废水生化处理中有机物的分析和转化

有机物的种类、含量、物化特性、分子量等性质直接影响废水处理工艺的处理效果。本文综述了近年来废水生化处理中有机物的分析方法及废水生化处理过程中有机物的转化规律。     

有机改良剂及生物炭对离子型稀土矿尾砂地生态修复的改良探究

选取有机改良剂稻草、锯末、城市污泥、鸡粪及麻杆生物炭进行单施或配施,通过室内杂交狼尾草和红麻盆栽实验,探讨有机改良剂及同时生物炭对离子型稀土矿尾砂地土壤的改良效果.结果表明:①单施4种有机改良剂均能显著提高杂交狼尾草生物量,其中鸡粪处理效果最好;但鸡粪处理中实验前后土壤中有机质亏损高达73.8%,其改良效果持久性较低;而锯末处理中有机质仅亏损16.0%,改良效果持久性更佳.②相对于单施鸡粪,配施麻杆生物炭或锯末均显著增加红麻生物量,显著提高土壤中有机质的含量及土壤持水性,减缓了营养元素的流失;且明显改善有机质亏损,尤其配施锯末后土壤有机质亏损降至45.4%,提高了改良效果持久性.因此,鸡粪配比麻杆生物炭或锯末处理改良长效性较好,环境风险低,可应用于稀土尾砂地基质改良,加快植被复垦.     

有机配体EDTA对土壤吸附和解吸稀土元素行为的影响

研究了有机配体EDTA对土壤吸附和解吸稀土元素La、Gd、Y的影响．结果表明,吸附作用在加入有机配体和稀土元素后0.5h便达到平衡,当存在单一稀土元素时,土壤对La、Gd、Y吸附量随EDTA浓度增加而减少,而在混合稀土元素条件下,土壤对各稀土元素的吸附与稀土－EDTA配合物稳定常数呈负相关,并且观察到竞争吸附现象．EDTA可促进稀土元素从土壤中解吸下来,解吸量与EDTA配体浓度呈正相关,其相关方程可用 1nX＝n 1n c＋1nK来描述     

Insights from a Systematic Search for Information on Designs,Costs, and Effectiveness of Poliovirus Environmental Surveillance Systems

Poliovirus surveillance plays a critical role in achieving and certifying eradication and will play a key role in the polio endgame. Environmental surveillance can provide an opportunity to detect circulating polioviruses prior to the observation of any acute flaccid paralysis cases. We completed a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications on environmental surveillance for polio including the search terms “environmental surveillance” or “sewage,” and “polio,” “poliovirus,” or “poliomyelitis,” and compared characteristics of the resulting studies. The review included 146 studies representing 101 environmental surveillance activities from 48 countries published between 1975 and 2016. Studies reported taking samples from sewage treatment facilities, surface waters, and various other environmental sources, although they generally did not present sufficient details to thoroughly evaluate the sewage systems and catchment areas. When reported, catchment areas varied from 50 to over 7.3 million people (median of 500,000 for the 25% of activities that reported catchment areas, notably with 60% of the studies not reporting this information and 16% reporting insufficient information to estimate the catchment area population size). While numerous studies reported the ability of environmental surveillance to detect polioviruses in the absence of clinical cases, the review revealed very limited information about the costs and limited information to support quantitative population effectiveness of conducting environmental surveillance. This review motivates future studies to better characterize poliovirus environmental surveillance systems and the potential value of information that they may provide in the polio endgame.     

关于稀土行业排污许可证申请与核发技术规范的思考

我国稀土行业产品众多,生产工艺复杂,行业污染特殊性明显,亟需针对其污染特征科学制定排污许可证申请与核发技术规范。介绍了稀土行业主要生产工艺、污染物类型和排污节点,借鉴有色金属工业和再生金属行业的排污许可证申请与核发技术规范的思路,分析了稀土行业排污许可技术规范制定中污染因子确定、排放口类型划分、许可量核算等难点,并从增加稀土行业特征污染因子,划分排放口为主要排放口和一般排放口,确定许可排放限值及核算许可排放量,增加南方离子型稀土矿的污染控制要求等方面提出稀土行业技术规范制定的建议。     

自然保护区人类活动天地一体化监管与评价技术体系

基于遥感监测与实地核查相结合的技术,构建了集目标、内容、指标、流程为一体的自然保护区人类活动天地一体化监管与评价的技术体系,在此基础上提出了自然保护区人类活动影响评价方法和模型.最后,为了验证方法体系的可靠性,以河南董寨国家级自然保护区为例进行了示范研究,结果表明：该自然保护区有工矿用地、旅游用地、采石场、农业用地、居民点、其他人工设施和道路7种人类活动类型,人类活动总面积占保护区总面积的16.60%,以农业用地为主,占自然保护区人类活动总面积的89.41%.人类活动主要分布在实验区,实验区人类活动总面积5554.9hm²、总数量231处,分别占人类活动总面积和总数量的68.65%和58.93%.该自然保护区人类活动影响指数为0.000697,人类活动影响较明显,不利于物种和生态系统的保护.     

