Denitrification and biofilm growth in a pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers for biological nitrogen removal from secondary effluent

Tertiary denitrification is an effective method for nitrogen removal from wastewater. A pilot-scale biofilter packed with suspended carriers was operated for tertiary denitrification with ethanol as the organic carbon source. Long-term performance, biokinetics of denitrification and biofilm growth were evaluated under filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr. The pilot-scale biofilter removed nitrate from the secondary effluent effectively, and the nitrate nitrogen(NO_3-N) removal percentage was 82%, 78% and 55% at the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. At the filtration velocities of 6 and 10 m/hr, the nitrate removal loading rate increased with increasing influent nitrate loading rates, while at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr, the removal loading rate and the influent loading rate were uncorrelated.During denitrification, the ratio of consumed chemical oxygen demand to removed NO_3-N was 3.99–4.52 mg/mg. Under the filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, the maximum denitrification rate was 3.12, 4.86 and 4.42 g N/(m~2·day), the half-saturation constant was 2.61, 1.05 and 1.17 mg/L, and the half-order coefficient was 0.22, 0.32 and 0.24(mg/L)1/2/min,respectively. The biofilm biomass increased with increasing filtration velocity and was 2845,5124 and 7324 mg VSS/m~2 at filtration velocities of 6, 10 and 14 m/hr, respectively. The highest biofilm density was 44 mg/cm~3 at the filtration velocity of 14 m/hr. Due to the low influent loading rate, biofilm biomass and thickness were lowest at the filtration velocity of 6 m/hr.     

反硝化生物滤池的挂膜与启动

研究了反硝化生物滤池的挂膜与启动过程,为反硝化生物滤池的挂膜过程提供理论依据。在滤速1．2ngh（HRT=20min）时,当反硝化生物滤池运行到第25天时,进水硝态氮质量浓度由50mg／L左右下降到25mg／L左右时,硝态氮去除负荷由1．18kg／（m^3·d）下降到1．10kg／（m^3·d）,负荷变化很小,说明挂膜成功。在反硝化生物滤池中,氨氮主要由反硝化细菌的合成作用去除,去除率不高。在碳源和硝态氮浓度都充足的情况下,反硝化反应遵循零级反应动力学规律,反硝化速率与污染物浓度无关,只与反硝化菌的数量有关。     

利用可生物降解聚合物为碳源和生物膜载体脱氮及其动力学特性研究

以闭合循环养殖系统去除硝酸盐为目的,研究了以一种非水溶性可生物降解多聚物材料(BDPs)PBS颗粒作为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体的填料床反应器对于废水中硝酸盐的去除效果及动力学特征.结果表明,在温度为(29±1)℃,进水NO 3--N浓度为25～334 mg/L的条件下,进水NO 3--N负荷0.107～1.098 kg/(m3.d)为最适进水负荷.当进水负荷为1.098 kg/(m3.d)时,可达到最大NO 3--N体积去除负荷0.577 kg/(m3.d).进一步增加进水NO 3--N负荷则NO 3--N体积去除负荷开始下降.动力学研究结果表明,以PBS作为碳源和生物膜载体的反硝化速率遵循一级反应动力学.用Eckenfelder模型拟合,并求出常数n值和K值,建立的动力学模型采用该参数可以预测出水NO 3--N浓度.对模型的预测值与实际值采用统计软件SPSS16.0做方差分析表明,p0.05,分别为p=0.5530.05和p=0.6320.05,模型预测值与实际值无显著性差异.     

Effect of dissolved oxygen on nitrate removal using polycaprolactone as an organic carbon source and biofilm carrier in fixed-film denitrifying reactors

Nitrate-nitrogen(NO_3~--N) always accumulates in commercial recirculating aquaculture systems(RASs) with aerobic nitrification units. The ability to reduce NO_3~--N consistently and confidently could help RASs to become more sustainable. The rich dissolved oxygen(DO)content and sensitive organisms stocked in RASs increase the difficulty of denitrifying technology. A denitrifying process using biologically degradable polymers as an organic carbon source and biofilm carrier was proposed because of its space-efficient nature and strong ability to remove NO_3~--N from RASs. The effect of dissolved oxygen(DO) levels on heterotrophic denitrification in fixed-film reactors filled with polycaprolactone(PCL) was explored in the current experiment. DO conditions in the influent of the denitrifying reactors were set up as follows: the anoxic treatment group(Group A, average DO concentration of 0.28 ± 0.05 mg/L), the low-oxygen treatment DO group(Group B, average DO concentration of 2.50 ± 0.24 mg/L) and the aerated treatment group(Group C, average DO concentration of 5.63 ± 0.57 mg/L). Feeding with 200 mg/L of NO_3~--N, the NO_3~--N removal rates were 1.53, 1.60 and 1.42 kg/m3PCL/day in Groups A, B and C, respectively. No significant difference in NO_3~--N removal rates was observed among the three treatments. It was concluded that the inhibitory effects of DO concentrations lower than 6 mg/L on heterotrophic denitrification in the fixed-film reactors filled with PCL can be mitigated.     

