复合填料曝气生物滤池在中水回用中的应用及效益分析

采用活性碳+椰壳复合填料曝气生物滤池对污水处理厂出水进行深度处理。运行结果表明,在水力停留时间4 h、气水体积比3∶1工况下处理效果最佳,COD、NH3-N及色度平均去除效率分别为46.71%、80.32%、89.29%。稳定运行一周检测出水部分指标,出水达到GB/T 18920—2002《城市污水再生利用-城市杂用水水质》与GB/T 18921—2002《城市污水再生利用-景观环境用水》水质标准。项目年减排污水36.5万吨,COD 18.25吨(进水COD按50 mg/L计),NH3-N2.19吨(进水NH3-N按6.0 mg/L计),TP 0.37吨(进水TP按1.0 mg/L计),环境效益良好。项目年收益70.08万元,投资偿还期为2.13年,内部收益率45.77%,经济效益良好。     

生物膜反应器处理洗涤污水的试验

介绍了采用生物膜反应器处理洗涤污水的试验研究方法，研究了COD、LAS和NH3-N的去除效果。试验结果表明：整个系统出水稳定，水质良好（COD〈38．7mg／L、NH3-N〈1．1mg／L、LAS〈0．9mg／L，且无色无味、无SS），符合国家建设部生活杂用水回用水质标准，且具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。在生物膜反应器中，微生物对污染物的去除起主要作用，而中空纤维膜对维持系统的稳定出水起重要作用。     

组合式A^2／O工艺处理城市污水的实验研究

随着城市化进程的加快,城市综合治理与城市水环境保护已逐渐为人们重视。通过试验,对A^2／O工艺进行改进,在传统型A^2／O工艺的好氧池中充填填料,形成雅流式的生物接触氧化曝气池,即组合式A^2／O工艺,用该工艺处理城市污水,其出水水质（平均值）为：COD36．9mg／L、NH3-N3．3mg／L、TP0．39mg／L,符合《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB18918—2002）一级A标准,可排入稀释能力较小的河湖,用作景观用水和一般回用水。出水水质与《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质》标准（GB／T18921—2002）相比,有一定差距,还需进一步的处理。     

城市高污染水体生物生态处理技术研究

针对城市高污染水体的特点,建成了粉煤灰基质滤料生物过滤与复合水生植物滤床组合处理系统。生物过滤在有机物和氨氮的去除方面起主要作用,磷则主要是通过人工湿地去除。运行结果表明,组合工艺出水COD、TP、NH3-N、TN平均浓度分别为16.35 mg/L、0.08 mg/L、2.68 mg/L、15.63 mg/L,均满足《城市污水再生利用——城市杂用水水质》(GB/T18920-2002)标准要求。     

两级曝气生物滤池用于生活污水的处理与研究

采用两级曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺,对生活污水进行处理。试验研究了两级曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺系统生物膜的培养过程和对CODC4,BOD5、SS、NH3-N等去除效果。试验结果表明生活污水经两级曝气生物滤池（BAF）工艺系统处理后,出水BOD,与CODC4分别低于10mg/L和40mg／L,SS小于10mg／L,浊度小于8NTU,色度小于15度,总磷小于3mg／L,NH3-N小于2mg／L,NO3-N小于5mg／L,细菌小于3个／mL,大肠杆菌未检出;CODCr,BOD5的去除率分别超过90％、95％,SS和NH3-N去除率接近100％,出水稳定,水质较好,符合国家污水综合排放的水质标准,有利于污水的再生利用。     

生态工程组合工艺应用于城市污水处理厂尾水深度处理

针对城市污水处理厂尾水的特点,采用生态氧化池／垂直流人工湿地／自然湿地生态工程组合工艺对其进行深度处理,重点分析了运行效果和去除机理。数据结果表明,该工艺运行稳定,系统出水COD,BOD5,NH3-N和TP平均分别为14．4,3．4,0．84,0．19mg／L,平均去除率均在65％以上,出水水质达到《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838-2002）中Ⅳ类标准。     

