长江水系表层沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险性评价

对2007年采集的长江水系表层沉积物中的9种重金属(Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Hg)含量进行了分析.结果表明,沉积物中除了重金属Cr、Co、Ni外,Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd、As和Hg的含量都明显高于20世纪90年代调查结果.主成分分析(PCA)结果表明,前3个主成分的累积贡献率达到86.75%,表明了重金属的3种主要来源,分别为采矿与工业排污、岩石的自然风化与侵蚀和城市电镀工业废水与自然源.地累积指数和富集因子评估结果同时显示,长江水系表层沉积物中未受Cr、Co和Ni的污染,Cu、Zn、As和Hg受轻度污染,而Cd和Pb的污染最大.Hakanson生态风险指数法对沉积物中重金属的生态风险评价表明,各重金属单因子生态危害程度为CdHgAsZnPbCuCoNiCr.综合潜在生态指数表明,在61个位点中,中等生态危害的样点占36%,有3个位点属于强生态危害范畴,即长江干流重庆段、支流资水洞庭湖入口和信江位点;而支流湘江衡阳段、湘江株洲段、湘江洞庭湖入口、洞庭湖和安徽顺安河位点为极强生态危害范畴.     

Mobility and sulfidization of heavy metals in sediments of a shallow eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu,China

The technique of DGT (diffusive gradients in thin films) using three diffusive gel thicknesses was applied to estimate the mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sediments and porewater of Lake Taihu, China. The DGT results showed significantly positive correlations between Co, Pb, Cd and Mn, and Ni and Fe concentrations in porewater. Cu and Zn showed a significantly negative correlation with Mn, due to Cu combination with carbonates and Zn derived from agricultural pollution, respectively. The rank order of average concentrations of Co, Ni and Cd at each station was DGT_1.92 > DGT_0.78 > DGT_0.39, suggesting stronger resupply from sediments to porewater when using thicker diffusive gels. Comparing centrifugation and DGT measurements, Co, Ni and Cd are highly labile; Mn and Fe are moderately labile; and Cu, Zn and Pb are slightly labile. The variations of AVS concentrations in sediment cores indicate that metal sulfides in deeper layers are easily diffused into surface sediments.     

Removal of heavy metals and arsenic from a co-contaminated soil by sieving combined with washing process

Batch experiments were conducted with a heavy metals and arsenic co-contaminated soil from an abandoned mine to evaluate the feasibility of a remediation technology that combines sieving with soil washing.Leaching of the arsenic and heavy metals from the different particle size fractions was found to decrease in the order: 0.1,2–0.1,and 2 mm.With increased contact time,the concentration of heavy metals in the leachate was significantly decreased for small particles,probably because of adsorption by the clay soil component.For the different particle sizes,the removal efficiencies for Pb and Cd were75%–87%,and 61%–77% for Zn and Cu,although the extent of removal was decreased for As and Cr at 45%.The highest efficiency by washing for Pb,Cd,Zn,and As was from the soil particles 2 mm,although good metal removal efficiencies were also achieved in the small particle size fractions.Through SEM-EDS observations and correlation analysis,the leaching regularity of the heavy metals and arsenic was found to be closely related to Fe,Mn,and Ca contents of the soil fractions.The remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil by sieving combined with soil washing was proven to be efficient,and practical remediation parameters were also recommended.     

Distribution and assessment of heavy metals in the surface sediment of Yellow River, China

Large amounts of heavy metals discharged by industrial cities that are located along the middle reach of Yellow River, China have detrimental impacts on both the ecological environment and human health. In this study, fourteen surface sediment samples were taken in the middle reach of the Yellow River. Contents of Zn, Pb, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, As were measured, and the pollution status was assessed using three widely used pollution assessment methods, including the single factor index method, Nemerow pollution index method and potential ecological risk index. The concentrations of the studied heavy metals followed the order: Zn > Cr > Cu > Ni > Pb > As > Cd. Nearly 50% of sites had Cu and Cr accumulation. The concentration of Cu at the Yiluo River exceeded the secondary standard value of the Environmental quality standard for soils. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations between this study and other selected rivers indicated that Cu and Cr may be the major pollutants in our case. The single factor index indicated that many samples were at high levels of pollution for Cu and Cd; the Nemerow pollution index indicated that the Yihe River, Luohe River, Yiluo River and Huayuankou were polluted. According to the results of potential ecological risk assessment, Cd in the tributaries of Luo River, Yihe River, and Yiluo River showed high risk toward the ecosystem and human health, Cd in Huanyuankou and Cu in Yiluo River showed a middle level of risk and other samples were at a low level of risk.     

