关于δEu值的计算

<正> δEu值在稀土元素地球化学研究中具有重要意义,任何一个样品,在给出稀土含量原始数据后一般都应列出δEu值。δEu值的大小反映了样品在其球粒陨石标准化图解(科里尔图解)中Eu异常(亏损或富集)的程度,用Eu/Eu~*表示。Eu为实测含量的标准化值,Eu~*为图解中无Eu异常时Eu含量标准化值,一般常用作图法求得,即科里尔图解中Sm和Gd的内插值。随着微机的广泛应用,用计算机对稀土数据进行作图和参数计算越来越普及,Eu~*值可用计算法获得,其计算公式为:     

浙东燕山晚期花岗岩的地球化学特征

浙东燕山晚期侵入岩分为I型和A型,本文研究了两个不同成因类型花岗岩的岩石化学、地球化学特征。A型花岗岩与I型花岗岩相比较,富硅、富碱、贫镁、贫钙、低铝,(Na+K)/Al(分子数)比值高,富Nb、Zr、Ga、F,而贫Sr、Ba、Cr、Ni、Co、V,Rb/Sr、Ga/Al比值高,LREE/HREE比值低,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线为“V”型,δEu强烈亏损;是下地壳残留的麻粒岩相较低程度部分熔融或是早期部分熔融形成Ⅰ型岩浆之后残余的亏损物质部分熔融的产物。Ⅰ型花岗岩是由下地壳岩石部分熔融形成母岩浆,在岩浆上升过程中与中上陆壳物质发生混染和分离结晶而形成。     

内蒙古乌兰浩特索伦镇地区中生代侵入岩特征研究

内蒙古乌兰浩特索伦镇地区位于大兴安岭中南段。该区中生代侵入岩广泛发育。开展侵入岩的年代学、地球化学特征研究能为深入探讨区域构造背景提供依据。3个样品K-Ar全岩法测年结果(93.39Ma～108.48Ma)证明侵入岩形成于早白垩世,略晚于其南侧同一构造带上的杜尔基地区侵入岩年龄(100.15Ma～120.29Ma),符合太行山——大兴安岭早白垩世侵入岩时代自南向北由老变新的演化趋势。岩石地球化学分析结果显示岩石属于碱性系列,具有高硅、高钾、富碱、过铝、贫钙、镁、铁等特征。稀土元素总量为(77.96～241.29)μg/g,平均值为158.92μg/g,与杜尔基地区早白垩世侵入岩的稀土总量平均值(146.85μg/g)及华北克拉通内碱性系列岩石的稀土总量平均值(163.32μg/g)都非常接近。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线整体右倾,因Eu负异常而呈"V"型形态,与太行山-大兴安岭地区早白垩世典型岩体的稀土配分型式极为相似。侵入岩的成因类型为A-型,形成于伸展构造环境。     

太平洋海底超基性岩和基性岩中的稀土元素(小笠原海台、火山海沟和伊豆-小笠原海沟)

对太平洋伊豆-小笠原海沟南部、小笠原海台和火山海沟北部超基性岩、玻古安山岩和玄武岩中的稀土元素分布进行了研究。研究区内绝大部分超基性岩已强烈蛇纹石化,但未发现稀土元素行为与蛇纹石化的强度有什么联系。据分析,超基性岩中稀土元素的含量为球粒陨石中的3～5倍。根据REE的分布,超基性岩可分为两种类型。Ⅰ型岩石的特点是轻镧系元素较之重镧系元素有明显亏损;稀土分馏曲线比较平缓,但在重镧系元素区突然升高。Ⅱ型岩石的特点是:具有稳定的、相对于球粒陨石未分异的稀土元素含量;La/Yb比值变化不大,接近1。 玻古安山岩的特点是:稀土元素的含量很低;稀土元素的绝对含量和变化范围以及镧系元素的分馏特征均类似于所研究的橄榄岩。在许多大洋海域,玻古安山岩的产生与岛弧的早期火山作用有关。但研究区玻古安山岩中碱质和稀土元素的行为与这种稳定关系相矛盾。 研究区的玄武岩具有镧系元素含量高和轻稀土较重稀土占优势的特点。按稀土元素的分馏程度、不相容元素的行为和Eu的相对浓度,这些玄武岩可分为5种类型。根据实验和计算资料,这些玄武岩是由研究区内广泛分布的起基性岩的低度熔融形成的。     

陨石中微量元素的质谱测定

用火花源质谱测定了橄榄石—紫苏辉石球粒陨石—IIolbrook 和 Mocs 以及顽火辉石球粒陨石—Abee 中的稀土元素及重元素Re、Os、Ir、Pt、Au、Tl、Pb、Bi、Th和 U。也测定了铁陨石 El TaCo 中硅酸盐包体中的稀土元素。在和普通球粒陨石中的稀土相比较时,发现在 El TaCo 包体中,铕有很强的减损。火花源质谱早已用来分析矿物和岩石,     