强化厌氧污泥体系同步脱硫反硝化特性研究

以硫化物为电子给体的自养反硝化厌氧体系是代替传统异养反硝化工艺处理低C/N比含氮废水的有效工艺,可以同时去除硫化物和硝酸盐.将脱氮硫杆菌菌悬液接种到厌氧污泥体系中,脱氮硫杆菌快速富集,采用5组进水比N/S比不同的反应瓶进行试验,运行15d后,测定不同时段的出水硫化物、硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、硫酸盐浓度等指标,考察强化厌氧污泥体系去除硫化物和硝酸盐的特性,并对生化反应机制进行初步研究.结果表明,强化厌氧污泥体系运行3h后,进水中90%的硫化物被去除,硫化物的去除与进水N/S比无关,硫化物(以S计)去除速率高达20～24g·(m3·h)-1,是相关文献报道的10倍左右;运行6h后,进水中65%的硝氮被去除,硝氮的去除负荷随着进水N/S比的提高而增大,最高达到940g·(m3·h)-1,约为硫自养反硝化体系硝氮去除负荷的2倍,此时体系中亚硝氮积累,最高浓度达到93mg·L-1,进水N/S比低的条件下,6h后亚硝氮消失,进水N/S比较高时,21h后出水中未检测到亚硝氮.表明强化厌氧污泥体系停留6h后可以实现同时去除硫化物和硝酸盐,但硝酸盐首先转化为亚硝氮.与以往不同的是研究发现硫化物与生物硫粒产生多硫化合物的链式反应,是硫化物迅速转化的主要途径,此外,还原硝氮的电子给体并不来源于硫化物,可能主要来源于体系中产生的单质硫.     

生物活性炭流化-泥滤耦合硝化与反硝化试验

构建生物活性炭流化-泥滤耦合系统,以果壳活性炭为载体,通过连续进水试验研究了系统的硝化与反硝化特性.同时考察了生物活性炭的形成过程及其特征.试验结果表明,通过对反应器中悬浮污泥的排除和进水条件的控制可形成生物活性炭.生物膜在活性炭上的分布受循环流体作用影响,具有独特的空间和微生物生理分布特征.在反应器COD容积负荷约2.2ks·m-3d-3和氨氮容积负荷约0.2ks·m-3d-3的进水条件下,系统对COD和氨氮去除率可分别达到92%和70%;通过对出水的泥滤控制,可以有效地增强系统的反硝化能力;出水pH值的变化也反映出系统兼具硝化与反硝化的效能.     

包埋固定化微生物的硫自养反硝化实验研究

采用升流式颗粒污泥床,外加Na<,2>S<,2>O<,3>作为电子供体,在室温下连续运行220 d,结合硫自养反硝化与固定化包埋技术进行脱氮实验,考察包埋颗粒的驯化条件、影响因素和最佳运行条件.进水负荷(以N计)维持0.22 kg/(m<'3>·d),包埋颗粒经23 d驯化成功,NO<'-><,3>-N(100 mg/...     

Inhibition factors and Kinetic model for ammonium inhibition on the anammox process of the SNAD biofilm

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) activity of simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox and denitrification (SNAD) biofilm with different substrate concentrations and pH values. Kaldnes rings taken from the SNAD biofilm reactor were incubated in batch tests to determine the anammox activity. Haldane model was applied to investigate the ammonium inhibition on anammox process. As for nitrite inhibition, the NH₄⁺-N removal rate of anammox process remained 87.4% of the maximum rate with the NO₂⁻-N concentration of 100 mg/L. Based on the results of Haldane model, no obvious difference in kinetic coefficients was observed under high or low free ammonia (FA) conditions, indicating that ammonium rather than FA was the true inhibitor for anammox process of SNAD biofilm. With the pH value of 7.0, the r_max, Ks and K_I of ammonium were 0.209 kg NO₂⁻-N/kg VSS/day, 9.5 mg/L and 422 mg/L, respectively. The suitable pH ranges for anammox process were 5.0 to 9.0. These results indicate that the SNAD biofilm performs excellent tolerance to adverse conditions.     

