废水生化处理中有机物的分析和转化

有机物的种类、含量、物化特性、分子量等性质直接影响废水处理工艺的处理效果。本文综述了近年来废水生化处理中有机物的分析方法及废水生化处理过程中有机物的转化规律。     

Insights from a Systematic Search for Information on Designs,Costs, and Effectiveness of Poliovirus Environmental Surveillance Systems

Poliovirus surveillance plays a critical role in achieving and certifying eradication and will play a key role in the polio endgame. Environmental surveillance can provide an opportunity to detect circulating polioviruses prior to the observation of any acute flaccid paralysis cases. We completed a systematic review of peer-reviewed publications on environmental surveillance for polio including the search terms “environmental surveillance” or “sewage,” and “polio,” “poliovirus,” or “poliomyelitis,” and compared characteristics of the resulting studies. The review included 146 studies representing 101 environmental surveillance activities from 48 countries published between 1975 and 2016. Studies reported taking samples from sewage treatment facilities, surface waters, and various other environmental sources, although they generally did not present sufficient details to thoroughly evaluate the sewage systems and catchment areas. When reported, catchment areas varied from 50 to over 7.3 million people (median of 500,000 for the 25% of activities that reported catchment areas, notably with 60% of the studies not reporting this information and 16% reporting insufficient information to estimate the catchment area population size). While numerous studies reported the ability of environmental surveillance to detect polioviruses in the absence of clinical cases, the review revealed very limited information about the costs and limited information to support quantitative population effectiveness of conducting environmental surveillance. This review motivates future studies to better characterize poliovirus environmental surveillance systems and the potential value of information that they may provide in the polio endgame.     

UV-B辐射对亚历山大藻生长及其生理生化特征的影响

通过生物化学的方法,研究了UV-B辐射对亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)生长及其可溶性蛋白、叶绿素a、H2O2、丙二醛(MDA)含量和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力的影响.结果表明:UV-B辐射会抑制亚历山大藻的生长并对其生理生化特征产生明显的影响;经过UV-B辐射后,可溶性蛋白和叶绿素a含量呈现降低的趋势;H2O2、丙二醛含量和超氧化物歧化酶活力呈现升高的趋势;UV-B辐射产生过量的活性氧自由基是导致亚历山大藻受损伤的主要原因.     

有机质、CaCl_2和MgCl_2对细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降的影响

在CaCl2和MgCl2浓度为0~1.0mmol/L,泥沙浓度为10g/L时,用吸管法研究了有机质、CaCl2和MgCl2对细颗粒泥沙静水絮凝沉降的影响,结果表明,去除有机质后,细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉降加快,其絮凝所需的最佳电解质浓度降低;CaCl2和MgCl2的絮凝能力无明显差异,有机质含量对其几乎没有影响;在相同盐度下,细颗粒泥沙的絮凝沉降速度随电解质摩尔浓度的增大而增大.     

Effects of nature organic matters and hydrated metal oxides on the anaerobic degradation of lindane,p,p''''-DDT and HCB in sediments

IntroductionLindane ,p,p’ DDTandHCBaresemivolatileandlipophilic ,andtheyfallintotheclassofcompoundsdescribedaspersistentorganicpollutants.Moreover,thesecompoundshavebeenidentifiedaspotentendocrinedisrupters(Smith ,2 0 0 2 ;Willett,1 998;Robert,2 0 0 1 ) .Ithasbeenreportedchlorinatedorganiccompoundscanbedecomposedveryslowlyinsedimentsthroughvariousreactions(Niesl,1 990 ) .Factorsinfluencingthebiodegradationofcompoundsarevarious.Amongthem ,itwasreportedthattheeffectsofnaturalorganicmatters…     

A preliminary investigation on the use of organic ionic liquids as green solvents for acylation and oxidation reactions

Different organic ionic liquids (OILs) have been used as green solvents in Friedel–Crafts acylation and alcohol oxidation reactions. Specifically, three OILs were employed, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, tetraethylammonium bromide, and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, and four reactions studied, acylation of toluene by acetyl chloride, acylation of benzene by propionyl chloride, oxidation of benzyl alcohol by N-methylmorpholine N-oxide, and oxidation of salicylic alcohol by o-iodoxybenzoic acid. The reactions were carried out, at room temperature, in a well-stirred lab-scale glass batch reactor, under inert atmosphere and for reaction times ranging from 5 to 90 min. Gas chromatography was employed to characterize the reaction products. First of all, the desired products yield as a function of the reaction time was investigated. Moreover, simple kinetic models were built for the interpretation of the experimental results. Additional tests were carried out to assess the possibility of recycling the OILs employed. The results of this preliminary study were satisfactory as the OILs investigated proved to be good media in which to carry out the reactions studied in this work (desired products yield greater than 90% were achieved). Moreover, the reaction rate expressions of the kinetic models were able to satisfactorily predict the experimental results. Finally, the possibility of recycling the OIL (in one of the reactions) was proved to be feasible and this suggests the use of recycled OIL together with a fresh make-up, to match high yield values with economical/ecological advantages.     

