烧结活化-酸浸法浸出粉煤灰中铝元素

为实现粉煤灰的高效资源化,并控制资源化过程中的能耗,采用NaOH为烧结助剂,利用烧结活化-酸浸法浸出粉煤灰中的铝元素;在探究最佳工艺条件的同时,通过分析烧结产物矿物组成及官能团的变化来探究粉煤灰烧结活化的机理。结果表明,当烧结温度为550 °C、NaOH/CFA 质量比=1.40、硫酸浓度为30%、烧结时间为10 min的条件下,铝元素浸出率可达95.00%以上。在粉煤灰烧结活化过程中,莫来石及非晶态硅铝化合物与NaOH反应,其中的铝氧八面体结构转变为铝氧四面体结构,铝氧四面体与硅氧四面体结构相结合形成以四元环和六元环为基本结构的铝硅酸盐,即八面沸石和霞石。在酸浸过程中,八面沸石和霞石与硫酸发生反应使铝元素以离子形式存在于酸浸液中,其中霞石相更有利于烧结产物的酸浸过程。该研究结果可为烧结活化-酸浸法浸出粉煤灰中铝元素提供参考。     

优选粉煤灰制备人工合成沸石及去除氨氮研究

7种粉煤灰样品的物理化学性质,如元素组成、结晶相组成、比表面积、灼失量、阳离子交换容量和pH得到表征。采用熔融法提取硅铝效率作为粉煤灰原料优选的依据,并通过L9（34）正交实验研究氢氧化钠投加量、熔融温度、氢氧化钠提取液浓度和体积对于硅铝提取效果的影响。结果表明,湿式除尘技术收集的低品位粉煤灰比电除尘技术所收集粉煤灰更...     

An assessment of the significance of mercury release from coal fly ash

Some mercury (Hg) naturally present in coal is retained in the fly ash remaining after combustion. Concern has been raised regarding the potential for release of this Hg to the environment. The exchange of Hg between fly ash and the atmosphere was measured in the laboratory and in situ at a fly ash landfill. All samples of fly ash used in the laboratory study, with the exception of that derived from lignite-type coal, acted as a sink for atmospheric Hg. Deposition rates were found to increase as air Hg concentrations increased and to decrease with incident light and increased temperature. Addition of water to fly ash samples resulted in re-emission of deposited atmospheric Hg. Deposition was the dominant flux measured in situ at a fly ash landfill. Atmospheric Hg was deposited to all samples collected as part of two demonstration projects using carbon injection for enhanced Hg capture. Hg concentrations of extracts derived using U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Method 1312 (Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Procedure) were < or = 14.4 ng/L. Data developed demonstrate that fly ash, including that collected from Hg removal projects, will release little Hg to the air or water, and under certain conditions, absorbs Hg from the air.     

Impacts of pH and ammonia on the leaching of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from coal fly ash

Many coal-fired power plants are implementing ammonia-based technologies to reduce NO(x) emissions. Excess ammonia in the flue gas often deposits on the coal fly ash. Ammonia can form complexes with many heavy metals and change the leaching characteristics of these metals. This research tends to develop a fundamental understanding of the ammonia impact on the leaching of some heavy metals, exemplified by Cu(II) and Cd(II), under different pH conditions. Batch results indicated that the adsorption is the main mechanism controlling Cu(II) and Cd(II) leaching, and high concentrations of ammonia (>5,000 mg/l) can increase the release of Cu(II) and Cd(II) in the alkaline pH range. Based on the chemical reactions among fly ash, ammonia, and heavy metal ion, a mathematical model was developed to quantify effects of pH and ammonia on metal adsorption. The adsorption constants (logK) of Cu(2+), Cu(OH)(+), Cu(OH)(2), and Cu(NH(3))(m)(2+) for the fly ash under investigation were respectively 6.0, 7.7, 9.6, and 2.9. For Cd(II), these constants were respectively 4.3, 6.9, 8.8, and 2.6. Metal speciation calculations indicated that the formation of less adsorbable metal-ammonia complexes decreased metal adsorption, therefore enhanced metal leaching.     

