3种草皮缓冲带对农田径流污染物的净化效果及其最佳宽度研究

通过对照试验,研究了百慕大、白花三叶草和高羊茅3种草皮缓冲带对农田径流污染物的净化效果.结果表明,空白对照带对径流水SS几乎没有去除效果,百慕大草皮缓冲带对径流水SS的去除率最高,达84%.其次为白花三叶草和高羊茅草皮缓冲带,对径流水SS的去除率分别为81%、73%;进水TN质量浓度在10 mg/L以内时,3种草皮缓冲带出水TN质量浓度都低于2mg/L,均达到<地表水环境质量标准>(GB 3838-2002)V类标准;进水TP质量浓度为0.54～1.50 mg/L时,3种草皮缓冲带出水TP质量浓度均为0.08～0.34 mg/L,也均低于GB 3838-2002V类标准规定的限值;3种草皮缓冲带径流水SS去除率和沿程距离具有显著的相关性,在径流水SS去除率为80%时.通过计算可知3种草皮缓冲带的最佳宽度为16.1～20.4 m.其中百慕大草皮缓冲带最低,为16.1 m.     

污染负荷及植被生物量变化对缓冲带污染物净化效果的影响

模拟上海地区农业面源污染和降雨特征,进行缓冲带污染物净化效果和植被生物量监测试验研究。结果表明：植被缓冲带对径流污染物质的净化效果明显高于空白对照,百慕大缓冲带SS截留率最高,达到74％;白花三叶草对TN、TP的净化效果最好,去除率分别为28％和25％;百慕大和白花三叶草生物量最大,栽种当年9月份,两者地上部分的生物量鲜重分别达到了6.14和6.49 kg/m²,百慕大生长速度最快,当年9月份生物量几乎达到5月份的6倍;植被生物量增长明显提高了缓冲带截留径流污染物的效果,缓冲带SS截留率与生物量成显著线性相关,而污染负荷变化对缓冲带污染物净化效果的影响很小,明显弱于植被种类和生物量的变化。     

草皮缓冲带对洱海流域面源污染的削减效果

在前期植物调查和资料调研的基础上,构建了以百慕大、结缕草、混播草草皮为陆生植物的缓冲带,以洱海流域面源污染水样为这些植被缓冲带的进水,进行削减效果的现场中试实验。结果表明,裸露地表对径流SS几乎没有削减效果,而草皮缓冲带能有效截留径流SS,去除率大小顺序为混播草缓冲带结缕草缓冲带百慕大缓冲带;草皮缓冲带渗流水中的TN、TP的去除率均在60%以上,而径流水中TN、TP的去除率在40%以上;总体而言,草皮缓冲带对面源污染的削减效果沿程增强,且前段去除效果较强,后段去除效果减弱,其中混播草缓冲带的削减效果最好,百慕大缓冲带的削减效果相对较差;通过计算,当SS去除率为70%时,混播草缓冲带的最佳宽度仅为13.4 m,比百慕大缓冲带缩短了5.2 m。     

河岸缓冲带对地表径流及悬浮颗粒物的阻控效应

河岸缓冲带可以有效地截留阻控农业非点源污染物向水体中迁移。构建草木犀带T2、草木犀与枫杨混合带(T3林草带)和杂草带(T1对照)3种类型人工河岸缓冲带,通过野外径流实验区2年的实地观测,对寒冷地区不同类型及不同宽度植被缓冲带阻控地表径流和悬浮颗粒物(SS)的能力进行了初步的研究。实验共收集21次降雨径流和3次融雪径流,通过对径流水样分析,结果表明,3种类型缓冲带均能有效截留降雨径流,5 m宽T3缓冲带的截留效率达78%。河岸缓冲带对降雨径流的阻控效应明显高于融雪径流,且对地表径流中SS质量的截留明显高于对浓度的截留作用。枫杨与草木犀的混合种植并没有显著减少融雪径流中悬浮颗粒物的含量,宽度达到13 m时,其阻控作用才明显。总体上,林草带对地表径流及悬浮颗粒物的阻控能力最强。     

2种改良土壤渗滤系统对降雨径流中氮的去除

为研究改良土壤渗滤系统对降雨径流中不同形态氮(NH+4-N,NO-3-N,NO-2-N,TN)的去除效果及径流中氮负荷对氮去除率的影响,实验分别以聚氨酯泡沫和人工草皮为改良材料,以降雨径流中的氮为处理对象进行室内模拟研究。结果表明,聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统及草皮土壤渗滤系统对TN,NH+4-N均具有较好的净化效果,并表现出良好的耐冲击负荷能力。TN平均去除率分别为72.65%和71.07%,NH+4-N平均去除率分别为98.10%和99.09%。2种渗滤系统对NO-3-N去除效果均较差,表现为-420.07%和-171.66%的负去除率。聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统对NO-2-N的平均去除率为87.29%,高于草皮土壤渗滤系统53.77%的平均去除率。总体上,聚氨酯泡沫土壤渗滤系统对径流中氮的去除效果优于草皮土壤渗滤系统,具有较好的应用前景。     