黄土高原土质路浮土径流产沙模拟降雨试验研究

目前关于道路侵蚀的研究较多,但针对土质路浮土侵蚀规律的研究尚未见报道,且浮土侵蚀由于浮土颗粒的特殊性质,与农地、撂荒地及道路侵蚀等有较大区别.因此,本文采用室内人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了黄土高原土质路浮土侵蚀规律.结果表明:1大坡度、大雨强时产流起始时间随浮土厚度的增大差异较小,并与雨强、坡度呈显著线性关系,坡度2°时产流时间较其他坡度滞后36.23%~52.57%,随雨强增大,产流起始时间可缩短38.57%~72.89%,开始侵蚀土质路路面发生在小区出口处.2径流量在产流开始后3 min内显著递增,增幅可达692.59%,该过程主要发生在单独浮土侵蚀时段,达到混合侵蚀时段后径流量趋于相对稳定,随雨强增大而递增,幅度可达29.84%~177.81%.开始侵蚀路面临界时间点随雨强的增大而提前,随浮土厚度的增大而滞后.3侵蚀速率在产流开始后9 min时出现转折,在此之前的单独浮土侵蚀时段波动剧烈,混合侵蚀时段在大坡度下随降雨过程持续递增,小坡度下趋于相对稳定.421 min时总径流量随雨强增大而递增,坡度对21 min时总侵蚀量影响显著,递增幅度可达15.44%~229.00%.本研究结果阐明了土质路浮土侵蚀规律,可为综合治理道路及浮土侵蚀,改善当地环境质量提供科学依据.     

UV-B辐射对亚历山大藻生长及其生理生化特征的影响

通过生物化学的方法,研究了UV-B辐射对亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)生长及其可溶性蛋白、叶绿素a、H2O2、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的影响.结果表明:UV-B辐射会抑制亚历山大藻的生长并对其生理生化特征产生明显的影响;经过UV-B辐射后,可溶性蛋白和叶绿素a含量呈现降低的趋势;H2O2、丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活力呈现升高的趋势;UV-B辐射产生过量的活性氧自由基是导致亚历山大藻受损伤的主要原因.     

Impact of soluble organic matter and particulate organic matter on anammox system: Performance,microbial community and N2O production

In this study,the effects of soluble readily biodegradable COD (sCOD) and particulate slowly biodegradable COD (pCOD) on anammox process were investigated.The results of the longterm experiment indicated that a low sCOD/N ratio of 0.5 could accelerate the anammox and denitrification activity,to reach as high as 84.9%±2.8% TN removal efficiency.Partial denitrification-anammox (PDN/anammox) and denitrification were proposed as the major pathways for nitrogen removal,accounting for 91.3% and 8.7% o...     

Synthesis, characterization and application of ZnO-Ag as a nanophotocatalyst for organic compounds degradation, mechanism and economic study

The current work deals with ZnO-Ag nanocomposites (in the wide range of x in the Zn_1 − xO-Ag_x chemical composition) synthesized using microwave assisted solution combustion method. The structural, morphological and optical properties of the samples were characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction), FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectrometry), SEM (scanning electron microscopy technique), EDX (energy dispersive X-ray spectrum), ICP (inductively coupled plasma technique), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method), UV–Vis (ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometer) and photoluminescence spectrophotometer. The photocatalytic activity of the ZnO-Ag was investigated by photo-degradation of Acid Blue 113 (AB 113) under UV illumination in a semi-batch reactor. This experiment showed that ZnO-Ag has much more excellent photocatalytic properties than ZnO synthesized by the same method. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was due to the decrease in recombination of photogenerated electron-holes. The results showed the improvement of ZnO photocatalytic activity and there is an optimum amount of Ag (3.5 mol%) that needs to be doped with ZnO. The effect of operating parameters such as pH, catalyst dose and dye concentration were investigated. The reaction byproducts were identified by LC/MS (liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry) analysis and a pathway was proposed as well. Kinetic studies indicated that the decolorization process follows the first order kinetics. Also, the degradation percentage of AB 113 was determined using a total organic carbon (TOC) analyzer. Additionally, cost analysis of the process, the mechanism and the role of Ag were discussed.     