Heavy metal leaching from coal fly ash amended container substrates during Syngonium production

Coal fly ash has been proposed to be an alternative to lime amendment and a nutrient source of container substrates for ornamental plant production. A great concern over this proposed beneficial use, however, is the potential contamination of surface and ground water by heavy metals. In this study, three fly ashes collected from Florida, Michigan, and North Carolina and a commercial dolomite were amended in a basal substrate. The formulated substrates were used to produce Syngonium podophyllum Schott 'Berry Allusion' in 15-cm diameter containers in a shaded greenhouse. Leachates from the containers were collected during the entire six months of plant production and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations. There were no detectable As, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se in the leachates; Cd and Mo were only detected in few leachate samples. The metals constantly detected were Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn. The total amounts of Cu, Mn, Ni, and Zn leached during the six-month production period were 95, 210, 44, and 337 microg per container, indicating that such amounts in leachates may contribute little to contamination of surface and ground water. In addition, plant growth indices and fresh and dry weights of S. podophyllum 'Berry Allusion' produced from fly ash and dolomite-amended substrates were comparable except for the plants produced from the substrate amended with fly ash collected from Michigan which had reduced growth indices and fresh and dry weights. Thus, selected fly ashes can be alternatives to commercial dolomites as amendments to container substrates for ornamental plant production. The use of fly ashes as container substrate amendments should represent a new market for the beneficial use of this coal combustion byproduct.     

利用粉煤灰硫酸浸取液制备十二水硫酸铝铵

粉煤灰提取氧化铝是粉煤灰高值化利用的重要方向.通过在粉煤灰酸浸液中加入硫酸铵形成常温下可结晶的十二水硫酸铝铵晶体(NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O),从而实现铝盐的高效分离.考察了结晶温度、NH4+/Al3+摩尔比,初始Al3+浓度等因素对铝回收及NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O结晶的影响;利用电感耦合等离子光谱仪(ICP)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对晶体中的杂质含量及晶体组成进行了分析.结果表明,随着结晶温度的升高,铝回收率显著下降,但晶体纯度升高;铝回收率和晶体纯度均随着NH4+/Al3+摩尔比的增加而增加;较高的初始Al3+浓度可促进铝的回收和晶体纯度的提高.对十二水硫酸铝铵的结晶过程进行优化,结果表明,在结晶温度为15℃;NH4+/Al3+摩尔比为1.0~1.5;初始Al3+浓度为0.88 mol/L时,铝的回收率可达74%,十二水硫酸铝铵纯度在90%以上.     

Release of mercury vapor from coal combustion ash

The long-term stability of Hg in coal combustion by-products (CCBs) was evaluated at ambient and near-ambient temperatures. Six CCB samples with atypically high levels of total Hg were selected for study assuming a greater potential for release of measurable amounts of Hg vapor. The samples selected included two fly ash samples from U.S. eastern bituminous coal, two fly ash samples from South African low-rank coal, one fly ash from Powder River Basin (PRB) subbituminous coal blended with petroleum coke, and one PRB subbituminous coal fly ash incorporated with flue gas desulfurization material. Air scrubbed of Hg was passed through compacted 100-g aliquots of each sample at 1 mL/min and vented to a gold-coated quartz trap to collect released Hg vapor. The samples were maintained at ambient and near-ambient (37 degrees C) temperatures. All samples released low-picogram levels of Hg after 90 days. No pattern was evident to link the total Hg content to the rate of release of Hg vapor. An average of 0.030 pg Hg/g CCB/day was released from the samples, which equates to 2.2 x 10(-8) lb Hg/ton CCB/year. If this were applied to a coal-fired power plant production of 200,000 tons of fly ash per year, there would be a maximum potential release of 0.0044 lb, or 2.00 g, of Hg per year. Experiments are continuing to determine long-term vapor release of Hg from CCBs. All samples have been set up in duplicate at ambient temperature with an improved apparatus to reevaluate results reported in this article.     