一体化膜生物反应器处理低C/N污水试验研究

研究一体化连续流间歇曝气膜生物反应器(IMBR)处理低C/N城市污水的工艺效能。试验结果表明:反应器在曝气2 h、搅拌2 h的运行模式下,对COD、NH4+-N、TN和SS的平均去除率分别达到了87%,83.4%,75.4%和97.81%,各出水质量浓度平均值分别为17.5,4.59,7.63和2 mg/L,出水水质达到了GB/T18920-2002《城市污水再生利用城市杂用水水质》标准。     

废水处理一体化装置试验

通过小试研究了生物絮凝沉淀／生物膜过滤复合式工艺一体化装置对城市污水去除的效能和机理，试验结果表明：在较低溶解氧条件(D0为0．1-0．5mg/L)T，该工艺装置对SS、COD去除效果较好；在DO=0．2mg／L，生物絮凝反应区水力停留时间2．16h时，反应区内发生同步硝化反硝化(SND)，脱氮效果较好，NH-N平均去除率87．5％，出水SS、COD、NH3-N均能达到国家标准(GB18918-2002)一级标准的B标准。该一体化装置对于城市污水的有机物去除和脱氮具有一定的优越性，是一种高效低耗的污水处理技术。     

碎石床湿地去除城镇污水厂出水中磷的研究

为解决城镇污水二级生物处理厂脱磷不达标的问题,设计了潜流碎石床湿地,通过其填料的吸附、沉淀和植物摄取作用,对二级生化处理后的城镇污水进行脱磷试验。结果表明碎石床湿地有较高的脱磷效果,当进水TP为1.74mg/L时,出水为0.25mg/L,去除率为85.63%,同时对BOD5、COD、SS、NH3-N等也有一定去除作用。出水不仅能满足《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-96)一级,而且满足《城市污水再生利用景观环境用水水质标准》(GB/T18921-2002),污水可以回用。潜流碎石床湿地深度脱磷技术运行费用低、管理方便、环境景观好、有推广应用价值。     

乳酸菌饮料生产废水生物处理工艺实例分析

为实现NH4+-N和COD的有效去除,采用完全混合式水解酸化+生物接触氧化为主体工艺处理乳酸菌饮料生产废水。该工程总投资355万元,直接运行成本为1.19元/吨。运行结果表明,生化处理单元在水力总停留时间为24 h、进水COD 872～1 389mg/L、进水NH4+-N5.8～15.0 mg/L的条件下,出水COD和NH4+-N最大浓度分别为137 mg/L和3.8 mg/L,对COD和NH4+-N的平均去除率分别为94.2%和79.4%,混凝沉淀出水COD可达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978-1996)一级标准要求。     

HRT对一体式PTFE膜生物反应器运行效果的影响

针对垃圾渗滤液高COD、高NH4-N,低生化性的特点,开发UASB/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器组合处理工艺.在不同水力停留时间(HRT)下,考察了系统对污染物去除效果及其膜污染特性.结果表明,在不同的HRT条件下,UASB/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器组合工艺处理垃圾渗滤液出水水质良好且稳定.出水COD除率随HRT的升高先增加后降低,且HRT为12.8h时达到最大值94.96%;系统对NH4-N的平均去除率随HRT的延长而升高; 膜污染实验结果显示: 较低的HRT条件下意味着膜通量较高,会加剧膜污染进程.通过实验得出结论当HRT=15h时,对膜污染的控制最为有利.对膜进行清洗,并进行扫描电镜分析.分析结果显示凝胶层的形成是膜透水性下降的主要原因.     

水解-交替脉冲曝气工艺处理城市污水研究

采用淹没式膜法水解-交替脉冲曝气系统对城市污水的处理效能进行研究,讨论了装置进水COD浓度变化对生活污水处理效果的影响、处理工艺沿程COD、NH3-N浓度变化状况、NH3-N的去除、水解对COD去除效果的影响以及进水COD/N比与反硝化的关系。研究表明,该系统能有效地去除COD和NH3-N。进水COD在450mg/L以下时,出水COD基本维持在60mg/L以下;进水NH3-N<50mg/L时,出水NH3-N<10mg/L。     