An experimental and thermodynamic equilibrium investigation of the Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni partitioning during sewage sludge incineration

The effects of different chlorides and operational conditions on the distribution and speciation of six heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cr, Cu, Mn and Ni) during sludge incineration were investigated using a simulated laboratory tubular-furnace reactor. A thermodynamic equilibrium investigation using the FactSage software was performed to compare the experimental results. The results indicate that the volatility of the target metals was enhanced as the chlorine concentration increased. Inorganic-Cl influenced the volatilization of heavy metals in the order of Pb > Zn > Cr > Cu > Mn > Ni. However, the effects of organic-Cl on the volatility of Mn, Pb and Cu were greater than the effects on Zn, Cr and Ni. With increasing combustion temperature, the presence of organic-Cl (PVC) and inorganic-Cl (NaCl) improved the transfer of Pb and Zn from bottom ash to fly ash or fuse gas. However, the presence of chloride had no obvious influence on Mn, Cu and Ni. Increased retention time could increase the volatilization rate of heavy metals; however, this effect was insignificant. During the incineration process, Pb readily formed PbSiO₄ and remained in the bottom ash. Different Pb compounds, primarily the volatile PbCl₂, were found in the gas phase after the addition of NaCl; the dominant Pb compounds in the gas phase after the addition of PVC were PbCl₂, Pb(ClO₄)₂ and PbCl₂O₄.     

杭州湾表层沉积物中重金属空间分布特征与污染状况评价

本文对杭州湾海域2018年8－9月25个沉积物样品中的7种重金属含量进行了研究,结果表明,该海域表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As含量平均值分别为22.50×10?6、21.93×10?6、63.39×10?6、0.10×10?6、48.32×10?6、0.05×10?6、5.45×10?6,所有评价因子的含量平均值均低于全国海岸带重金属的背景值。单因子污染指数法的评价结果显示,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As的平均含量均符合第一类海洋沉积物质量标准,7种重金属的污染程度依次为:Cu>Cr>Zn>Pb>As>Hg>Cd。重金属富集程度分析结果显示,Cd、Hg和As的富集程度较低,Pb和Zn的富集程度相对较高。潜在生态风险指数法评价结果显示,杭州湾海域潜在生态风险等级为“较低”,海洋生态环境状况较好。表层沉积物中重金属和TOC相关性分析结果显示,该海域表层沉积物TOC含量与重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr含量具有一定的正相关性。主成分分析法结果表明,前两个主成分的贡献率分别为64.42%和16.59 %;结合相关性分析表明,Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd和Cr主要的来源为工业生产与生活污水。     

南黄海南部海域表层沉积物重金属来源解析及风险评价

基于2012年夏季对南黄海南部海域的调查资料,分析了表层沉积物中7种重金属元素的含量分布特征;采用多元统计分析,揭示了研究区表层沉积物重金属污染的主要来源及各元素之间的相关性;应用地质累积指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法对重金属元素进行了污染及风险分析.结果表明:Cd、Pb的含量均符合国标规定的一类沉积物标准,Zn、Cu、Cr在绝大部分站位也都低于国标规定的一类沉积物的最高标准,仅在个别站位处达到二类或三类沉积物标准;除Cr、Cd、Mn外,其余各重金属与Al2O3、平均粒径之间有显著的相关性,表明它们均以自然来源为主,并受到沉积物粒度的控制,遵循"元素的粒度控制律";Cr、Cd、Mn与Al2O3的相关系数较小,表明其可能受到人为污染源的影响.通过主成分分析和聚类分析可将7种重金属元素辨识为2个主成分,PC1(Zn、Cu、Pb、Fe、Mn)为自然源因子,PC2(Cr、Cd)为工农业源因子;其中,Cr、Cd在PC1和PC2上均具有一定的正载荷,受自然地质背景和人类活动的共同控制.地质累积指数法评价结果表明,Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb整体均处于清洁级别,而Cr则处于轻微污染水平,污染程度排序依次为CrPbCdZnCu;潜在生态风险评价结果表明,各元素潜在生态危害等级排序依次为CdPbCuCrZn,Cr、Zn、Cu和Pb均为低生态危害等级,Cd以低中等生态危害等级为主,局部出现较重生态危害等级,综合潜在生态风险评价为低度.     

