科学研究的基础上,有针对性地实施控源和生态防治相结合的治理措施。     

新疆民丰县地表水资源及可利用量计算研究

工程性缺水是造成民丰县春、秋旱灾频发的原因,对区域社会经济发展造成较大的影响。通过分析民丰县水资源的基本特点及利用现状,以1956—2010年55年各水文要素的统计分析,运用地理信息分析处理软件技术等新技术、新方法,采用三要素等值线法分析、计算确定了区域地表水资源总量为8.182×10~8m~3,分区水量按照乡镇一级行政分区和流域分区分别进行计算,在考虑不可以被利用地表水量及不可能被利用地表水量的情况下,计算出区域地表水资源总的可利用量为5.031×10~8m~3;地表水资源来自于山区,主要消耗于山前平原戈壁沙漠及绿洲区域。通过区域水资源开发利用的程度、限度和潜力,以及各项成果计算到乡镇级,更具有实用性,对水资源开发利用及其管理起到了积极的作用,对科学利用水资源具有现实意义。     

黄河流域水生生物资源评估及问题诊断

近几十年来,随着全球气候的变化和社会经济的发展,受筑坝建闸、河道断流、水质恶化、酷渔滥捕、人工引种、海水入侵、调水调沙等因素影响,黄河流域水生生物多样性及资源量呈下降趋势。在目前流域内多目标同步推进的要求下,黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展正不断面临新的挑战。通过分析黄河流域水生生物多样性和资源量在时空分布上的演变规律,明确了是水资源短缺、工程建设、水环境恶化等因素的共同作用导致了黄河流域的水生态危机。基于绿色生态、高质量发展的科学管理理念,提出了新时代黄河流域水文-环境-生态协同保护与修复的发展策略,为促进黄河流域水资源保护和生态系统可持续发展提供数据支持与理论参考。     

2016—2021年上海市杨浦区黄浦江流域水质变化与污染特征分析

为全面了解并跟踪上海市杨浦区黄浦江流域的水质情况,于2016年1月—2021年12月对杨浦区黄浦江流域的6个监测断面的地表水质量进行调查。采用单因子污染指数分析法和水质综合污染指数分析法,探究了杨浦区内黄浦江流域水质的污染变化特征。结果表明,自2017年杨浦区开展河道整治以来,流域总体水质明显改善,出口水质从重度污染提升到良好水平;居民区密集的虬江断面水质相对较差,后续需加强对虬江流域的污染排放管理;水质污染特征分析结果发现河道的主要污染物种类从氨氮(NH₃-N)转换为总磷(TP),说明河道整治提升了河道的自净能力,水质改善效果显著;水质在非汛期优于汛期,气温、降雨、泵站放江和污水排放是影响水质的主要原因。     

沙颍河流域抗生素污染特征与生态风险评价

于2018年7月 (丰水期)、11月 (枯水期) 和2019年3月(平水期)对沙颍河流域5种抗生素磺胺吡啶(SPD)、磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、环丙沙星(CIP)和四环素(TCL)的污染状况和空间分布进行了研究,并对其生态风险进行了评价。结果表明,沙颍河流域5种抗生素在丰水期、枯水期和平水期均有检出,丰水期CIP、枯水期SPD和SDZ以及平水期SCP的检出率均>50%,平水期SCP的检出率最高达到70.97%,CIP在丰水期的检出值最高(655 ng/L),5种抗生素累积浓度为：丰水期>平水期>枯水期。对比国内其他地区水体环境,沙颍河流域5种抗生素浓度总体处于一般水平,但丰水期CIP检出浓度较高。相关性分析显示抗生素浓度与水质参数硬度、NH₃-N和电导率显著相关。5种抗生素的水生态风险为：丰水期>枯水期>平水期,其中CIP和TCL均为高风险。提出,应加强监测评估与预警管理,有效控制其水生态风险。     