骨炭、磷矿粉和生物调理剂对赣南稀土矿区土壤稀土元素淋溶的影响

通过土柱淋溶实验研究了骨炭、磷矿粉与生物调理剂对赣南稀土矿区土壤稀土元素淋溶的影响.结果表明:土壤中添加骨炭、磷矿粉和生物调理剂均显著地提高了淋溶液的p H值.不管是高钇型重稀土土壤还是富镧少钇型轻稀土土壤,添加骨炭均显著地降低了淋溶液中稀土元素的浓度,7 d时淋溶液中15个稀土元素浓度比对照处理降低10.4%~86.7%(重稀土土壤)和4.6%~87.8%(轻稀土土壤),铈、镧、钇、钕、镝、钆等稀土元素浓度降低最明显.培养时间越长稀土元素淋溶量越少,骨炭的降低作用越小.在轻稀土土壤中添加磷矿粉7 d和14 d后,淋溶液中稀土元素浓度均比对照处理有所降低,而在重稀土土壤中添加磷矿粉7~28 d后,均导致淋溶液中稀土元素浓度比对照升高(除了个别元素外).土壤中添加生物调理剂均导致淋溶液中稀土元素浓度急剧提高,7 d时淋溶液中15个稀土元素浓度比对照处理提高0.86~123.4倍(重稀土土壤)和5.4~250.2倍(轻稀土土壤),在重稀土土壤中钇、铒、镱、镝、钆、钕等浓度提高最明显,而在轻稀土土壤中浓度提高最明显的为铈、镧、钕、镨、钆等.另外,还研究了骨炭、磷矿粉和生物调理剂对土壤总稀土元素淋溶的影响.研究表明,骨炭是可以用来修复稀土元素污染土壤的潜力改良剂,而磷矿粉和生物调理剂的应用将提高环境污染的风险.     

Effect of viscosity, basicity and organic content of composite flocculant on the decolorization performance and mechanism for reactive dyeing wastewater

A coagulation/flocculation process using the composite flocculant polyaluminum chloride-epichlorohydrin dimethylamine (PAC-EPI-DMA) was employed for the treatment of an anionic azo dye (Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP dye). The effect of viscosity (ηup), basicity (B = [OH]/[Al]) and organic content (W_P) on the flocculation performance as well as the mechanism of PAC-EPI-DMA flocculant were investigated. The ηup was the key factor affecting the dye removal efficiency of PAC-EPI-DMA. PAC-EPI-DMA with an intermediate ηup (2400 mPa.sec) gave higher decolorization efficiency by adsorption bridging and charge neutralization due to the co-effect of PAC and EPI-DMA polymers. The W_P of the composite flocculant was a minor important factor for the flocculation. The adsorption bridging of PAC-EPI-DMA with ηup of 300 or 4300 mPa.sec played an important role with the increase of W_P, whereas the charge neutralization of them was weaker with the increase of W_P. There was interaction between W_P and B on the removal of reactive dye. The composite flocculant with intermediate viscosity and organic content was effective for the treatment of reactive dyeing wastewater, which could achieve high reactive dye removal efficiency with low organic dosage.     

镧对红壤转化酶、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性的影响

通过室内培养和盆栽试验研究了稀土元素镧对红壤转化酶、过氧化氢酶和脱氢酶活性的影响.镧对土壤转化酶活性有不同程度的刺激作用;对土壤过氧化氢活性有轻微的抑制作用;对土壤脱氢酶活性有强烈的抑制作用,当镧浓度为30mg/kg时,抑制作用达到显著水平.随着浓度的升高,镧对土壤脱氢酶和过氧化氢酶活性的抑制作用不断增强.随着培养时间的延长,镧对土壤脱氢酶的抑制作用有降低的趋势.土壤脱氢酶活性是评价稀土元素污染土壤环境的敏感指标.     

