中国工程机械使用特征及其尾气排放趋势

非道路移动源的尾气排放因其对空气污染的贡献大而日益受到关注.准确估算非道路移动源的尾气排放清单对空气质量管理至关重要.本研究通过收集整理调研获取的工程机械活动水平数据,分析工程机械使用特征,包括:不同机械间的活动水平差异、活动水平的区域性差异及活动水平与机械车龄的关系等;此外,研究使用BP神经网络模型预测2018～2025年中国工程机械保有量,利用便携式尾气测量系统对47台工程机械进行现实工况下的尾气排放测量,量化其污染物排放水平,并最终结合机械活动水平估算2015～2025年中国工程机械的尾气排放清单.结果表明,工程机械的活动水平随着机械种类的不同而不同,年均使用时间在1 439～4 332 h之间变化.同一类机械在不同区域范围内的活动水平也存在较大的地域差异,最大差别可达3倍以上.此外,工程机械的活动水平一般也随机械车龄的增加而减少,据估计,车龄增加一年,其活动水平减少约140～150 h.经估算, 2015年,中国工程机械CO、 HC、 NO和PM_2.5的排放量分别为209.9、 46.2、 345.2和57.4万t;由于2015年后工程机械保有量增速放缓,...     

现实工况下挖掘机尾气排放特征分析

为量化挖掘机在实际施工作业中尾气排放特征,研究选取成都市不同建设工地在用的8台挖掘机,利用便携式尾气测量系统对其进行现实工况下的尾气排放测量,测试按挖掘机的不同作业特点分怠速、行走和作业进行.测量的尾气排放污染物包括CO、HC、NO和PM_2.5.结果表明,挖掘机的尾气排放随工况的不同而不同,怠速时NO排放平稳,行走和作业时排放速率波动较大.满足不同尾气排放标准的挖掘机,其尾气排放也有所不同,例如,国Ⅱ阶段的挖掘机与国Ⅰ阶段的挖掘机相比,其在怠速、行走、作业工况下尾气排放的NO分别减小8%、35%和5%,PM_2.5分别降低88%、87%和80%.另外,本研究中挖掘机尾气排放的实测结果与我国非道路机械尾气排放因子技术指南中推荐的用于排放清单估算的排放因子相比,也均有显著不同.这说明,开展非道路机械尾气排放现实工况下的测量,对于提高尾气排放清单精准度具有重要作用.     

广东省高分辨率温室气体排放清单及特征

根据典型城市调查与统计数据收集得到的广东省活动水平数据,采用自上而下和自下而上相结合的排放因子法和GIS技术,建立了广东省2018年3 km×3 km高分辨率温室气体排放清单.估算范围包括能源活动、工业生产过程、农业活动、土地利用变化和林业、废弃物处理以及电力调入（出）间接排放等6大类CO₂、CH₄和N₂O这3种温室气体.结果表明,广东省2018年CO₂、CH₄和N₂O的排放量分别为8.5×10⁸、1.9×10⁶和1.1×10⁵ t,以CO₂当量计分别为8.5×10⁸、4.0×10⁷和3.4×10⁷ t,合计9.2×10⁸ t.CO₂是广东省主要的温室气体排放种类,占全省温室气体总排放量的92.0%,能源活动和电力调入（出）间接排放是广东省温室气体排放的主要部门,排放占比分别为77.9%和7.6%,合计占比为85.5%.从温室气体排放的空间分布情况来看,全省大部分地区温室气体表现为排放源,部分区域表现为汇;温室气体排放主要集中在珠三角地区,并呈现一定的沿路网和航道分布的特征;温室气体高排放网格主要为大型电厂、钢铁厂和水泥厂等高耗能企业所在地.     

2010~2017年四川省机动车污染物排放趋势分析

四川省机动车保有量日益增加,本研究基于特定的清单计算方法及多口径的活动水平数据,得到四川省2010~2017年机动车尾气污染物排放量.结果表明,四川省小型载客汽车的保有量增长最快,不管是机动车还是小型载客车保有量的增速,均高于全国平均增速;2017年四川省机动车共排放CO、NO_x、SO₂、NH₃、HC、PM_2.5、PM₁₀、BC和OC分别为706.9、275.3、0.3、5.7、164.8、8.1、8.9、4.1和1.4 kt,除NH₃以外,四川省所排放的其他污染物呈现波动中下降的趋势,在2014~2016年前后达到高值.柴油车的保有量变化与NO_x的变化显示出较强的相关性;新车排放标准加严是最具有减排潜力的措施之一,同时随着实施年份的增长,显示的减排潜力越大,燃油品质的提升对于污染物的减排每年也会有6%以上的减排效力.未来应将HC和NO_x减排作为四川省机动车管控的重要内容.     

