海泡石基钝化剂对猪粪中铜、锌钝化的影响

研究了海泡石基钝化剂在猪粪自然堆沤过程中对重金属铜、锌钝化的影响。采用Tessier五步提取法分析猪粪、土壤中铜、锌形态变化,并将钝化后的猪粪施用于油菜盆栽试验。结果表明:不同施用量的海泡石对猪粪中的铜、锌进行钝化时,海泡石添加比例超过5%(质量分数),钝化效果较好;采用不同海泡石基钝化剂时,施用改性海泡石-赤泥(海泡石、赤泥质量比1∶1)钝化效果最明显,猪粪中可交换态铜、锌分别降低36.79%和33.35%。施用钝化猪粪与未处理猪粪相比,油菜的铜、锌吸收率分别降低5.94%～12.13%和4.21%～11.68%。可见,海泡石基钝化剂能有效降低猪粪中铜、锌的活性及其生物吸收性,且以改性海泡石-赤泥作为钝化剂效果最优。     

香蕉皮吸附废水中铜、锌的研究

用香蕉皮作为吸附剂,对含有Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋的重金属废水进行了吸附研究。分别考察了pH值、溶液初始浓度、吸附剂量、吸附剂粒径以及吸附时间等因素对吸附的影响。结果表明,香蕉皮对Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋有较好的吸附效果。溶液的pH值在5左右,吸附时间为7h,香蕉皮对Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋的吸附率可达95％以上。     

柠檬酸浸出土壤中铜、锌的优化设计

以某工业废弃地土壤为供试材料,采用批次实验方法,研究了柠檬酸对重金属Cu、Zn的浸出效果。并在单因素实验基础上,探讨不同pH值、柠檬酸浓度、固液比和浸提时间等对浸出效果的影响,进而对实验条件进行正交优化组合,确定优化工艺参数为：pH值为3.2,柠檬酸浓度为0.4 mol/L,壤土固液比为1/10,土壤中Cu、Zn接近平衡的时间分别为1 h和1.5 h。结果表明,在此条件下,对这2种金属来说,Cu较Zn易释放,Cu、Zn的最大浸出率分别为74.8%和65.3%。柠檬酸浸提前后,土壤中有机质含量下降范围为0.61%~3.16%。单从土壤有机质含量来看,柠檬酸对土壤质量影响较小,具有较好的应用前景。     

诱导结晶法同时去除铜、锌离子

考察投药量、水力负荷、停留时间等因素,对诱导结晶反应器去除Cu2+、Zn2+效果的影响,确定最佳运行参数为：水力负荷40 m3·（m2·h）-1,结晶药剂投药量2：1,停留时间90 min。在最佳运行参数下,结晶反应器处理含铜20 mg·L-1,含锌10 mg·L-1、pH为5.5~6.0的混合重金属废水。反应器连续运行40 d,出水中铜离子和锌离子平均浓度分别为1.31 mg·L-1和4.57 mg·L-1,铜离子和锌离子平均去除率分别是93.4%和51.3%。诱晶载体粒径由0.568 mm长至0.617 mm,平均生长速度为0.001 23 mm·d-1。研究表明,该诱导结晶工艺可以用作同时去除废水中的Cu2+、Zn2+。     

铜、镉复合污染红壤对黑麦草生长和土壤酶活性的影响

采用石灰石调节红壤酸性后,利用对铜、镉具有一定耐性的高产牧草黑麦草修复铜、镉复合污染土壤。分析黑麦草的生长、生理生化指标以及土壤中酶活性的变化,探索在修复铜、镉复合污染红壤的同时又满足饲料作物安全种植的土地利用方式。结果表明,对于弱酸性红壤（pH 6.0左右）,土壤铜全量较低时（〈50 mg/kg）,黑麦草的生物量、叶...     

猪粪堆肥中铜锌与腐殖质组分的结合竞争

为研究猪粪堆肥中铜锌与腐殖质组分的结合竞争,以猪粪和秸秆为堆腐原料,进行了为期36 d的好氧堆肥实验,研究猪粪堆肥过程中腐殖质组分(胡敏酸和富里酸)、胡敏酸结合态铜锌、富里酸结合态铜锌含量的变化。结果表明,堆肥结束后,腐殖化程度提高,胡敏酸碳含量增加394.4%,富里酸碳含量降低64.9%,腐殖化指数从0.24增加到3.33;随着堆肥的进行,胡敏酸结合态铜锌含量分别增加394.3%和56%,而富里酸结合态铜锌含量分别下降17.5%和28.4%;相关分析表明,胡敏酸结合态铜、富里酸结合态锌与胡敏酸、富里酸碳含量及腐殖化指数均成显著相关(P<0.01);堆肥过程中,胡敏酸结合态铜与富里酸结合态铜之比大于1,而胡敏酸结合态锌与富里酸结合态锌小于1,另外,胡敏酸中的Cu/Zn大于1,而富里酸中的Cu/Zn小于1,表明在腐殖质中铜主要与胡敏酸结合,而锌主要与富里酸结合。研究揭示了猪粪堆肥中重金属铜锌与不同腐殖质组分的结合竞争关系,为畜禽粪便堆肥土地利用的风险评估和风险控制提供科学依据。     

