膜生物反应器去除废水中阴离子表面活性剂的研究

阴离子表面活性剂是环境中分布广泛且具有代表性的一类有机污染物.采用分置式膜生物反应器(MBR)进行去除模拟废水中阴离子表面活性荆(LAS)的实验,结果表明:MBR对阴离子表面活性荆的去除率高于90%.同时考察了阴离子表面活性荆生物降解的影响因素,确定其适宜降解条件为:气体流量为0.3m3/h、活性污泥浓度为6948mg/L.初步探讨了降解动力学和降解机理,研究表明对阴离子表面活性剂的去除符合拟一级反应动力学过程,且生物降解对其去除起主要作用.     

表面活性剂增效微生物修复PAHs污染土壤的研究进展

生物降解是去除土壤环境中多环芳烃（PAHs）的重要途径,通过使用表面活性剂增效修复可显著提高PAHs降解速度和程度。本文系统评述了表面活性剂增效修复PAHs污染土壤的研究现状和存在的问题。     

表面活性剂（LAS＆NIS）的环境安全性评价

阴离子表面活性剂直链烷基苯磺酸盐(LAS)和非离子表面活性剂(NIS)是产量和消耗量都相当大的两类表面活性剂。文章从生物降解性、毒性及在环境和生物体内的累积性3个方面分析了它们的环境安全性，认为表面活性剂对环境会产生不同程度的影响。LAS对动植物有毒害，在环境中和生物体内有累积(尽管易降解)，应引起重视；NIS中脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(APEO)的降解产物毒性高、降解速度慢，对环境有很大的危害。     

双表面活性剂修饰下纳米零价铁对水中Cr(Ⅵ)污染去除研究

为解决纳米级零价铁（nZVI）在环境中易团聚、易氧化的问题,强化其去除水中Cr（VI）的能力,选择非离子型表面活性剂聚乙烯吡咯烷酮（PVP）和阴离子表面活性剂油酸钠（NaOA）同时对nZVI进行修饰.同时,通过对比不同pH值、材料干湿状态、初始浓度及共存离子条件下的反应效果,结合材料的XRD和XPS表征、动力学实验和25℃等温线的拟合进行机理分析.结果表明：酸性条件有利于Cr（VI）的去除;材料的干湿状态对去除效率影响较大;材料去除水中Cr（VI）可在3 h内达到反应平衡,去除效率在90%以上,实验条件下最大去除量为183.1 mg·g^-1,反应过程符合准二级动力学模型及Langmuir模型;反应过程中Cr（VI）大部分转化为Cr（Ⅲ）.     

孔雀绿萃取分光光度法测定水中痕量阴离子表面活性剂

研究了孔雀绿（ＭＧ）与阴离子表面活性剂（ＡＳ）形成的缔合物革取显色体系。在ｐＨ＝３．７的醋酸溶液中，ＭＧ与ＡＳ形成稳定的离子缔合物，可用苯苹取，其萃取液在６２２ｎｍ处有最大吸收，ε值为７．１×１０４～８．９×１０４Ｌ．ｍｏ１－１．ｃｍ－ｌ。从而提出了包括十二烷基苯磺酸钠（ＤＢＳＮａ）和十二烷基磷酸钠（ＤＳＮａ）等阴离子表面活性剂的新分析方法，ＤＢＳＮａ浓度在１～３５μｇ／１０ｍｌ，ＤＳＮａ浓度在０．５～２５μｇ／１０ｍｌ符合比耳定律，用等摩尔连续变化法和斜率比法测得缔合物的组成比为ｌ：１，用本法测定了环境水样中的痕量阴离子表面活性剂，结果满意。     

表面活性剂在环境中的生物降解

简述表面活性剂对环境的影响,讨论了表面活性剂生物降解性的测试方法、降解过程动力学及其影响因素,并对各类表面活性剂结构与降解能力之间的关系作了评价。     

含氮农药的好氧生物降解性能及废水治理对策

从动力学角度出发,利用长期驯化的菌种,对乙草胺,阿特拉津,西草净,赛克津等４种含氮农药的好氧生物降解性能进行了研究,并对含氮农药废水提出了治理对策,结果表明,４种含氮农药的好氧生物降解性能都很差,均属于难生物降解有机物,降解过程均符合一级降解动力学模式,它们的生物降解速率常数分别为０．００３５３Ｌ（ｇ．ｈ）,０．００５７７Ｌ／（ｇ．ｈ）,０．００１６０Ｌ／（ｇ．ｈ）,０。０４５６Ｌ／（ｇ．ｈ）进一     

饱和带有机污染物的厌氧反硝化微生物降解

以卤代烃和芳香烃为代表,通过室内实验模拟饱和带厌氧反硝化环境,对地下饱和带中有机污染物的厌氧反硝化可生物降解性,降解机理,降解动力学方程等进行了研究。实验结果表明,芳香烃较卤代烃易被微生物降解,在有低学葡萄糖存在时有 机物的最大生物降解速率Ｃ６Ｈ６：Ｌｍａｘ＝１７ｍｇ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）,Ｃ７Ｈ８：Ｌｍａｘ＝４６ｍｇ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）,ＣＣｌ４;Ｌｍａｘ＝７ｍｇ／（ｍ＾２．ｄ）,ＣＨＣｌ３：Ｌｍａｘ＝６     

表面活性剂(LAS & NIS)的环境安全性评价

阴离子表面活性剂直链烷基苯磺酸盐(LAS)和非离子表面活性剂(NIS)是产量和消耗量都相当大的两类表面活性剂.文章从生物降解性、毒性及在环境和生物体内的累积性3个方面分析了它们的环境安全性,认为表面活性剂对环境会产生不同程度的影响.LAS对动植物有毒害,在环境中和生物体内有累积(尽管易降解),应引起重视;NIS中脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(APEO)的降解产物毒性高、降解速度慢,对环境有很大的危害.     

渭河宝鸡市区段阴离子表面活性剂污染研究

本文采用改进的亚甲蓝分光光度法，对渭河宝鸡市区段阴离子表面活性剂进行监测分析。测定结果表明：渭河在进入宝鸡市至植物园断面时阴离子表面活性剂含量较低，日平均值为0．049mg／L，达到地面水环境质量I类标准(≤0．2mg／L)(GB3838-88．地面水环境质量标准)；在流经市区新世纪桥、渭河桥断面时，由于分别有清姜河和金陵河两个支流的汇入，污染越来越严重．在这两个断面阴离子表面活性剂含量日平均值分别为0．34mg／L和0．54mg／L；在即将流出宝鸡市的斗鸡断面阴离子表面活性剂含量日平均值为0．424mg／L，已远远超过地面水环境质量V类标准(≤0．3mg／L)(GB3838-88，地面水环境质量标准)。从监测结果看：双休日阴离子表面活性剂含量普遍高于工作日；清姜河、金陵河污染严重，这两条支流的汇入对渭河水质影响巨大，要治理好渭河，须先治理好清姜河和金陵河这两条支流。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.