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传统观念下,环境与健康分属两个不同领域,美国作为最早遭遇环境与健康问题的国家,经过多年努力,形成了建立以保障公共健康为核心的环境标准体系和环境与健康风险评估框架,实现了对环境与健康风险的有效控制。美国对环境污染物的界定主要取决于其对公共健康的影响,将污染物分为普遍及对公共健康危害较大的污染物、一些污染范围较小或对公共健康危害较小的污染物两类,且采取不同的标准制定方法。在标准制定方面,主要是将有关科学共识转化为可执行的环境标准。为了避免环境标准的不确定性带来的不利影响,建立了包括科学论证、公开透明、周期性审查等较为严格的环境标准制定程序。美国赋予环境标准制度以控制环境与健康风险的功能,并通过建立以保障公共健康为核心的环境标准体系,实现对环境与健康风险有效控制的执法路径,对解决中国目前存在的环境标准价值缺失、体系割裂、内容缺失等问题,实现环境标准的功能再造具有较强的借鉴意义。 相似文献
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Environmental losses are increasingly evoking ‘‘ecological grief’’ among environmental and conservation professionals. Ecological grief is a natural but difficult psychological experience, and a risk to well-being. Despite this, there are currently few resources available to support environmental professionals and their organizations to reduce the risks to well-being and cope effectively with ecological grief. As a result, environmental professionals who experience this risk in the workplace are unlikely to be equipped with the knowledge, skills, or context to support themselves, colleagues, or peers, in experiences of ecological grief. In this paper, we provide information, guidance, and examples of workplace support for ecological grief. Drawing on insights from the field of grief and bereavement, we identify peer support and organizational responses as key supportive factors for those experiencing ecological grief. We also present a new concept, ‘‘ecological grief literacy,’’ to guide effective peer and organizational support. While peers have the potential to provide interpersonal support and connection for ecological grieving, it is essential that the organizations that employ environmental professionals enact policies and practices that provide structures, resources, and contexts to enable environmental professionals to effectively support ourselves and each other. 相似文献
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The present and potential adverse effects of the atmospheric input of acidic and acidifying substances on the environment
have been of significant public and scientific concern for the past several decades. This article describes the background,
design, implementation, and major accomplishments of a 6-yr integrated multidisciplinary environmental research program designed
to address the issue of the regional scale consequences of acidic deposition on the environment and human health in Alberta.
The research program was called the Acid Deposition Research Program (ADRP) and was a cooperative undertaking between industry,
the Energy Resources Conservation Board, and the government of Alberta, Canada. The research effort was designed and guided
by two external science advisory boards, biophysical and human health, to maintain objectivity and continuity from beginning
to end. Public input was sought, encouraged, and ensured by a public advisory board. The major conclusions of the ADRP are
presented as well as observations on the needs of future integrated multidisciplinary research programs. 相似文献