含铁、锰水源水深度处理工艺的运行实验研究

对铁、锰含量较高又存在有机微污染的原水进行深度处理的生产规模的净水厂（规模10m^3/h），进行了运行效能的试验研究。该水厂由射流曝气→砂滤罐→臭氧接触氧化罐→生物活性炭滤罐→木鱼石滤罐→紫外线照射清水箱等处理单元组成。通过曝气充氧－砂滤预处理，去除溶解性的二价铁60％以上,关剩余臭氧的量为0.4mg/L（相应的臭氧投量为：4mg/L)的条件下，经臭氧接触氧化和生物活性炭过滤，在HRT20min时，可去除铁锰高达100％，CODMn的去除率达90%左右。     

有机肥-镉-锌交互作用对土壤镉锌形态和小麦生长的影响

模拟不同镉锌污染与有机肥(猪厩肥)施用水平,进行春小麦盆栽试验,采用Tessier法测试土壤中重金属形态.结果表明,复合污染时在同水平Cd(Zn)污染下,外源Zn(Cd)含量的增加使土壤中有效态Cd(Zn)的含量提高,小麦籽粒中Cd(Zn)含量增加(降低),而小麦籽粒产量均下降,差异极显著.施入猪厩肥降低了土壤中有效态Cd、铁锰氧化物结合态Cd的含量提高了土壤中有效态Zn、碳酸盐态Zn含量;降低了铁锰氧化物结合态Zn的含量.小麦籽粒中Zn含量并没有完全随土壤中有效态Zn增加而增加,在Zn/Cd为100～1000的处理中,施用猪厩肥反而降低了小麦籽粒中Zn含量;除Zn/Cd为100～10的处理中小麦籽粒中Cd含量有所下降外,其余处理中,施用猪厩肥小麦籽粒中Cd含量均有所增加.猪厩肥的施用能显著提高Cd、Zn污染土壤中小麦籽粒产量.     

Characterization of dissolved organic matter as N-nitrosamine precursors based on hydrophobicity, molecular weight and fluorescence

It is very important to identify the dominant precursors for N-nitrosamine formation from bulk organic matter, to enhance the understanding of N-nitrosamine formation pathways in water treatment plants and allow the development of practical treatment technologies. In this study, dissolved organic matter (DOM) from two source waters was fractionated with XAD resins and ultra- filtration membranes. The N-nitrosamine formation potential (FP) (ng of N-nitrosamines formed per mg of dissolved organic carbon (DOC)) from raw water and each fraction were measured and correlated with the fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM), molecular weight (MW) and other assays. The results showed that the hydrophilic fraction had N-nitrosamine FP 1.3 to 3.5 times higher than the hydrophobic fraction from both source waters. The DOM fraction with low MW was the dominant fraction in these two source waters and contributed more precursors for N-nitrosamine formation than the larger MW fraction. The EEM spectra indicated there were notable amounts of soluble microbial products (SMPs) and aromatic proteins in the two studied rivers, which probably originated from wastewater discharge. The SMPs tended to be more closely correlated with N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential than the other DOM components. Higher N-nitrosamine FP were also related to fractions with lower DOC/DON ratios and lower SUVA 254 values.     

有机质、CaCl_2和MgCl_2对细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降的影响

在CaCl2和MgCl2浓度为0~1.0mmol/L,泥沙浓度为10g/L时,用吸管法研究了有机质、CaCl2和MgCl2对细颗粒泥沙静水絮凝沉降的影响,结果表明,去除有机质后,细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降加快,其絮凝所需的最佳电解质浓度降低;CaCl2和MgCl2的絮凝能力无明显差异,有机质含量对其几乎没有影响;在相同盐度下,细颗粒泥沙的絮凝沉降速度随电解质摩尔浓度的增大而增大.     

Source emissions and climate change impacts on the multimedia transport and fate of persistent organic pollutants, Chaohu watershed, eastern China

Emission intensity and climate change control the transport flux and fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in multiple environmental compartments. This study applied a multimedia model (BETR model) to explore alternations in the spatio-temporal trends of concentrations and transport flux of benzopyrene (BaP), phenanthrene (Phe), perfluorooctane sulfonates (PFOS) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the Chaohu watershed, located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, China in response to changes in source emissions and climate. The potential historic and future risks of these pollutants also were assessed. The results suggest that current trends in concentrations and transport were similar to that of their emissions between 2005 and 2018. During the next 100 years, temporal trends and spatial patterns were not predicted to change significantly, which is consistent with climate change. Based on sensitivity and correlation analyses, climate change had significant effects on multi-media concentrations and transport fluxes of BaP, Phe, PFOS and PCBs, and rainfall intensity was the predominant controlling factor. Risk quotients (RQs) of BaP and Phe-in soil increased from 0.42 to 0.95 and 0.06 to 0.35, respectively, from 2005 to 2090, indicating potential risks. The RQs of the other examined contaminants exhibited little potential risk in soil, water, or sediment. Based on spatial patterns, it was inferred that the ecosystem around Lake Chaohu is the most at risk. The study provides insights needed for local pollution control of POPs in the Chaohu watershed. In addition, the developed approach can be applied to other watersheds world-wide.