铜、镉对水螅的急性和联合毒性作用

试验研究重金属铜(Cu2 )、镉(Cd2 )对水螅的急性毒性和联合毒性作用,探索水螅(Hydra sp.)对Cu2 、Cd2 以及两者混合的毒性效应,为水产动物病害的防治中合理使用消毒、杀虫剂以及水体污染评价提供一些参考信息.结果表明,Cu2 对水螅的24 h半致死浓度(LC50)、48 hLC50、72 hLC50、96 hLC50分别为0.072、0.054、0.042、0.037 mg/L;Cd2 对水螅的24 hLC50、48hLC50、72 hLC50、96 hLC50分别为0.001 70、0.000 63、0.000 36、0.000 36 mg/L;Cu2 、Cd2 对水螅的安全浓度分别为3.7×10-4、3.6×10-6mg/L.水螅对两种重金属的毒性反应既快速又敏感,其中Cu2 对水螅的毒性较Cd2 快,但Cd2 的毒性比Cu2 的强.等毒性配比的两种重金属混合液对水螅的毒性大于单一毒性,为协同作用.两种重金属对水螅的LC50随试验时间的延长而减小,它们对水螅的安全浓度远低于渔业水质标准.     

小尺度水平上植被格局对城市绿地土壤污染物累积的影响

小尺度水平上土壤污染物累积特征不仅与人们的生活直接相关,与社区环境管理和园林规划也有密切联系。选择北京市五环内具有不同植被格局(围绕式、行列式、混合式和群点式)的典型居民区为研究对象,通过小区内绿地的多点布点,调查分析表层土壤中的7种重金属元素(Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Mn)和16种优先控制多环芳烃(PAHs)的浓度;探究小尺度水平上,植被格局对绿地土壤重金属及多环芳烃累积的影响。结果表明：Cu、Zn、Cd和Pb为主要的重金属污染物;居民区土壤中,16种多环芳烃总量(Σ₁₆PAHs)的浓度为88.1~2 844 μg·kg⁻¹,其主要来源于煤炭燃烧而非石油及其产物燃烧;行列式植被格局的绿地土壤中,主要重金属和PAHs污染物的浓度分布较为分散,高浓度污染物也往往出现在该类植被格局的土壤中;而群点式植被格局土壤中,主要重金属污染物以及本地指示性多环芳烃Ant、BaA和BaP的浓度中位值都较其他3种植被格局低。对行列式植被格局的小区进行土壤质量调查时,需要采集较多的样品数量才能获得代表性污染物浓度;同时,行列式植被格局有利于对污染物的截获,使绿地土壤起到吸纳污染物的作用,而群点式植被格局的绿地土壤环境质量较好,但是不利于发挥吸纳污染物的生态功能。     

水体中锌背景值的研究——滤膜和滤器对锌和铜、铅、镉分析影响初评

水体中重金属形态是复杂的,一般可分成溶解态和固体悬浮态。在天然条件下,水体中重金属含量随着水文等因素的变化有一定的差异,其中水体悬浮物的变化严重影响水中重金属的含量水平。为了获得江、河、湖、海水中重金属的正确含量和在时空上有可靠的对比性,近十年来,国际上采用水样通过0.45微米孔径的滤膜,截留在滤膜上的重金属为悬浮态,滤液中的称溶解态。这样,滤膜就成了研究水环境中重金属形态分布的基本工具之一。在我国水质监测和水源保护研究中也会广泛使用滤膜,国外对过滤方式和滤膜的种类、型号、规格、性能和应用等已有评述。     

玉米秸秆滤料对猪粪发酵沼液过滤效果

悬浮物含量高是沼液在使用滴灌或膜浓缩处理过程中最主要的技术障碍,因此,如何去除其中的悬浮物是保证沼液能否更好后续资源化利用的关键。为了探索玉米秸秆作为一种预过滤材料对猪粪发酵沼液的过滤效果,通过将玉米秸秆按不同粒径、不同填充方式进行装柱,测定过滤前后液体的悬浮物(SS)、pH值、电导率(EC)、化学需氧量(COD)、总氮(total nitrogen,TN)、总磷(TP)、总钾(TK)等指标的变化,比较玉米秸秆在不同装填方式下的综合过滤能力。滤柱的运行条件设置为:内径10 cm,装填高度85 cm,沼液进水流量5 L/h。结果表明,上粗下细玉米秸秆自然堆放(JG50+JG20)在单周期总运行时间、单周期总处理水量以及悬浮物(SS)的去除方面均有较好的表现,其中,单周期总运行时间可达到10~14 h,单周期总处理水量为56.65 L,SS去除率可达到60%以上,COD去除率在50%左右。沼液中的氮素主要分布在液相中,过滤后TN的去除率约为10%~15%。玉米秸秆作为过滤材料,在过滤过程中沼液可将其中的K+浸提溶出,提高滤出液的养分含量,且滤出液K+与EC具有高度相关性,相关系数 > 0.8。该实验验证了玉米秸秆作为沼液预过滤材料的可行性,并为后续进行精密过滤、组合过滤提供了参考。     