兰-白城市群主要大气污染物网格化排放清单及来源贡献

甘肃兰-白城市群为我国西北地区重要的重工业基地,大气污染物排放总量较大.研究高空间分辨率的污染物排放清单对于区域空气质量预报预警、减排方案模拟研究及大气污染防治等具有重要的科学意义.本文以兰州和白银为主要研究区域,基于研究区域污染源排放及统计年鉴等数据资料,建立了兰（2015年）-白（2016年）城市群7种（类）主要大气污染物网格化排放清单,并对其空间排放特征以及排放源贡献进行了详尽地讨论分析.结果表明,兰-白城市群7种主要污染物年排放量分别为：NO_x 2.22×10⁵ t、NH₃ 4.53×10⁴ t、VOCs 7.74×10⁴ t、CO 5.62×10⁵ t、PM₁₀ 4.95×10⁵ t、PM_2.5 1.91×10⁵ t和SO₂ 1.37×10⁵ t.其中CO的排放量最大,NH₃的排放量最小.本清单与北大和清华MEIC清单对比结果表明,交通源排放3个清单一致性较高,CO排放总量和其工业源排放与北大和清华MEIC清单排放源相差30%~40%,推测原因主要为清单计算过程中排放因子、分辨率和数据年份的差异.本清单网格化空间分布显示除NH₃外的其他6种（类）污染物,排放主要集中在市区,排放源中工业非燃烧过程源均为最大贡献占比,NH₃的主要贡献源是氮肥的施用及禽畜排放,其污染分布受耕地分布等因素影响较大.因此,减少工业非燃烧过程源、整合优质高效电力供应、使用清洁能源、严格控制工地扬尘、工业粉尘和做好城区绿化等,能有效地降低兰-白城市群NO_x、VOCs、CO、PM₁₀、PM_2.5和SO₂这6种（类）主要污染物的排放.NH₃的减排则主要可从控制氮肥的使用及减少禽畜排放两方面考虑.本研究还利用蒙特卡洛法分析了排放清单的不确定性,NH₃的不确定性最大为-31%~30%,CO的不确定性最小为-18%~16%,清单整体可信度较高.     

兰州市高分辨率人为源排放清单建立及在WRF-Chem中应用评估

城市尺度高分辨率人为源大气污染物排放清单是城市空气质量预报预警、污染成因分析和减排措施制定的重要基础数据,目前我国西部地区城市尺度的人为源排放清单研究仍然相对薄弱,能对接于空气质量模式的排放清单更为缺乏.本文整合已发表的清单文献,建立了可对接于空气质量模式的2016年兰州市城市尺度的人为源清单模型（HEI-LZ16）,将之应用于WRF-Chem模式,评估HEI-LZ16的准确性和适用性.结果表明：兰州市2016年人为源排放的SO₂、NO_x、CO、NH₃、VOCs、PM₁₀、PM_2.5、BC和OC总量分别为25642、53998、319003、10475、35289、49250、19822、2476和1482 t·a^-1.在模拟时间内,HEI-LZ16相比于MEIC,O₃和PM_2.5的NME值分别减小了140.2%和28.8%,HEI-LZ16更加准确适用.分析了HEI-LZ16情景下模拟的PM_2.5和O₃时空分布,兰州市臭氧MDA8呈现冬春季城区低而郊区高,夏秋季河谷城区西部及其下风向地区高的分布特征,夏秋季高浓度区的分布受偏东风和光化学反应的共同影响,冬季城区O₃浓度受NO_x排放的抑制作用浓度反而降低.PM_2.5浓度的高值区主要集中在黄河河谷盆地,本研究表明沿白银—兰州黄河河谷盆地走向的西侧存在一个污染物传输通道,其对兰州市环境空气质量具有较大的影响.     

基于隧道PM2.5取样研究南京市机动车尾气颗粒物排放特征

为研究南京地区机动车尾气颗粒物排放特征,于2020年8月对南京富贵山隧道内和隧道外进行PM_2.5采集,对样品中的水溶性离子、碳质组分的分布特征进行分析,综合总碳同位素（δ¹³C）与主成分分析（PCA）探究隧道内PM_2.5来源,并使用质量平衡模型计算了污染物的平均排放因子.结果显示,隧道入口、出口及隧道外早晚高峰期内PM_2.5平均值分别为（69.25±24.19）、（116.67±28.70）和（60.87±16.08）μg·m^-3,隧道内污染程度明显高于隧道外.隧道内外二次无机气溶胶（SNA）分布略有不同,隧道外NH₄⁺主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄的形式存在,其次为NH₄NO₃;隧道内则主要以（NH₄）₂SO₄和NH₄NO₃的形式存在.隧道内δ¹³C存在着较小的分馏,平均值为-26.0‰±0.72‰,综合δ¹³C与主成分分析,隧道内PM_2.5主要来源于机动车的一次排放、尾气颗粒物的二次转化和扬尘.富贵山隧道中PM_2.5、EC、OC的平均排放因子分别为82.86、24.22、7.07 mg·km^-1·veh^-1,与国内外其他隧道实验排放因子的对比结果显示,通过柴油车比例为6%的富贵山隧道远低于柴油车比例较高的地区.     