硫酸亚铁对粉煤灰中不同价态铬元素淋滤特性的影响

粉煤灰中痕量元素的滤出会对灰场下游的生态环境产生重要的影响,因而研究粉煤灰中痕量元素的淋滤特性具有重要的现实意义.针对贵州某电厂灰样,开展铬元素的迁移控制及柱淋滤特性的研究,建立HPLC-ICP-MS对不同价态铬定量分析的方法,结果显示,以EDTA为络合剂,经过高效液相色谱分离, Cr(Ⅲ)与Cr(Ⅵ)的保留时间分别为80 s和120 s左右,实现了基线分离.并选取硫酸亚铁,研究硫酸亚铁的添加对不同价态铬元素在柱淋滤系统内淋滤特性的影响.     

Time-resolved leaching of cadmium and manganese from lignite and incinerator fly ash

Fly ashes from a lignite fired power plant and a municipal incinerator were leached for 3 hours using 0.1N HC1. Leachate was analyzed for Cd and Mn and plots of concentration versus time for these elements show Cd, a surface adsorbed element in the combustion process, to be rapidly removed from the ash particles in the initial four or five minutes of leaching. Manganese, a fly ash matrix element, is leached at a more constant rate as the ash praticles are dissolved. Total Cd and Mn concentrations in the incinerator fly ash are greater than total concentrations of these elements in the lignite fly ash.     

粉煤灰提取液的絮凝效应

为了回收利用粉煤灰,采用盐酸浸提法制备粉煤灰提取液（CFAL）用作絮凝剂。通过单因素实验优化CFAL的制备条件,并在高岭土模拟体系内研究CFAL的絮凝效应。研究在不同CFAL投加量下浊度的去除率,确定最佳的投加剂量及在此剂量下絮体的大小与沉降性能。对原浊度为100 NTU的高岭土悬浊液,当CFAL为0.44 mg·L-1（以Al的含量计）时,浊度去除率达到90%以上。在同等剂量下,聚合氯化铝（PAC）和氯化铝（AlCl3）的浊度去除率均低于CFAL,分别为78.7%和79.2%。CFAL的絮体大小约为400 μm,沉降较快,在20 min后,去除率达到90%以上;PAC和AlCl3的絮体分别为260和330 μm,分别沉降60和40 min后,去除率稳定在80%左右。在实验剂量范围内,CFAL絮凝后对高岭土悬浊液的pH不会造成明显影响,且余铝满足《生活饮用水卫生标准》（GB 5749-2006）,CFAL是一种廉价、高效、安全的混凝剂。     

Effect of fly ash on metsulfuron-methyl sorption and leaching in soils

This investigation was undertaken to determine the effect of amendment of two fly ashes [Kota and Inderprastha (IP)] on sorption behavior of metsulfuron-methyl in three Indian soil types. Kota fly ash (5%) did not show any effect on herbicide sorption while IP fly ash significantly enhanced the sorption. Further studies on metsulfuron-methyl sorption-desorption behavior in 0.5, 1, 2, and 5% IP fly ash-amended soils suggested that effect of fly ash varied with soil type and better effect was observed in low organic carbon content soils. The sorption-desorption isotherms fitted very well to the Freundlich sorption equation and, in general, slope (1/n) values less than unity were observed. Metsulfuron-methyl sorption in the IP fly ash-amended soils showed strong correlation with the fly ash content and compared to the Freundlich sorption constant (K _f), K _FA values (sorption normalized to fly ash content) showed less variation. Metsulfuron-methyl leaching studies suggested greater retention of herbicide in the application zone in IP fly ash-amended soils, but effect varied with soil type and no herbicide leaching was observed in 5% fly ash-amended soils. The study suggested that all coal fly ashes are not effective in enhancing the sorption of metsulfuron-methyl in soils. However, one which enhanced herbicide sorption, could play an important role in reducing its leaching losses.     