水生态环境质量评价方法及在黄河流域的应用进展

开展水生态环境质量评价方法研究,建立合适的河流健康评价体系是解决河流健康问题的前提和实现河流健康管理的重要手段。黄河自上而下生态环境现状迥异,水生态环境脆弱,寻求一种或多种适合黄河流域水生态环境质量的评价方法具有重要意义。该文介绍了国内外水生态环境质量评价方法及在黄河流域的应用进展,总结了鱼类生物完整性指数(F-IBI)、底栖无脊椎动物完整指数(B-IBI)、着生藻类生物完整性指数(P-IBI)及水生态环境质量综合评价法的主要指标,以及黄河流域不同区域生物种类的评价指标,分析了各评价方法优缺点及应用范围,并根据目前研究基础评述了黄河流域水生态环境质量评价存在的问题,对黄河流域水生态环境质量评价方法、指示生物的选择及水生态环境质量综合评价法的研究等提出了具体建议。     

水生态监测方法研究进展及在黄河流域的应用实践

水生态监测能够为水生态环境监督、管理和保护提供重要的数据和技术支撑。加强黄河水生态监测,维护流域水生态系统健康,对促进黄河流域高质量发展具有重要意义。从常规水质监测、生境监测和生物监测3个方面,分析了中国水生态监测方法的研究进展及在黄河流域的应用实践。结合黄河流域水生态监测尤其是生物监测相对滞后的现状,探讨了流域水生态监测的发展方向。建议加快黄河流域水生态监测能力建设,建立适用于黄河流域的水生态监测与评价标准体系,探索新兴监测技术与传统技术的有机结合。     

Sizing an Off-stream Reservoir with Respect to Water Availability,Water Quality,and Biological Integrity

Sizing a new reservoir is a challenging task, which normally requires simultaneously a cost-effective, risk-informed, and forward-looking decision analysis with respect to basin-wide hydrological features, environmental quality, and biological integrity. Such a sustainable planning approach takes into account the global trend to balance the needs of economic growth, ecological conservation, and environmental protection. To achieve the goal of sustainability, emphasis in this paper was placed upon the correlation of three physical, chemical, and biological indices, including the dissolved oxygen (DO), the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅), and the index of biotic integrity (IBI), for the optimal planning of a reservoir in a river basin. This new methodological paradigm has been employed for sizing an off-stream reservoir in the Hou-Lung River Basin, central Taiwan. The internal linkage between the water quality parameters (DO and BOD₅) and the IBI levels further enables us to formulate a special biotic integrity constraint which reflects fish community attributes to suit a relatively low-density and unspecialized freshwater fish fauna in response to the changing water quality conditions in the river basin. The tradeoffs among economic, environmental, and ecological aspects for reservoir sizing can then be based on the river flow patterns, the water demand, the water quality standards, and the anticipated biological integrity in some critical river reaches. Findings in a preliminary case study suggest that an optimal pumping scheme may be smoothly maintained on a yearly basis within a combined multicriteria and multiobjective decision-making process.     

Variable-source flood pulsing in a semi-arid transboundary watershed: the Chobe River, Botswana and Namibia

The Chobe River, characterized by an unusual flood pulsing regime and shared between Botswana and Namibia, lies at the heart of the world’s largest transfrontier conservation area (the Kavango–Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area). Significant ecological changes and vegetation conversions are occurring along its floodplains. Various scenarios for agricultural and urban water use are currently being proposed by the government of Botswana. However, the understanding of the river’s annual flow regime and timing of the relative contributions of water from three different sources is relatively poor. In light of past and future climate change and variability, this means that allocating water between ecological flows and economic and domestic uses will become increasingly challenging. We reconstruct the inundation history in this basin to help ease this challenge. This paper presents a spatiotemporal approach to estimate the contribution of water from various sources and the magnitude of changes in the flooding extent in the basin between 1985 and 2010. We used time series analysis of bimonthly NOAA AVHRR and NASA MODIS data and climatologic and hydrologic records to determine the flooding timing and extent. The results indicate that between 12 and 62 % of the basin is flooded on an annual basis and that the spatial extent of the flooding varies throughout the year as a function of the timing of peak discharge in two larger basins. A 30-year trend analysis indicates a consistent decline in the average monthly flooded area in the basin. The results may prove useful in future water utilization feasibility studies, in determining measures for protecting ecological flows and levels, and in ecosystem dynamics studies in the context of current and future climate change and variability.     