微气泡曝气生物膜反应器处理低C/N比废水脱氮过程

微气泡曝气生物膜反应器是微气泡曝气技术与好氧生物处理相结合的新型处理工艺.本研究采用微气泡曝气生物膜反应器在低气水比下处理低C/N比废水,考察了生物脱氮过程和性能,并分析了脱氮功能菌群变化.结果表明,通过低气水比(小于1∶2)控制DO浓度并降低进水C/N比,可以实现生物脱氮过程从同步硝化-反硝化向同步短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化(SNAD)过程转变,并可获得较高的低C/N比废水生物脱氮性能. DO浓度低于1. 0 mg·L-1、进水C/N比为1∶2. 8时,SNAD过程成为生物脱氮的主要途径,TN平均去除率可达到76. 3%,TN平均去除负荷为1. 42 kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧氨氧化过程对TN去除的贡献率为86. 0%.随着进水C/N比降低,生物膜中亚硝化菌群和厌氧氨氧化菌群的相对丰度逐渐增加,而硝化菌群和反硝化菌群的相对丰度逐渐降低.生物脱氮功能菌群变化与脱氮过程转变为SNAD过程相一致.     

Factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an SBBR treating domestic wastewater

An aerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) packed with Bauer rings was used to treat real domestic wastewater for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The SBBR is advantageous for creating an anoxic condition, and the biofilm can absorb and store carbon for good nitrification and denitrification. An average concentration of oxygen ranging from 0.8 to 4.0 mg/L was proved very efficient for nitrification and denitrification. Volumetric loads of TN dropped dramatically and effluent TN concentration increased quickly when the concentration of average dissolved oxygen was more than 4.0 mg/L. The efficiency of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) increased with increasing thickness of the biofilm. The influent concentration hardly affected the TN removal efficiency, but the effluent TN increased with increasing influent concentration. It is suggested that a subsequence for denitrification be added or influent amount be decreased to meet effluent quality requirements. At optimum operating parameters, the TN removal efficiency of 74%–82% could be achieved. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

缺氧附着生长反应器同步脱氮除硫除碳运行效果探讨

在缺氧环境下,应用附着生长反应器,通过降低水力停留时间增加进水底物负荷,对废水中硫化物,硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和有机物等污染物质的降解情况进行了研究.结果表明,进水硫化物、硝酸盐氮、亚硝酸盐氮和有机物浓度分别为200、52.5、20和20mg/L,去除率分别达到99%、99%、95.5%和80%,实现了兼养脱硫反硝化氮、硫、碳的同步去除.随着底物负荷的增大,硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐对冲击负荷的适应性逐渐变小;硝酸盐降解对进水负荷冲击的适应性强于亚硝酸盐;与增加进水负荷对反应器带来的冲击相比,缺氧环境的破坏对硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐的降解影响大;去除硫化物的60%被生物氧化为单质硫;缺氧反应器中发生了自养反硝化和异养反硝化作用,自养反硝化占主导地位,异养反硝化的发生力度为21.76%.     

介质粒径对复三维电极-生物膜脱硝反应器的影响

研究了无烟煤作填充介质时其粒径对复三维电极 生物膜反应器脱硝效果的影响 .选择了两种具有代表性的无烟煤粒径 :平均粒径D分别为 1 9mm和 4 0mm .研究了两种粒径介质的反应器出水中的NO-3 N、NO-2 N、pH变化 ,并对电流效率及处理负荷进行了对比 .结果表明在一定电流下 ,两反应器的NO-3 N去除率均能达到 98%;在同样操作条件下 ,D为 1 9mm反应器的脱硝能力优于D为 4 0mm反应器 ,前者比后者对水中NO-3 N的去除率高 10 %左右 .D为 1 9mm反应器的NO-3 N最高容积负荷、NO-3 N最高电极负荷、电流效率分别为 0 0 15kg (m3 ·h)、0 0 37mg (cm2 ·h)、36 0 %,均高于D为 4 0mm反应器约 10 %.以小粒径无烟煤为介质的反应器的生物量明显高于大粒径介质反应器 .     