不同释钾菌对粉煤灰的生态效应

粉煤灰治理难度大,但它含有植物生长必需的营养元素钾,将其就地资源化生物利用是一条较好的途径。释钾菌是一种能把矿物中的难溶性钾转化为有效钾的细菌,从土壤中筛选出2种释钾菌,经过在粉煤灰基质中的驯化培养,通过盆栽试验种植紫花苜蓿,比较不同菌株对粉煤灰的改良作用及其对植物生长的影响。结果表明,筛选出的菌株C6对粉煤灰中速效钾的释放效果明显,降低了基质pH,显著地促进了植物的生长,对粉煤灰生态修复具有重要意义。     

粉煤灰资源化的现状

本文检索了国内外综合利用粉煤灰的有关文献 ,由粉煤灰特性入手 ,介绍了它在农业、建筑、环保等行业的资源化现状。指出粉煤灰作为二次资源的重要意义 ,并对粉煤灰资源化提出了一些设想     

Synthesis of high-purity Na-A and Na-X zeolite from coal fly ash

Coal fly ash (CFA) was used as a raw material for the synthesis of zeolite molecular sieve. The synthesis began with the pretreatment of CFA to remove impurities (e.g., Fe₂O₃, CaO, etc.) under various acid types (HCl, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃) and acid/CFA ratios (5–25 mL_acid/g_CFA). High product purity (up to 97%) was achieved with HCl (20%wt), and acid/CFA ratio of 20 mL_HCl/g_CFA. The treated CFA was then converted to zeolite by the fusion reaction under various Si/Al molar ratios (0.54–1.84). Zeolite type A was synthesized when the Si/Al molar ratios were lower than 1, whereas sodium aluminum silicate hydrate was formed when the Si/Al molar ratio were higher than 1. The highest water adsorption performance of the zeolite product, i.e., the outlet ethanol concentration of 99.9%wt and the specific adsorption capacity of 2.31 × 10^?2 g_water/g_zeolite, was observed with the Si/Al molar ratio of 0.82. The zeolite was tested for its water adsorption capacity repeatedly 10 times without deactivation.

Implications: This work evaluated the technical feasibility in the conversion of CFA to zeolite, which would help reduce the quantity of waste needed to be landfilled. This adds value to the unwanted material by converting it into something that can be further used. The synthesized products were shown to be quite stable as water adsorbent for the dehydration of ethanol solution.     

粉煤灰制备高纯分子筛及对氨氮的去除

结合碱熔处理和引入晶种的方法,用粉煤灰制备出高纯的分子筛。运用XRD,SEM和BET等技术手段对制备的纯分子筛的晶体类型,形貌结构和物理参数等进行表征。通过续批实验,研究了pH值,投加量和初始氨氮浓度对氨氮去除的影响。实验结果表明,这些实验参数对于制备的分子筛去除氨氮有着重要的影响。其动力学行为非常符合准二级动力学方程。Langmuir方程能较好描述分子筛对氨氮的等温吸附过程,相关系数为0.9919。因此,利用粉煤灰制备高纯分子筛可以高效去除氨氮并达到"以废治废"的价值。     

复掺粉煤灰吸附剂碳化固碳反应及对重金属浸出特性的影响

针对复掺方法提高粉煤灰矿物固碳效率和重金属析出钝化作用,采用粉煤灰掺入不同比例的消石灰和氧化铝制备了固碳吸附剂,利用三相高压反应釜模拟碳酸化固碳反应,利用热重-差热测试分析了不同配比固化剂CO2固定量和固定效率,对碳酸化反应前后固化剂的化学成分进行了分析,揭示了复掺粉煤灰吸附剂固碳机理,对碳酸化反应前后固化剂材料中重金属浸出毒性进行了实验模拟。结果表明,粉煤灰基固化剂复掺消石灰后,增加了固化材料中CaO量,显著提高了碳酸化体系中pH值,当粉煤灰与消石灰质量比为1：1时,碳固定效率最高,达到6.98%。当消石灰的投加量为50%时,As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Cr受到了较强的抑制效果,Ni、Zn的浸出浓度没有变化。因此,复掺消石灰、氧化铝的粉煤灰基碳固化材料可有效改善纯粉煤灰碳酸化固定CO2的效率,并可降低粉煤灰碳酸化后重金属的浸出毒性。     