Effect of fipronil on biogas production performance during anaerobic digestion of chicken manure and corn straw

Fipronil is a broad-spectrum insecticide that has a good control effect on pests of commercial poultry. Although many studies have reported the environmental fate of fipronil, the influence of residual fipronil in poultry waste on biogas production has not been further explored yet. In this article, an experimental comparative study on anaerobic digestion (AD) of chicken manure (CM) and corn straw (CS) with different fipronil concentrations (FCs) was carried at 8% of total solid (TS) and mid-temperature (35?±?1)°C. The results showed that fipronil had a significant effect on biogas production during AD of CM and CS. When the FC is at a low level (≤10?mg·kg^?1), the biogas production rate is increased and the digestion period was shortened, while higher FC (≥ 20?mg·kg^?1) showed an inhibitory effect. During the monitoring of enzyme activity, low FC showed no significant effect on cellulase and saccharase, but the urease activity increased in the early stage. High FC showed inhibition of activity of cellulase and urease, but the saccharase activity was significantly inhibited until FC reached 40?mg·kg^?1. This study also confirms that the environment in anaerobic digester is favorable for the degradation of fipronil, and its half-life is about 15.83?days.     

Cu accumulation in the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta in a heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Zn) contaminated site compared to Cu accumulation in laboratory experiments

Earthworms (Dendrobaena veneta) were exposed to heavy metal contaminated soil from a field site under both laboratory and field conditions. In the laboratory study, D. veneta were analysed for Cu after 2 weeks' exposure. The tissue Cu concentration (Cu(W)) increased proportionally with the total extractable soil Cu content (Cu(T)) in soils that contained less than 150 mg Cu kg(-1). In D. veneta exposed to soils containing more than Cu(T) = 150 mg kg(-1), however, we observed no further increase in Cu(W). In a 64-m(2) field plot at a contaminated site, 81 soil samples were taken and analysed for Cu, Pb, Zn and pH. In June 1994, 1000 D. veneta were homogeneously distributed in the plot and sampled after 1, 2 and 5 weeks to analyse for Cu. Additionally, 2000 D. veneta were introduced in September 1994 and sampled after 1, 2 and 4 weeks. At locations where earthworms were removed, the soil Cu content was estimated by disjunctive kriging. Cu concentration factors (ratio of Cu(W) to Cu(T)) in the field experiment were in excellent agreement with those of the laboratory experiment. This indicates that, with a sufficiently high sampling density, it may be feasible to predict earthworm Cu accumulation in the field using a concentration factor determined in the laboratory.     

底物对生物沥滤去除污泥中Cu、Zn的影响

分别以FeSO2·7H2O、单质S粉为底物,对污泥中的重金属进行生物沥滤试验.通过分析生物沥滤过程中pH、Fe2+、SO22-的变化及Cu、Zn的滤出率.探讨不同底物对重金属生物沥滤的影响.试验结果表明,以FeSO2·7H2O或单质S粉为底物.利用污泥中固有的硫杆菌可以降低污泥的pH.从而使重金属滤出.以单质S粉为底物的处理中,污泥pH最低下降到2.1;以FeSO2·7H2O为底物的处理中,pH最低下降到2.6.经14 d的生物沥滤,以单质S粉为底物时,底物为6 g/L的污泥样品Cu、Zn滤出率最高,分别为18.8%和34.8%;以FeSO2·7H2O为底物时,底物为25 g/L的污泥样品Cu、Zn滤出率最高,分别为29.1%和36.8%.优于以单质S粉为底物的滤出效果.     