珠三角典型河道49种抗生素污染现状及风险评估

为评估抗生素在珠三角地表水中的生态及健康风险,在石岐河布设20个监测点位,分别采集丰水期和枯水期样品,用固相萃取/超高效液相色谱-质谱法对4大类共49种抗生素进行检测。结果显示,在丰水期和枯水期样品中共检出抗生素30种,检出种类和抗生素总浓度都呈现出枯水期明显大于丰水期的现象。从总量上看,喹诺酮类是影响石岐河生态环境安全的主要抗生素类别。石岐河抗生素浓度在枯水期主要受污水处理设施出水的影响,在丰水期主要受沿岸养殖业排水的影响。采用风险熵法对生态风险进行评估,发现枯水期生态风险高于丰水期,头孢匹啉、克林霉素、诺氟沙星3种抗生素处于高生态风险级别,罗红霉素、磺胺二甲异恶唑和奥索利酸3种抗生素处于中等生态风险级别,另有4种抗生素处于低生态风险级别,应引起重视。采用健康风险评价模型对人群健康风险进行评价,发现石岐河抗生素致癌风险和非致癌风险皆处于可接受的健康风险范围内。     

Northern Rivers Ecosystem Initiative: Context and Prevailing Legacy

The Northern River Ecosystem Initiative (NREI), 1997–2004, has provided new scientific knowledge in response to specific recommendations from its predecessor, the Northern River Basins Study (NRBS), 1990–1996. The two initiatives together provide a remarkable body of science which is, and will continue to be, used by resource managers responsible for economic and environmental sustainability in the northern watersheds of Alberta. The NREI focused its investigative efforts on improving our understanding related to ecological considerations of changes in river flow, effect of climate change on flow, ecological responses to pollution and cumulative effects, vulnerability of drinking water quality, and to a lesser degree, wildlife (birds) response to large scale changes within the watersheds. Key findings are briefly presented in this paper and discussed in greater detail in the other NREI papers included in this. Commensurate with the undertakings of NREI, provincial and territorial governments, First Nation and Métis communities, and other administrative organizations such as the Mackenzie River Basin Board, undertook policy, regulatory, and watershed initiatives towards achieving sustainability and providing reliable drinking water quality.     

Spatio-temporal variation in the hydrochemistry of Tawa River, Central India: effect of natural and anthropogenic factors

Tawa River is the biggest left bank tributary of the Narmada, the largest west-flowing river of the Indian peninsula. Central India enjoys a tropical climate, is highly urbanized, and the river flow is mostly controlled by monsoon; a large part of the population depend on rivers for their livelihood. Spatial and temporal variations in the hydrochemistry of the Tawa River were studied based on seasonal sampling along the course of the river and its tributaries. The study is important because not much data exist on small size rivers and the river processes spell out correctly in smaller basins. The monsoon season accounts for more than 70 % of river water flow. The basin is characterized by silicate lithology; however, water chemistry is controlled by carbonate-rich soils and other weathering products of the silicate rocks, as indicated by the high (Ca?+?Mg)/(Na?+?K) ratios (>3.8). The values of the Na-normalized ratios of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and HCO₃ ^? suggest that both the carbonate and silicate lithology contribute to the hydrochemistry. On average, 42 % of HCO₃ ^? in the Tawa River water is contributed by silicate weathering and 58 % from carbonate lithology. The water remains undersaturated with respect to calcite during the monsoon and post-monsoon seasons and supersaturated during the pre-monsoon season. A significant influence of mining in the basin and other industrial units is observed in water chemical composition.