Study of the use of coal fly ash as an additive to minimise fluoride leaching from FGD gypsum for its disposal

The use of coal fly ash as a fluoride retention additive has been studied as a way of treating flue gas desulphurisation (FGD) gypsum for its disposal in landfills. With this end leaching studies following the standard EN-12457-4 [Characterization of waste- Leaching-Compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges - Part 4: One stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 10l/kg for materials with particle size below 10mm (without or with size reduction)] have been performed on FGD gypsum samples treated with different proportions of fly ash (0.1-100%). It was found that the fluoride leachable content in FGD gypsum was reduced in the range 1-55%, depending on the fly ash proportion added to FGD gypsum. High levels of fluoride leaching reduction (close to 40%) were achieved even at relatively low fly ash additions (5%). So, low fly ash incorporations assure the characterization of this by-product as a waste acceptable at landfills for non-hazardous wastes according to the Council Decision 2003/33/EC [Council Decision 2003/33/EC of 19 December 2002 establishing criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste at landfills pursuant to Article 16 of and Annex II to Directive 1999/31/EC] on waste disposal. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the proposed FGD gypsum stabilization method was also studied in column leaching systems, proving its good performance in simulated conditions of disposal. In such conditions a fluoride leaching reduction value slightly higher than 25% was displayed for a fly ash added amount of 5%.     

油页岩循环流化床锅炉底渣和飞灰中重金属元素浸出毒性研究

为了研究我国桦甸油页岩65 t/h循环流化床锅炉的底渣和飞灰中重金属元素Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的赋存状态及不同酸度条件下的浸出特性,分别进行了逐级提取实验和分批浸出的淋滤实验。逐级提取实验结果表明,这4种元素在底渣和飞灰中具有基本相当的赋存状态。硫化物结合态和稳定的残渣态是各元素的主要赋存状态,元素的潜在浸出能力大小表现为:PbCrCuZn,飞灰中各元素的潜在浸出能力大于底渣中的。浸出实验结果表明,元素的赋存状态决定了其浸提能力,浸提液的pH值对各元素浸出能力的影响不尽相同,各元素的浸出能力随浸提时间的延长都会趋于平衡,Cr和Pb的浸出浓度都高于地表水和饮用水的国家标准。     

流化床飞灰固化焚烧飞灰效果及微观分析

以深圳某垃圾焚烧厂焚烧飞灰为例分析了焚烧飞灰的性质和重金属毒性.结果表明,飞灰中 Pb 和 Cr 超出TCLP 阈值,必须进行稳定化处理.以流化床飞灰为主要成分配制固化材料,按不同比例掺人焚烧l￡灰进行固化实验,结果表明,实验范围内重金属固定效果良好.微观测试显示,固化过程主要产物有水化硅酸钙凝胶、钙矾石等,通过物理包胶、物理吸附、复分解沉淀反应和同晶替代等作用抑制重金属浸出.     

类柱试验中焚烧飞灰浸出特性研究

通过类柱试验研究焚烧飞灰的浸出规律.结果表明,随着流入系统中酸溶液体积的增加,系统pH先升高而后下降;在整个系统中,Ca的浸出质量浓度很高;Cr的浸出质量浓度要高于Cd、Cu、Zn、Pb和Ni,随着反应时间的推进,它们的浸出质量浓度都随着流入系统中酸溶液体积的增加而逐渐降低;在同一时间浸出质量浓度曲线上,从系统的上游到下游,浸出质量浓度呈增加趋势,如Cu的浸出质量浓度在系统上游(单元1)为60.2 μg/L,而在系统下游(单元10)为158.0 μg/L.