中国主要湖泊表层沉积物重金属污染特征与评价分析

为了解我国主要湖泊沉积物中重金属的污染特征,通过搜集整理已公开发表的文献资料数据,分析了我国31个主要湖泊表层沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn 8种重金属含量的平均值及其分布特征,并运用地累积指数法、潜在生态风险指数法对其污染程度进行评价。结果显示:我国31个湖泊的沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn平均含量分别为16.39,0.497,6.29,36.89,0.076,35.37,99.52 mg/kg,大部分元素含量平均值的最大值分布区域较为分散。地累积指数评价结果表明:8种重金属的平均污染程度由高到低依次为Cd>Hg>Cu>Zn>As>Ni>Zn>Cr,Cd和Hg在多个湖泊沉积物中达中度到重污染。潜在生态风险指数评价结果表明:8种重金属的潜在生态风险系数从高到低依次为Cd>Hg>As>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Zn。8种重金属的总地累积指数和综合潜在生态风险具有显著的地域差异(P0.05),表明我国主要湖泊具有各自不同的重金属污染特征。     

深圳湾近岸海域表层沉积物中重金属污染评价

通过对深圳湾表层沉积物中的Zn、Cr、Cd、Ni、Pb、Cu等6种元素的重金属分析可知,所测样品指标的平均值已全部超过广东海岸带沉积物背景值.利用地累积指数法对6种重金属的评价结果为Cd>Zn>Pb>Cu>Cr>Ni,其中以Cd污染最为严重,以偏中污染和中度污染为主,部分区域出现偏重污染.参照<海洋沉积物质量>(GB18668-2002),Zn的平均值超过背景值的6倍,已属于超Ⅱ类沉积物.Cr为超Ι类,Cd为近Ⅲ类,其均值已超过背景值的9倍;Pb属于Ι类沉积物.Cu的均值显示其已属于超Ⅱ类沉积物.结合粒度分析,其在空间分布上,重金属有沉积物中的富集程度与粒径大小密切相关,其在粒径较大的深圳湾河口区污染程度最小.而在时间尺度上,在近20多年中与背景值相比,重金属在沉积物中的增加则与经济发展密切相关.     

渤海湾海岸带开发对近岸沉积物重金属的影响

为了解渤海湾围填海造成的生境变化趋势及重金属污染状况,对2003年和2011年渤海湾表层沉积物4种重金属(Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn)的含量及空间分布分别进行了研究,并采用BCR三步分级提取法分析了2011年渤海湾表层沉积物中这4种重金属不同赋存形态的含量,评估了这4种重金属的生物有效性,最后分别采用富集系数法和潜在生态危害指数法对2011年重金属污染程度及潜在生态危害进行了评价.结果表明,2011年渤海湾沉积物中Cu、Cd、Pb的含量均比2003年偏高,重金属污染形势趋于严峻.Cu、Zn、Cd的空间分布趋势基本相似,其高值区均集中在渤海湾的中部海域.Pb的高值区主要集中在近岸河口和渤海湾中部及南部.4种重金属相互之间相关性显著,说明它们之间可能具有一定的同源性.形态分析表明Cu、Zn、Cd主要以残渣态存在,Pb主要以可还原态存在,各元素生物有效性排序为:Cd>Pb>Cu>Zn.Cd为渤海湾表层沉积物中最主要的污染元素,且具有较强的生态危害.Cu、Zn、Pb污染程度较低,生态危害轻微.     