Pollutants removal and simulation model of combined membrane process for wastewater treatment and reuse in submarine cabin for long voyage

A laboratory scale test was conducted in a combined membrane process (CMP) with a capacity of 2.91 m3/d for 240 d to treat the mixed wastewater of humidity condensate, hygiene wastewater and urine in submarine cabin during prolonged voyage. Removal performance of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH4 +-N), turbidity and anionic surfactants (LAS) was investigated under di erent conditions. It was observed that the e uent COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS flocculated in ranges of 0.19–0.85 mg/L, 0.03–0.18 mg/L, 0.0–0.15 NTU and 0.0–0.05 mg/L, respectively in spite of considerable fluctuation in corresponding influent of 2120–5350 mg/L, 79.5–129.3 mg/L, 110–181.1NTU and 4.9–5.4 mg/L. The e uent quality of the CMP could meet the requirements of mechanical water and hygiene water according to the class I water quality standards in China (GB3838-2002). The removal rates of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS removed in the MBR were more than 90%, which indicated that biodegradation is indispensable and plays a major role in the wastewater treatment and reuse. A model, built on the back propagation neural network (BPNN) theory, was developed for the simulation of CMP and produced high reliability. The average error of COD and NH4 +-N was 5.14% and 6.20%, respectively, and the root mean squared error of turbidity and LAS was 2.76% and 1.41%, respectively. The results indicated that the model well fitted the laboratory data, and was able to simulate the removal of COD, NH4 +-N, turbidity and LAS. It also suggested that the model proposed could reflect and manage the operation of CMP for the treatment of the mixed wastewaters in submarine.     

Evaluation of the e ectiveness of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands for di erent media

Two media bed (gravel and Filtralite NR) were tested in a mesocosm to evaluate the removal of organic matter (as chemical oxygen demand (COD)), ammonia (NH4-N), nitrite, nitrate and solid matter (as total suspended solids (TSS)) for a synthetic wastewater (acetate-based) and a domestic wastewater. The use of Filtralite allowed average removal rates (6–16.8 g COD/(m2 day), 0.8–1.1 g NH4-N/(m2 day) and 3.1 g TSS/(m2 day)) and removal e ciencies (65%–93%, 57%–85% and 78% for COD, NH4-N and TSS, respectively), higher than that observed in the experiments with gravel. The applied loads of COD, ammonia, nitrate and TSS seem to influence the respective removal rates but only for the treatment of domestic wastewater with higher correlation coe cients for Filtralite. Regardless the type of media bed and the type of wastewater, nitrate was completely removed for nitrogen loading rates up to 1.3 g NO3-N/(m2 day). There was no evidence of the influence of nitrate loads on the removal of organic matter.     

Evaluation of the effectiveness of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands for different media

Two media bed (gravel and Filtralite NR) were tested in a mesocosm to evaluate the removal of organic matter (as chemical oxygen demand (COD)),ammonia (NH4-N),nitrite,nitrate and solid matter (as total suspended solids (TSS)) for a synthetic wastewater (acetate-based) and a domestic wastewater.The use of Filtralite allowed average removal rates (6–16.8 g COD/(m2·day),0.8–1.1 g NH4-N/(m2·day) and 3.1 g TSS/(m2·day)) and removal effciencies (65%–93%,57%–85% and 78% for COD,NH4-N and TSS,respectively),higher than that observed in the experiments with gravel.The applied loads of COD,ammonia,nitrate and TSS seem to influence the respective removal rates but only for the treatment of domestic wastewater with higher correlation coefficients for Filtralite.Regardless the type of media bed and the type of wastewater,nitrate was completely removed for nitrogen loading rates up to 1.3 g NO3-N/(m2·day).There was no evidence of the influence of nitrate loads on the removal of organic matter.     