Composition analysis of colored dissolved organic matter in Taihu Lake based on three dimension excitation-emission fuorescence matrix and PARAFAC model, and the potential application in water quality monitoring

Taihu Lake is one of the five biggest lakes in China. Surface water samples from 26 sampling sites of Taihu Lake were collected. Furthermore wet chemical analysis (CODCr and BOD5) and measurement of three dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3DEEM) spectra in the laboratory have been conducted. Using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) model, three components of colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) have been identified successfully, based on the analysis of 3DEEM data. The characteristics of the three components also have been described by comparing them to some components of CDOM, identified in earlier researches. Meanwhile, spatial variations of concentration for the three components in Taihu Lake have been analyzed, and the result indicates that the concentration of component 1 depends more on the situation of wastewater pollution and can be used as the indicator of wastewater pollution. The relationship between the concentrations of the three components and results of the wet chemical analysis show that none of the three components can be used as indicators of gross organic matter in water. However, the concentrations of all the three components have obvious linear relationships with the BOD5 value, especially for component 1 (r=0.72878). Finally, the potential applications of the composition analysis based on 3DEEM and PARAFAC model in water quality monitoring have been illuminated.     

危险化学品装卸运输风险及防控对策

分析了扬子石化公司危险化学品装卸和运输的状况及存在的风险,对危险化学品装卸运输风险的成因、防控策略等方面进行了分析讨论,以最大限度地降低危化品装卸和运输风险。     

纺织行业生产、排污及治理现状的研究

纺织行业是中国国民经济的支柱产业和民生产业,在珠江三角洲城市经济中占据着重要的地位,对于促进经济增长,以及解决就业问题具有重要的意义.由于纺织设备和工艺水平限制等,纺织行业对环境影响也较大.通过调研珠三角一城市纺织行业56家重点企业,对行业的生产、排污现状及治理作了介绍,调研计算推测出排污结果,并与环境统计数据作对比,研究了该市纺织行业的排污现状和治理效果,为制定地区环境质量保障方案和科学地调整产业结构提供依据.     

山东省海洋灾害观测预警系统

山东省所辖海域海洋灾害种类繁多、发生频率高,给山东省的社会经济发展及人民群众生命财产安全带来巨大压力。介绍了国家海洋局北海预报中心(山东省海洋预报台)基于山东省立体海洋观测网、海洋精细化预报系统和防灾减灾综合信息平台构建的山东省海洋灾害观测预警系统。该系统在海洋防灾减灾工作中得到广泛应用,并取得了明显的社会、经济、生态效益,为山东省港口安全生产、渔船海上作业、石油开发及应急指挥决策、风暴潮灾害辅助决策、沉船及落水人员搜救等提供了有力的支持。     

大气污染事故应急监测、预警与风险评估系统建设

大气污染事故应急监测、预警与风险评估系统应用快速高技的污染信息监测、突发性环境污染事故应急预警技术、大气污染要素评估与决策技术等关键技术,预报预警突发性大气污染事件大气环境、污染物扩散过程、浓度时空分布,并在此基础上建立污染物扩散过程评估及救援决策方案计算模型,为突发性环境污染事故提供可靠、强有力的技术支撑,有效提高污染事故的应急处置能力,为政府救援决策提供科学依据.     

一株源自海洋环境多环芳烃降解菌的筛选、鉴定及适宜降解条件研究

利用以菲为唯一碳源的选择性富集培养基,从天津港6号码头潮间带表层沉积物中分离到1株多环芳烃降解细菌,命名为DHD,经16SrDNA序列比对结果显示,该菌株属门多萨假单胞菌(Pseudomonas mendocina)。DHD能以多种多环芳烃化合物包括萘、菲、蒽、芘为唯一碳源和能源生长。以菲为代表,通过摇瓶培养实验考察了该菌株降解多环芳烃的适宜培养条件为:酵母浸粉为氮源,初始pH 9.0,培养温度30℃,摇床转速为200 r/min。     

Developing benchmarks for consumer-oriented life cycle assessment-based environmental information on products,services and consumption patterns

Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been recognized in the EU in the context of ‘Integrated Product Policy’ (IPP) as providing “the best framework for assessing the potential environmental impacts of products currently available.” A study to promote the use of LCA-based product information was designed, with the following objectives: (a) to develop different benchmarks to which the LCA results of various products can be compared, (b) to study how consumers understand the different benchmarks and what proposals for improvement they have, and (c) to propose a few presentation formats and benchmarks for presenting LCA-based information in communications to consumers. Here we present the final results, i.e., the suggested benchmarks and presentation formats, ‘eco-benchmark’. We also present some lessons derived from the feedback gained from consumers and other stakeholders, and point out future directions for improving the benchmarks and their utilization.     