膜曝气生物膜反应器同步硝化反硝化研究

炭膜作为膜曝气生物膜反应器膜组件处理人工合成废水,在单一反应器内实现了同时去碳脱氮.结果表明,当进水COD和NH^＋₄-N浓度分别为338 mg/L和75 mg/L,HRT为14 h,炭膜腔内压力为13.6 kPa时,COD、NH⁺₄-N和TN的去除效率分别为82.5%、 95.1%和84.2%.但是在反应器运行的后期TN去除效率明显下降,主要是因为高有机负荷导致无纺布上的微生物过度繁殖,严重影响了硝化过程的进行.通过荧光原位杂交和扫描电镜技术观察生物膜微生物结构,得出厌氧或兼氧菌主要分布在生物膜外层的缺氧区,而氨氧化菌主要分布在生物膜内层的好氧区.硝化细菌和反硝化细菌在生物膜内的共存实现了炭膜曝气生物膜反应器的同步硝化反硝化.     

自然通风沸石生物滴滤池脱氮机理

研究了自然通风沸石生物滴滤池中无机含氮化合物及微生物活性的沿程变化规律.结果表明,在水力负荷为6 m3/(m2·d),进水ρ(氨氮)为(19.2±2.6) mg/L的条件下,滴滤池单位体积滤料对氨氮的去除效果自上而下逐渐降低.而硝化速率的测定结果表明,中层和下层单位体积滤料上的硝化细菌活性较上层有了显著增加.因此可以认为,影响氨氮去除效果的首要因素是液相与生物膜相之间的氨氮传质速率,而非单位体积滤料的硝化细菌活性.滴滤池进出水中无机含氮化合物组成的变化表明,滤层中出现了显著的同步硝化反硝化现象,原因是滤池内部的沸石颗粒通风不畅,造成了局部的缺氧环境,利于反硝化作用的进行;同时,由于进水端C/N相对较高,反硝化主要发生在滴滤池上层.对生物膜耗氧速率的分析表明,上层生物膜以异养菌为主,随着有机物的沿程降解,中层和下层自养菌所占比例增加.      

反硝化滤池的数值模拟与模型校正

建立了反硝化滤池中试系统,在滤速8m/h,进水C/N分别为4和5两种工况条件下运行,考察其反硝化处理效果,结果表明在进水C/N=5条件下,出水TN浓度由14.52mg/L下降为7.14mg/L.应用BioWin软件,构建了反硝化滤池中试系统的模型,基于滤速8m/h,进水C/N=5条件下的运行数据,应用常规灵敏度分析法(Si,j)和均方根灵敏度分析法( ),对BioWin软件中的412个参数进行了灵敏度分析,结果表明,对反硝化滤池中试系统模拟结果影响最为显著的两类参数为:与甲基营养菌有关的计量学参数及与生物膜有关的参数.根据灵敏度分析结果,选取5个灵敏度最高的参数,通过调整参数值对所构建的反硝化滤池模型进行了校正,应用于滤速8m/h,进水C/N=5条件下的运行模拟取得了较好的效果.最后应用校正模型对滤速8m/h,进水C/N=4条件下的运行结果进行模拟,结果表明模拟值与实测值同样能够较好地吻合.由此得出结论,本研究所构建的反硝化滤池中试系统模型及基于灵敏度分析的模型校正方法是有效的,可用于实际反硝化滤池工艺的模拟.     

响应曲面法在反硝化生物滤池运行参数优化中的应用

为预测反硝化生物滤池深度处理城镇污水处理厂二沉池出水的脱氮效果,优化工艺运行参数,以黏土陶粒反硝化生物滤池作为反应器,以人工合成污水模拟污水处理厂二沉池出水,采用中心组合试验设计,利用响应曲面法研究反应器NO₃--N去除率与HRT(水力停留时间)、进水中ρ(COD_Cr)和ρ(NO₃--N)之间的关系. 统计结果显示,NO₃--N去除模型极显著(P<0.000 1),并且模型预测值与试验值能很好地吻合. 方差分析结果表明,HRT及其与进水中ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(COD_Cr)的交互作用对反硝化滤池NO₃--N的去除率影响不显著(P>0.05),而进水中ρ(NO₃--N)和ρ(COD_Cr)及其交互作用对反硝化滤池NO₃--N的去除具有显著影响(P＜0.05). 3个因素对NO₃--N去除率影响强弱的顺序为进水ρ(COD_Cr)>进水ρ(NO₃--N)>HRT. 在HRT为2.50 h的条件下,当进水中ρ(NO₃--N)＜11.00 mg/L及ρ(COD_Cr)＞43.00 mg/L时,反硝化滤池NO₃--N的去除率可以达到71.0%以上.      