模拟生态种植槽对雨水径流的净化

为减少环湖公路路面径流对洱海水质的影响,该研究选用土壤、锯末、沙子、砾石分层装填的生态型的路面径流收集、净化和输送系统-生态种植槽(其中混合填料层锯末与沙子的配比设置3种比例1∶3、1∶4、1∶5),研究该装置对模拟雨水的净化效果,并寻求最佳填充方式.结果表明,3组种植槽适合植物移栽、自然挂膜、低污染负荷启动方式;能稳定有效地去除COD、SS.运行期COD的平均出水水质优于地表水Ⅴ类水质,SS的平均去除率均高于80％.不同混合填料比种植槽对污水中COD的净化效果从高到低排序依次为:1∶5(锯末∶沙子)＞1∶4(锯末∶沙子)＞1∶3(锯末∶沙子),方差分析显示,3组种植槽系统间COD、SS去除率无差异(P＞0.05),考虑到锯末∶沙子为1∶5时的渗透效果差,故推荐锯末∶沙子为1∶4的种植槽供后续示范工程选用.     

集水花坛对农村区域初期地表径流的净化效果

针对农村集中居住区地表硬化,高氮磷浓度的初期地表径流直排进而污染附近河道的问题,设计了"集水花坛-拦截沟"组合工艺,研究了4个不同水力停留时间(HRT)下处理初期地表径流的净化效果。结果表明:"集水花坛-拦截沟"组合工艺利用植物吸收、微生物降解及基质层吸附拦截的综合作用,有效降低了农村初期地表径流中的污染物浓度;在4种HRT条件下,该组合工艺均可快速去除径流水体中的悬浮物SS,去除率达96%以上;当HRT为3 d时,该组合工艺能够显著降低径流水体中的TN、TP及COD值,去除率分别达到90%、90%和75%以上,且出水TN和COD达到《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-2002)Ⅲ类水标准,TP浓度达到V类水标准。以上结果可为农村初期地表径流的处理提供技术参考和数据支撑。     

生物滞留池对屋面径流基本污染物的控制

快速的城市化导致不透水性下垫面急剧增加,进而加剧了径流污染,尤其是屋面径流污染。生物滞留池作为低影响开发理念的核心措施之一,对径流的净化效果显著。以屋面径流为控制对象,设计了3个生物滞留池用于探究不同土壤层厚度和不同进水方式对生物滞留池出水的影响。结果表明,实验收集的屋面径流污染严重,COD和TN为《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)劣Ⅴ类。经生物滞留池处理后发现,3个生物滞留池对悬浮物(SS)的去除效果较好,去除率为92.2%～98.7%,装填20cm土壤的表层进水生物滞留池较装填15cm土壤的生物滞留池出水污染物浓度低。装填20cm土壤的表层进水和侧向进水的生物滞留池对COD、TN和TP的去除能力总体相当,表层进水和侧向进水的生物滞留池对COD的去除率分别为91.7%、90.4%,对TN的去除率分别为93.8%、86.5%,对TP的去除率分别为70.1%和72.7%。     

高效旋流分离-生态砾间接触氧化联合装置处理初期雨水径流应用研究

设计高效旋流分离—生态砾间接触氧化联合装置处理初期雨水径流。确定高效旋流分离器的最优进水压力为0.03MPa,生态砾间接触氧化装置的最优水力停留时间(HRT)为8h,模拟初期雨水SS、COD、TN、氨氮和TP的去除率分别达到93.00%、91.00%、74.00%、95.00%和83.00%。该联合装置主要通过离心力作用,填料层吸附和过滤作用,微生物的同化和异化作用,植物根系的吸收、截留和降解作用将污染物去除。构建中试系统应用至实际初期雨水径流的处理,中试系统运行稳定,出水SS、COD、TN、氨氮和TP平均分别为89.00、42.00、3.97、1.84、0.42mg/L,有效削减初期雨水径流污染物的排放量,从而缓解天津市滨海新区的面源污染。     

渗排植被浅沟应用于处置路面径流案例分析

针对非点源径流污染问题,在对渗排植被浅沟的构造、场地布置原则、设计流量、水力计算及主要参数等分析的基础上,以廊坊市大皮营渠沿线雨洪控制利用工程中新型植被浅沟处理路面径流为例,从水质净化及径流削减两方面考察了浅沟的运行效果。结果表明,渗排浅沟对小降雨事件能发挥较好的径流削减效果,其径流削减百分比随进水流量的增加减小。相比于传统传输型植被浅沟,径流中SS、TP得到了有效去除,COD、NH+4-N则由于其溶解性较强而去除率提升幅度不高。     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

有机官能团对改性硅吸附微囊藻毒素的影响

考察了不同有机改性硅对微囊藻毒素LR(mLR)和LA(mLA)的等温吸附行为。结果表明,有机改性硅可有效吸附去除水体中<0.1×10-6(质量分数)的微囊藻毒素,并且吸附去除效果随表面改性官能团中碳原子数量的增加而增加;相同条件下,有机改性硅在微囊藻毒素异构体之间存在着一定的吸附选择性。     

生物质快速热裂解主要参数对生物油产率的影响

以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径＜1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径.