湛江港海区沉积物和海洋生物中重金属的富集特征分析与评价

本文利用原子荧光光度计、原子吸收分光光度计测定了湛江港表层沉积物和海洋生物中Hg、Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 5种重金属元素的含量,分析评价沉积物和海洋生物中重金属的含量分布及富集特征。结果表明,除Cd外,其它重金属元素在沉积物中的含量均高于其在海洋生物体中的含量;湛江港海域Cu、Zn、Cd在生物体内积累较严重;软体类和甲壳类从沉积物中富集Hg和Pb能力相当,但软体类从沉积物中富集Zn和Cd能力高于甲壳类、富集Cu能力低于甲壳类。与沉积物重金属含量的非参数相关分析表明,沉积物中重金属既能促进也能抑制生物体内的重金属富集,但在软体类和甲壳类两类生物体中表现不同。     

太湖表层沉积物重金属赋存形态分析及污染特征

为了解太湖表层沉积物中重金属的污染状况,对太湖表层沉积物中4种重金属（Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn）的含量及空间分布分别进行了对比研究,并采用BCR三步分级提取法分析了太湖表层沉积物中4种重金属（Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn）不同赋存形态的含量,评估了这4种重金属的生物有效性,最后采用潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染程度及潜在生态危害进行了评价.结果表明,太湖表层沉积物中4种重金属元素均有一定程度的富集,其中Cd的富集程度最为严重;赋存形态分析表明4种金属均主要以可提取态形式存在,各元素生物有效性即可提取态含量排序为：Cd〉Pb〉Zn〉Cu;潜在生态危害指数法评价结果表明,元素Cd为太湖表层沉积物中最主要的污染元素,且具有较强的生态危害.其次是Pb,Cu和Zn则较为轻微.4种重金属潜在生态危害由大到小排序为：Cd〉Pb〉Cu〉Zn.     

崇明东滩表层沉积物重金属空间分布特征及其污染评价

以崇明东滩潮间带表层沉积物为研究对象,在粒度分析、重金属以及有机碳含量测定的基础上,采用ArcGIS中的地统计分析模块研究了重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd的空间分布格局,应用克里金法进行空间插值作图,估算了沉降通量,并运用地质累积指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对重金属污染现状进行了评价.结果表明:①目前崇明东滩重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd含量平均值分别为42、27、69、71、0.23μg.g-1,均超过上海潮滩背景值,且受沉积物粒径分布和有机碳的影响,重金属含量呈现自岸向海和自北向南下降的趋势;②崇明东滩重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cr、Cd的年沉降量分别为187、121、395、312、1.04 t,总沉积通量为11 g.(m2.a)-1,反映崇明东滩仍具有较强的重金属污染物"过滤器"功能;③重金属污染状况总体为清洁,但Cd、Pb和Cu的污染程度相对较高.     

基于总量和形态的表层沉积物重金属污染及来源——以马鞍列岛海域为例

为了解马鞍列岛海域沉积物特征及重金属污染状况,于2017年6月采集了该海域表层沉积物样品,并对表层沉积物pH值、氧化还原电位（Eh）、粒度（D_[3,2]）等地球化学指标进行了同步原位调查,采用改进后的沉积物重金属形态分析的连续提取法（European Community Bureau of Reference （BCR））分析了7种重金属（Cr、As、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd）各形态含量,并结合富集因子系数（EF）、地累积指数法（I_geo）等方法初步探索了马鞍列岛海域沉积物中重金属的污染特征及其来源.结果显示,马鞍列岛海域沉积物呈中性-弱碱性,属还原环境;近岛礁区以粉砾和粘粒为主,而远岛礁区以砂砾和粉砾为主;7种重金属总量均满足我国海洋沉积物质量I类标准;Cr、As、Ni以原生相为主,而Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd均以次生相为主;Cd以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态（F1）以及有机物及硫化物结合态（F3）为主要赋存形态,Zn、Pb、Cu以铁锰氧化物结合态（F2）为主要赋存形态,而Cr、As、Ni以残渣态为主要赋存形态;以Fe作为参比,7种重金属的富集程度顺序为Cd > Cu > Ni > Zn > Pb > Cr > As;通过空间污染状况分析发现,Cu、Cd在受人为活动影响较大的近岛礁区存在富集污染现象,其他重金属则主要表现为天然来源,除Ni外,Cu、Pb、Cd、As、Cr、Zn含量均呈近岛礁区>远岛礁区的空间分布特征.总体上,马鞍列岛国家级特别海洋保护区沉积物重金属污染程度较低,生态环境保护与底质修复效果较好.     