猪粪沼液的磁混凝预处理工艺优化及评估

以高悬浮物、高氮磷与高有机物的猪粪沼液为研究对象,采用磁混凝进行预处理,以浊度去除率为主要考察指标,结合单因素实验和正交实验,优化磁混凝工艺参数,并简要分析磁混凝机制及评估其作为沼液资源化利用的预处理工艺的效能。研究结果表明,优化的磁混凝条件是PAC 、PAM、磁种的投加量分别为5 g·L-1、120 mg·L-1、3 g·L-1,转速为250 r·min-1。经磁混凝处理后,猪粪沼液的浊度、SS、COD、TP与PO43--P浓度降为2 235 NTU、3.84 g·L-1、10 302 mg·L-1、133 mg·L-1和62.58 mg·L-1,去除率分别为92.90%、84.42%、70.63%、91.90%和50.3%。同时,磁混凝对氨氮与K的去除率较低,分别为6.49%和16.12%,浓度分别为4 072.5 mg·L-1和4 176 mg·L-1,利于后续的沼液资源化利用。磁种加载后在混凝过程中被絮体包裹,形成密实的磁絮体,显著提高了沉降性能,沉降时间由传统混凝的25 min降为5 min,同时污泥量显著减少。综上,磁混凝可高效削减沼液的悬浮物,且保留氮与钾等营养物质,促进沼液资源化利用。     

Roles of pyrolysis on availability,species and distribution of Cu and Zn in the swine manure: Chemical extractions and high-energy synchrotron analyses

Animal manures generally contain high levels of heavy metals that may pose a significant threat to soil and groundwater qualities. Pyrolysis as means of reducing metal availability in such feed stocks is recently encouraged, but systematic studies are currently lacking. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of pyrolysis temperature on the availability of Cu and Zn by chemical extraction, to determine the speciation of Cu and Zn by synchrotron-based X-ray spectroscopy, and finally to investigate the phase distribution of metal species in the carbonaceous materials by combining acid–base extractions and absorption spectroscopy data. The results showed that both Cu and Zn in the swine manure were mainly bound to organic functional groups. Cu (II) reduction and Cu (I)–S complexes were observed during the pyrolysis process. Zn species resembling ZnAc₂ was still dominant, being 60.8–69.2%, and ZnS increased by 6.6–21.8% in the carbonaceous materials. The distribution of Cu and Zn in the mineral, carbonized and non-carbonized organic phases varied greatly with the pyrolysis temperature. The higher the temperature, the more the metals existed in the mineral phase and carbonized organic phase. The decrease of EDTA extractable Cu and Zn with pyrolysis temperature was due to the increase of metals in the carbonized organic phase and mineral phase. It is suggested that pyrolysis at the relatively higher temperature is a better choice for metal-containing manure according to the metal speciation, solubility and availability.     

pH值对霞湾港沉积物重金属Zn、Cu释放的影响

以霞湾港(铜霞路段)的底泥沉积物为研究对象,采用重金属连续浸提法对重金属Zn、Cu在沉积物中的5种形态进行浸提,分析了其分布特征和在不同pH值与时间的条件下重金属的释放规律。研究结果表明,重金属Zn主要以铁锰氧化物结合态和碳酸盐结合态的形态存在,Cu主要以有机结合态和残渣态的形态存在,可交换离子态的重金属含量都很低。重金属Zn、Cu从沉积物中的释放,主要是在酸性条件下发生,在酸性区内释放量随pH的升高而迅速降低。释放能力和释放速率均为ZnCu,它们释放的过程基本相似,释放速率都比较小,向环境中的释放是个长期过程。     

Energy and emission benefits of chicken manure biogas production: a case study

Studies on the production of biogas of different organic materials in an anaerobic environment are being carried out all over the world. The most important parameters in these researches can be listed as raw material potential, production processes, economic analyses, and environmental effects. Chicken manure is one of the raw materials used in biogas production. In this study, in addition to the analysis of biogas and energy production potential from chicken manure, greenhouse gas emissions were analyzed to evaluate environmental effects. In Turkey, chicken manure is not adequately processed and causes environmental pollution. The model biogas plant and potential energy generation were researched in this field study. The pilot plant produces 8.58 million m³ of biogas per year by processing about 110 thousand tons of waste. It produces 17 GWh/year of electricity and 16 GWh/year of thermal energy, as well as reducing CO₂ greenhouse gas emissions by 13.86 thousand tons/year.

     

蚯蚓富集猪粪中Cu、Zn的条件优化研究

为探讨利用蚯蚓吸收富集在猪粪中的Cu、Zn以减少其在猪粪中含量的技术途径,实验以赤子爱胜蚓(Eisenia foetida)为生物反应器,采用L18(36)正交设计法,对蚯蚓吸收富集猪粪中Cu、Zn的最适条件进行了研究.结果表明,蚯蚓对猪粪中的Cu、Zn具有一定的吸收能力, 辅料类别、C/N、温度、湿度和蚯蚓密度均能影响蚯蚓对猪粪中Cu、Zn的吸收,综合考虑蚯蚓的生长及对猪粪Cu、Zn的吸收,以猪粪和玉米秸秆为饵料,C/N为22～30、温度为15 ℃、湿度为75%、接种密度为15尾/盆(100 g风干饵料中蚯蚓的生物量为2.29 g)的组合条件下,蚯蚓对猪粪Cu、Zn的吸收总量最高.