武汉大气PM_(2.5)中稀土元素的组成特征和来源分析

采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)分析了16种稀土元素的浓度水平,并通过球粒陨石标准化、富集因子模型等方法对其分布模式和污染来源进行了分析。研究表明,武汉PM2.5中各稀土元素浓度随时间的变化趋势大体一致,其分布符合奥多—哈尔金斯定律,并呈轻稀土富集型的分布模式,但PM2.5中轻稀土元素相对于重稀土元素的富集程度比土壤高,稀土元素在土壤中的比重要高于PM2.5。武汉PM2.5中的稀土元素部分源于土壤或扬尘,部分则来自人为源,其中Sc主要来源于人为污染源,而Pr、Nd、Sm、Dy、Ho、Er、Yb、Y等8种元素的主要来源为土壤或扬尘,La、Ce、Eu、Gd、Tb等5种元素则部分来源于土壤或扬尘,部分来源于人为源。     

伊犁盆地昭苏黄土不同粒径和相态稀土元素特征及其物源指示意义

为了探讨伊犁盆地风成沉积物质来源特征,对伊犁地区昭苏黄土剖面代表性样品各个 粒级全岩、酸溶组分和残渣组分中的稀土元素进行了分析。结果表明,各个粒级组分全岩样品 的稀土总量（ΣREE）的变化范围为114.61~178.37 μg·g?1,剖面中各个粒级组分稀土球粒陨石标 准化配分模式呈轻稀土富集,存在明显的Eu 负异常,Ce 无明显异常。各个粒级组分酸溶残渣 稀土特征与上述全岩特征类似。酸溶组分稀土的上部大陆地壳标准化呈现稳定的中稀土富集。 随着各组分粒级变粗,酸溶组分稀土占全岩比例呈现先降低后升高的趋势,即从<2 μm 组分到 16 ~32 μm 组分比例渐次降低,而后从16 ~32 μm 组分到>63 μm 渐次升高,这主要反映了以西风 为代表的远源输送体系和以近地面风为代表的近源输送体系下两种来源的碎屑碳酸盐稀土的混 合。本文不同粒径和赋存形态下稀土元素的特征表明了利用风成沉积物稀土元素反映源区物质 特征存在一定复杂性。     

黔西地区峨眉山玄武岩(东岩区)铂族元素地球化学特征

利用同位素稀释 等离子体质谱(ICP MS)方法测定了黔西水城、威宁等地的东岩区峨眉山玄武岩的铂族元素含量。结果表明,相对于原始地幔,东岩区峨眉山玄武岩的铂族元素发生了较强的分异作用,Os、Ir、Ru、Rh亏损,Pd、Pt则发生富集,相对配分模式为Pd Pt富集型;经球粒陨石及原始地幔标准化的铂族元素配分模式为向左陡倾斜型,具有陡的正斜率,Pd/Ir显著高于原始地幔、球粒陨石、原始上地幔等,而与地幔低度熔融形成的N MORB、大陆拉斑玄武岩等接近,表明峨眉山玄武岩的物质来源为上地幔熔融程度偏低的玄武岩浆。     

安徽石台中生代花岗岩类地球化学特征

安徽石台地区出露的牯牛降(东库)、谭山岩体可划分为4个侵入期次,从早到晚岩性变化趋势为中粒似斑状(二长)花岗岩→中(中粗)粒正长花岗岩→中细粒似斑状(正长)花岗岩→细(微)粒似斑状钾长花岗岩。岩石化学特征显示均为高钾钙碱性系列;微量元素地球化学特征表明,牯牛降(东库)、谭山岩体微量元素总体具相似特征,都富集大部分亲石元素,K/Rb比值低而Rb/Sr比值高;微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网图总体略显右倾,均具有高Rb低Ba、Sr、Ti的特征。牯牛降(东库)和谭山岩体稀土元素球粒陨石标准化配分模式图均为右倾海鸥型,均具有较强的Eu亏损。研究认为牯牛降(东库)岩体和谭山岩体成岩物质主要来源于上地壳的部分熔融,成岩的地球动力学背景为碰撞造山后挤压收缩向拉张伸展的转变,与中国东部此时发生构造大转折、岩浆活动和成矿作用大爆发基本一致。     

中大西洋中脊37°N洋底玄武岩的稀土元素特征

一、引言 根据以往的认识,稀土的丰度对于区分各种类型的玄武岩具有特殊的意义。据此,所谓的深海拉斑玄武岩的球粒陨石标准化稀土分布模式不同于所有其它的玄武岩类型,前者轻稀土元素(LREE)的亏损大于重稀土元素(HREE),而且HREE的富集因子(e.f.)通常比较低。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.