广东海陵岛北部海域表层沉积物重金属分布特征与污染评价

为了解海陵岛北部海域表层沉积物重金属污染状况,本研究于2017年11月在海陵岛北部海域采集11个站点的表层沉积物,系统地检测了沉积物中的粒径分布和典型重金属的含量（Hg、Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd）,采用潜在生态危害指数法和地质累积系数法对沉积物中重金属污染程度进行评价,并且定性地分析了沉积物粒径对重金属分布的影响以及各种重金属的可能来源。研究结果表明,重金属（除Hg外）在空间上呈现出在近岸或者河口处含量高而到中心海域处含量低的趋势,并且沉积物粒径从西向东呈细-粗-细的变化趋势。将海陵岛北部海域沉积物重金属含量与《海洋沉积物质量》中的Ⅰ类标准对比,绝大多数的重金属含量均低于Ⅰ类标准。但是,通过计算得出沉积物重金属的潜在生态危害指数RI的变化范围为168.6～747.5,平均值为322.47,说明该海域沉积物中重金属对生态的潜在威胁较大。地质累积系数I_geo的平均值排序为:Hg（2.09）>Cu（0.70）>Zn（0.38）>Pb（?1.01）>Cd（?1.40）。重金属（除Hg外）几乎都低于轻度污染水平,相对污染较重的区域均集中在近海区域,这表明近岸人类活动是海洋沉积物重金属污染的潜在原因。重金属含量和沉积物粒径之间的相关性分析表明,重金属含量与沉积物粒径之间呈负相关性,即粒径越小越有利于重金属的富集。另外,重金属之间的相关性和聚类分析结果表明,该海域沉积物中的Cu、Cd和Pb可能受入海河流输入的影响而累积,而沉积物中的Zn和Pb可能来源于海陵岛及周边陆地的人类活动,Hg可能来源于海湾东南部某处的人为污染。     

上海市湖泊沉积物重金属的空间分布

上海快速城市化发展导致公园湖泊表层沉积物中重金属Cd、Hg、Cu、Pb和Zn含量出现富集,其最大值已超出各自土壤背景值3.8~5.8倍.这5种重金属的污染热点主要出现在核心城区的人口和交通密集区、浦西沿江老工业区以及郊区新兴工业区附近.基于土地利用类型、交通变量、人口密度和工业点源等预测变量构建了高精度的土地利用回归模型,推测沉积物中Cd和Pb浓度分别主要受路网密度和商业用地影响,Hg和Cu主要受商业用地和工业点源数影响,Zn主要受居住用地和工业点源数影响.     

红枫湖沉积物中重金属污染特征与生态危害风险评价

调查了红枫湖沉积物中重金属的含量、分布特征与富集情况. 分别以现代工业化前正常颗粒沉积物中重金属含量的最高背景值和红枫湖周边环境土壤的背景值为参比值,对红枫湖沉积物中重金属的富集系数和生态危害系数以及各采样点的生态危害指数进行了探讨,并结合瑞典学者Lars Hkanson潜在生态危害指数法对红枫湖沉积物中重金属的生态危害进行了评价. 结果表明:该湖泊沉积物中重金属含量分布呈现一定的区域特征,北湖湖区重金属平均含量高于南湖湖区;以现代工业化前正常颗粒沉积物中重金属含量的最高背景值为参比值,重金属的富集顺序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Zn＞Pb,污染水平顺序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn;以红枫湖周边环境土壤平均值为参比值,重金属的富集顺序为Cu＞Cd＞Zn＞As＞Pb＞Hg,污染水平顺序为Cd＞Hg＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn.       