中德财政合作辽宁朝阳生态造林项目监测方法的探讨

项目监测在中德财政合作辽宁朝阳生态造林项目执行中起着非常重要的作用.总结多年监测经验,对造林类型,取样方法,评估的数量标准,面积的真实性和评估的质量标准等方面进行科学归纳,形成了一套科学实用的监测方法与监测体系,对提高监测效率和保证造林质量发挥了重要作用.     

黄海绿潮灾害应急遥感监测和预测预警系统

黄海绿潮灾害应急遥感监测和预测预警系统是在绿潮应急遥感监测技术、应急快速漂移预测等技术研究的基础上,基于GIS技术构建了集绿潮遥感信息解译和提取、多源监测数据融合、快速漂移预测和预警产品制作和发布综合业务化平台。在应急遥感监测数据提取方面主要研发了信息提取准自动化技术和多源多时间窗的绿潮监测数据融合技术;在应急预测技术方面主要基于精细化大气和海洋环境动力场,研发了绿潮快速应急漂移预测模型,并通过海上和后报实验提高模拟精度。本系统服务于国家海洋局和政府防灾减灾应急部门,为海上运动、水产养殖、滨海旅游、交通运输、渔业生产等涉海活动和海洋管理提供了科学可靠的技术保障,特别在2008年奥运会帆船/板赛和2012年亚洲沙滩运动会的绿潮监测和预测预警保障工作中发挥了重要的作用,具有巨大的社会、经济和生态效益。     

“十四五”生态环境保护目标、 任务与实现路径分析

党的十九届五中全会发布《中共中央关于制定国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标的建议》(以下简称《建议》),提出了到2035年基本实现社会主义现代化远景目标和“十四五”时期经济社会发展主要目标,为未来一个时期生态文明建设和生态环境保护提供了方向指引和行动指南。本文基于《建议》和《中国共产党第十九届中央委员会第五次全体会议公报》(以下简称《公报》),分析归纳了我国“十四五”生态环境保护的主要目标,从环境保护与改善、生态保护修复、生态环境保护科技创新及国际合作等方面阐述了“十四五”生态环境保护重点任务与实现路径,重点从构建和优化国土空间开发和保护格局、推动绿色低碳发展、推进清洁生产和加强污染治理等4方面介绍环境保护与改善任务与路径,着重分析了划定并严守生态保护红线、构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系、推动山水林田湖草一体化保护修复、科学开展生态系统评估等生态保护修复重点任务与路径,提出了“十四五”生态环境保护保障措施。本文可为“十四五”生态环境保护规划编制和后续行动提供参考。     

Availability,addiction and alternatives: three criteria for assessing the impact of peak minerals on society

The concept of ‘peaks’ in the production of natural resources has attracted attention in the area of energy production, with concerns about ‘peak oil’ driving recent research and investment in alternative sources of energy. There are fundamental and important differences between a peak in the production of oil and peaks in the production of metalliferous minerals, but in both cases production changes from ‘easier and less expensive’ early in a resource’s life to ‘difficult and expensive’ as time progresses. The impacts of this change in production circumstances require critical consideration in the governance of national and sub-national mineral endowments.This paper develops a framework for evaluating the impacts of changing patterns of mineral production. The framework considers three criteria: availability of a resource (considering its geological characteristics and geographical distribution); society’s addiction to the resource (its centrality and criticality to economic, social and environmental systems); and the possibility of finding alternatives (whether the resource can be substituted or recovered). An initial assessment against these criteria provides an overview of how a production peak might affect the production of minerals in Australia and the impacts that this might have on the Australian economy.Assessing important resources against these three criteria will be imperative in future considerations regarding the roles minerals and metals play as service providers in our economic, social and environmental systems. Additionally, this analysis should prompt a reassessment of the value of minerals beyond economic measures. Indicators derived from these criteria will inform strategies that can address future changes in production characteristics – meeting challenges with strong governance, and realising opportunities with proactive policy.     

浅谈马鞍山市饮食娱乐服务业环境管理

随着经济的迅猛增长,饮食娱乐服务行业蒸蒸日上,在繁荣经济,丰富人民物质文化生活的同时。随之而来的环境污染问题也日益突出,本文论述了马鞍山市通过完善和建立环境管理执法体制,规范执法程序,加大执法力度等措施,强化对服务业的环境监督管理。