UASB+A/O+BAF处理高浓度氨氮废水

在丙烯酰胺生产过程中产生的高浓度氨氮有机废水,采用UASB+A/O+BAF组合工艺处理该废水。结果表明:系统稳定运行后,在进水COD浓度为3 800～4 600 mg/L,NH3-N浓度为390～520 mg/L时,COD、NH3-N去除率分别达到98.2%和96.4%,出水各项指标均达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》二级标准。     

Organic matter and concentrated nitrogen removal by shortcut nitrification and denitrification from mature municipal landfill leachate

An UASB＋Anoxic/Oxic （A/O） system was introduced to treat a mature landfill leachate with low carbon-to-nitrogen ratio and high ammonia concentration. To make the best use of the biodegradable COD in the leaehate, the denitrifieation of NOx^--N in the reeireulation effluent from the elarifier was carried out in the UASB. The results showed that most biodegradable organic matters were removed by the denitrifieation in the UASB. The NH4^＋-N loading rate （ALR） of A/O reactor and operational temperature was 0.28- 0.60 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3-d） and 17-29℃ during experimental period, respectively. The short-cut nitrification with nitrite accumulation efficiency of 90%-99% was stabilized during the whole experiment. The NH4^＋-N removal efficiency varied between 90% and 100%. When ALR was less than 0.45 kg NH4^＋-N/（m^3.d）, the NH4^＋-N removal efficiency was more than 98%. With the influent NH4^＋-N of 1200-1800 mg/L, the effluent NH4^＋-N was less than 15 mg/L. The shortcut nitrification and denitrifieation can save 40% carbon source, with a highly efficient denitrifieation taking place in the UASB. When the ratio of the feed COD to feed NH4^＋-N was only 2-3, the total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） removal efficiency attained 67%-80%. Besides, the sludge samples from A/O reactor were analyzed using FISH. The FISH analysis revealed that ammonia oxidation bacteria （AOB） accounted for 4% of the total eubaeterial population, whereas nitrite oxidation bacteria （NOB） accounted only for 0.2% of the total eubaeterial population.     

Effect of media heights on the performance of biological aerated filter

The optimum media height of carbon oxidation and nitrification in a down-flow biological aerated filter was determined, and the distribution of the heterotrophic and nitrifying populations through studying the changes of organic carbon contents and ammonia concentration at different media height was got. The results showed that as a down flow BAF with granular media, the active layer of nitrifiere was deeper than heterotrophs in BAF. And the optimum media height for the removal of SS, CODcr and NH4^＋ -N was 40 cm,60cm and 80 cm respectively. The removal efficiency of SS, CODcr and NH4^＋ -N was 79.1%, 63.9% and 96.4% respectively under theinfluent CODcr and NH4^＋ -N of 122.1 mgCODcr/L and 14.84 mgNH4^＋ -N/L, the influent flux of 15.8 L/h, air to liauid ratio of 3 : 1.     

Simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen using a novel carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactor

A membrane aerated biofilm reactor is a promising technology for wastewater treatment. In this study, a carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactor （CMABR） has been developed, to remove carbon organics and nitrogen simultaneously from one reactor. The results showed that CMABR has a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and nitrogen removal efficiency, as it is operated with a hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 20 h, and it also showed a perfect performance, even if the HRT was shortened to 12 h. In this period, the removal efficiencies of COD, ammonia nitrogen （NH4^＋-N）, and total nitrogen （TN） reached 86%, 94%, and 84%, respectively. However, the removal efficiencies of NH4^＋-N and TN declined rapidly as the HRT was shortened to 8 h. This is because of the excessive growth of biomass on the nonwoven fiber and very high organic loading rate. The fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） analysis indicated that the ammonia oxidizing bacteria （AOB） were mainly distributed in the inner layer of the biofilm. The coexistence of AOB and eubacteria in one biofilm can enhance the simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen.     

一体式MBR处理高氨氮小区生活污水中试研究

在一体式MBR处理高浓度有机废水研究的基础上 ,针对高氨氮城市小区生活污水进行中试研究。着重研究了不同运行状况下处理效果、影响因素及膜通量的衰减规律。试验表明 :通过增设泥水回流和缺氧区可将氨氮去除率从60 %提高到 95 %以上 ,在进水CODCr为 3 3 0mg L、NH3为 10 0mg L时 ,出水CODCr和NH3分别低于 2 5mg L、5mg L ,且其它指标均达到生活杂用水水质标准 (CJ2 5 1 89)。