洞庭湖表层沉积物重金属赋存形态及生态风险评价

为深入了解洞庭湖沉积物重金属污染现状及生态风险,采用欧共体物质标准局提出的BCR提取法分析29个表层沉积物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的赋存形态,并应用基于重金属形态的RSP（ratio of secondary phase and primary phase,次生相与原生相分布比值法）和RAC（风险评价指数法）评价了沉积物重金属的污染程度与生态风险.结果表明:全湖范围内,Cd主要以弱酸溶解态为主,Cr主要以残渣态和可还原态为主,Cu以残渣态和可氧化态为主,Pb以可还原态和残渣态为主,Zn以残渣态和弱酸溶解态为主;RSP评价结果显示,Cd在全湖范围表现为重度污染,Pb总体表现为中度污染,但在湘、资、沅、澧"四水"入湖口以及东洞庭湖几个采样点表现为重度污染,Cr、Cu和Zn处于轻度污染和清洁水平;RAC评价结果表明,全湖范围内5种重金属生态风险排序依次为Cd > Zn > Pb > Cu > Cr,Cd表现为高等风险,Cu、Pb和Zn表现为中等风险,而Cr表现为低等风险.研究显示,在研究沉积物重金属总量基础上进行重金属形态分析,有助于深入了解重金属对环境的危害.      

Metal release/accumulation during the decomposition of Potamogeton crispus in a shallow macrophytic lake

Changes in metal concentrations in the litter of Potamogeton crispus were monitored during a consecutive 40-day in situ decomposition experiment using the litterbag method.The accumulation index was calculated and used to indicate the changes in the metals in litter.The results showed that the concentrations of Al,Cd,Cr,Fe,Mn,and Pb in litter increased significantly during the decomposition,while Cu and Zn concentrations decreased dramatically.Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of Al,Cr,Fe,and Mn and between Cu and Zn.Moreover,Cu and Zn both negatively correlated with Al and Fe.The remaining dry mass was negatively correlated with Al and Fe concentrations but positively correlated with Cu and Zn concentrations.Generally the accumulation index values of metals other than Al were less than one,indicating that the litter of P.crispus acted as a source of metals to the surrounding water body.Al was the only metal that showed continuous net accumulation in litter.The net accumulation of Fe and Mn in litter during the last 10 days of the experiment may indicate the precipitation of Feand Mn-oxides.It was estimated that 160 g/m~2(dry weight)P.crispus was decomposed in40 days.This was equivalent to releasing the following amounts of metals:0.01 mg Cd,0.03 mg Cr,0.71 mg Cu,0.55 mg Mn,0.02 mg Pb and 13.8 mg Zn into surrounding water,and accumulating 149 mg Al and 11 mg Fe,in a 1 m~2 area.     

太湖西岸河网沉积物中重金属污染特征及风险评价

为研究太湖西岸河网沉积物中重金属污染特征及风险,调查了丰-平-枯3个水期19个点位8种重金属的含量,结果表明,沉积物中重金属浓度顺序为ZnCrCuPbNiAsCdHg,其中Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni明显高于其环境背景值,除As外,其余7种重金属平水期含量高于丰水和枯水期.地累积指数(I_(geo))和潜在生态指数(RI)评价表明,研究区沉积物中Cd属于中等污染程度和中等生态风险,Cd对RI贡献率为35%,重金属生物毒性不利影响评价值(mP EC-Q)范围为0.12~0.76,平均值0.30,表明研究区发生生物毒性不利影响的可能性为15%~29%,工业与生活混合区点位S2从污染程度、生态风险、生物毒性不利影响和主成分评价的污染及风险均最大,表现出多种重金属的协同污染,这与其周围污染排放特征一致,为该区域河流沉积物中重金属污染控制提供依据.