利用淀粉基共混物作为反硝化固体碳源的研究

合成了淀粉/聚己内酯(PCL)热塑性共混物(SPCL6),并对其性能进行了表征.研究了SPCL6作为反硝化碳源和生物膜载体用于固相反硝化工艺的可行性.结果表明,SPCL6可作为固体碳源用于去除低C/N水中的硝酸盐,在接种1 d后SPCL6就有明显的脱氮效果.进水硝氮质量浓度对反硝化速率没有明显影响,以SPCL6为固体碳源的反硝化过程符合零级反应.剪切力对反硝化速率具有显著影响,转速从70 r.min-1提高至140 r.min-1时,反硝化速率(以N计)从0.016 5 mg.(g.h)-1提升至0.0328 mg.(g.h)-1.红外光谱结果表明,微生物利用后的SPCL6中淀粉和PCL均发生了降解.     

Bio-reduction of nitrate from groundwater using a hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor

A hydrogen-based membrane biofilm reactor(MBfR) using H2 as electron donor was investigated to remove nitrate from groundwater.When nitrate was first introduced to the MBfR,denitrification took place on the shell side of the membranes immediately,and the effluent concentration of nitrate continuously decreased with 100% removal rate on day 45 under the influent nitrate concentration of 5 mg NO3--N/L,which described the acclimating and enriching process of autohydrogenotrophic denitrification bacteria.A series of short-term experiments were applied to investigate the effects of hydrogen pressures and nitrate loadings on denitrification.The results showed that nitrate reduction rate improved as H2 pressure increasing,and over 97% of total nitrogen removal rate was achieved when the nitrate loading increased from 0.17 to 0.34 g NO3--N/(m2 ·day) without nitrite accumulation.The maximum denitrification rate was 384 g N/(m3 ·day).Partial sulfate reduction,which occurred in parallel to nitrate reduction,was inhibited by denitrififcation due to the competition for H2 .This research showed that MBfR is effective for removing nitrate from the contaminated groundwater.     

NO3--N负荷对树皮填料人工湿地早期反硝化及释碳速率的影响

为了将污水厂尾水作为再生水进行利用,常常需要对尾水进行深度脱氮,针对尾水的水质特征,在深度脱氮时常常需投加碳源.试验采用树皮作为填料,兼作脱氮的缓释碳源,进行树皮填料人工湿地深度脱氮模型试验,研究进水NO_3~--N负荷对反硝化和树皮释放碳源的影响.结果表明,树皮填料人工湿地可稳定脱氮;反硝化速率遵循Monod关系式,随进水NO_3~--N负荷增大而递增,饱和常数KS=19.10 mg·L~(-1);硝氮去除率随进水NO_3~--N负荷增大而减小;在树皮填料人工湿地运行早期,树皮释碳总量、树皮释碳速率随进水NO_3~--N负荷增大而递增,与进水NO_3~--N均呈线性正相关;树皮静态释碳速率为0.2 mg·(g·d)-1,与腐朽木等中空松散的植物碳源相比,碳源缓释性能较好,释碳周期较长,是良好的缓释碳源.     

Evaluation of co-metabolic removal of trichloroethylene in a biotrickling filter under acidic conditions

This study investigated the removal of hydrophobic trichloroethylene (TCE) in the presence of methanol (co-metabolite) in a biotrickling filter, which was seeded with fungi at pH 4. Starvation was chosen as the biomass control strategy. Two systems, Biofilter I (methanol:TCE 70:30) and Biofilter II (methanol:TCE 80:20) were run in parallel, each with varying composition ratios. The TCE loading rates for both biofilters ranged from 3.22 to 12.88 g/m³/hr. Depending on the ratio, methanol concentrations varied from 4.08 to 27.95 g/m³/hr. The performance of the systems was evaluated and compared by calculating removal kinetics, carbon mass balance, efficiencies and elimination capacities. Methanol was observed to enhance TCE removal during the initial loading rate. However, methanol later inhibited TCE degradation above 6.44 g TCE/m³/hr (Biofilter I) and 3.22 g TCE/m³/hr (Biofilter II). Conversely, TCE did not impede methanol removal because over 95% methanol elimination was consistently achieved. Overall, Biofilter I was able to outperform Biofilter II due to its greater resistance towards methanol competition.