工业燃煤链条炉细粒子排放特征研究

链条燃煤锅炉是当前我国工业锅炉的最主要应用炉型,其容量占到了工业锅炉总容量的85%,是重要的大气污染物排放源之一.本研究在3个地区选取了5种典型容量的链条炉,应用自行设计的二级稀释系统现场测试其细粒子（PM_2.5）和各种气态污染物的排放特征.结果表明,链条炉烟气中的PM_2.5质量粒径呈单峰或双峰分布,第1个峰值在0.14 μm处,第2个峰值在1 μm后;湿法除尘和旋风除尘对PM_1.0的细粒子仍具有有效的去除效率;在相同或相似除尘控制技术的条件下,PM_2.5的排放水平随锅炉容量的增大而减小.在PM_2.5中,SO^2-₄是最丰富的离子,质量分数在20%～54%范围内;C是最丰富的元素,质量分数在7.5%～31.8%之间,其次是S,质量分数为8.4%～18.7%.采用碳平衡法计算得出PM_2.5、NO_x和SO₂的排放因子分别为0.046～0.486 　g·kg^-1、 1.63～2.47　g·kg^-1、 1.35～9.95　g·kg^-1,这为建立我国的工业锅炉排放清单及大气污染来源分析提供了必要的基础数据.     

2000~2018年长三角土地利用变化对农田生态系统氨排放的影响

根据Landsat卫星遥感影像解译了2000~2018年长江三角洲（Yangtze River Delta,YRD）城市群历史土地利用变化,结合氮肥施用变化情况,研究了由于土地利用变化带来的农田生态系统氨（NH₃）排放变化.结果表明,伴随着快速的城市化进程,YRD耕地面积逐渐减少,耕地面积从2000年的276269 km²（占总面积的49%）减少到2018年的244001 km²（占总面积的44%）.土地利用变化和氮肥施用变化对农田生态系统NH₃排放的影响主要包括土壤本底和氮肥施用两部分.2000~2018年,YRD氮肥施用产生的NH₃排放量从690 kt·a^-1减少到541 kt·a^-1（减少22%）;土壤本底产生的NH₃排放量从32 kt·a^-1减少到29 kt·a^-1（减少9%）.结果表明,近20年来,YRD城镇化进程加快,耕地面积显著减少,进一步带来氮肥施用量降低,使得农田生态系统NH₃排放量减少.     

江苏省二氧化碳减排政策对空气质量改善增益

碳排放达峰和空气质量达标是当前大气环境研究的热点问题.利用排放因子法建立2010~2019年江苏省城市级温室气体排放清单,进一步结合温室气体-大气污染物协同关系分析和WRF-Chem空气质量模型模拟,量化不同碳减排情景下空气质量改善的协同增益.结果表明,2010~2019年江苏省CO₂年均排放量为701.74~897.47 Mt,其中苏州、徐州和南京排放量最高（91.19~182.12 Mt ·a^-1）,扬州、宿迁和连云港排放量最低（13.19~32.54 Mt ·a^-1）,大部分城市CO₂排放呈持续上升趋势.能源活动为CO₂排放的主要来源,贡献率占比近90%,工业生产过程贡献率约10%.依据减排侧重点的不同设计3类CO₂减排情景,分别为全部门协同减排、优先能源减排和优先工业减排,每类减排情景包含不同的CO₂减排力度（10%、20%和40%）.情景模拟结果指出,以2017为基准年,全部门协同、优先能源和优先工业减排中PM_2.5年均浓度下降幅度分别为6.7~21.1、3.1~12.0和3.4~14.3 μg ·m^-3.全部门协同减排对PM_2.5污染改善最为显著,在全部门减排情景为40%下,除徐州和宿迁外其它城市PM_2.5年均浓度值均能达到国家Ⅱ级标准（35 μg ·m^-3）.PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO的变化响应与PM_2.5类似,但O₃污染在优先能源和优先工业情景下呈现出不同程度的上升趋势.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.