Immobilized humic substances as sorbents

A new method was developed for the immobilization of humic substances. Humic acids (HA) immobilized onto different carriers were studied as sorbents for organic and inorganic substances. The sorption isotherms of 4-aminoazobenzene, Crystal Violet, Methylene Green, and flavine mononucleotide on immobilized HA show that pH and salt concentration have a significant effect on the sorption process, largely depending on the properties of polymeric matrix. Humic acids from different sources showed differing sorption capacity for the studied groups of substances.     

Biodegradation of quinoline by gel immobilized Burkholderia sp

Burkholderia sp, a gram-negative, rod-shaped, aerobe, capable of degrading quinoline was immobilized in calcium alginate gel beads and used for degradation of quinoline in aqueous solution in the reactor. The optimal conditions for immobilization of the microorganism, such as alginate concentration, calcium ion concentration, initial cell loading, hardening time and bead size, were determined with a view to improving the quinoline degradation rate. The characteristics of quinoline degradation by immobilized microbial cells were investigated. The repeated use of immobilized cells for quinoline degradation was performed and the results revealed that the bioactivity of immobilized cells was stable over 100 h in the repeated batch cultivation for quinoline degradation.     

Rapid immobilization of viable Bacillus pseudomycoides in polyvinyl alcohol/glutaraldehyde hydrogel for biological treatment of municipal wastewater

A new approach for easy synthesis of Bacillus pseudomycoides immobilized polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/glutaraldehyde (GA) hydrogel for application in a wastewater treatment system is reported. Optimization studies revealed that GA/PVA mass ratio of 0.03 and acidic pH of 2 were required for hydrogel synthesis and eventually for bacterial cell immobilization. The synthesized crosslinked matrix possessed a pore size suitable for microbial cell entrapment while maintaining cell accessibility to external environment for bioremediation. Possible crosslinking and bacterial cell immobilization in the hydrogel were evidenced by FTIR, XRD, and SEM studies, respectively. Further, the extent of crosslinking of GA with PVA was investigated and confirmed by transmittance and permeability experiments. The viability and proliferation of hydrogel embedded cells (after 25 days) was confirmed by confocal fluorescence microscopy which also indicated that acidic pH of polymer solution did not affect the immobilized live cells. B. pseudomycoides immobilized hydrogel were demonstrated to be effective for treatment of municipal wastewater and reduced biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and protein content below the recommended levels. Overall, the results from this bench-scale work show that employing bacteria-embedded PVA/GA hydrogel for the treatment of municipal wastewater yield promising results which should be further explored in pilot/field-scale studies.

     

新型填料特性及其在生物脱硫中的应用

为解决生物脱硫反应器酸化问题,研制出一种具有pH缓冲能力的生物填料。填料主要由碳酸钙﹑纯丙乳液和羟丙基纤维素制得。填料在水中浸泡6个月不会分解,吸水率大于20%。考察填料pH缓冲能力,结果表明,填料能将pH=5.0水溶液调节至pH=6.5以上。选取缓冲能力较稳定的BT50填料填充于反应器,以排硫硫杆菌(Thiobacillus thio-parus)挂膜,5个循环后反应器有效体积内的最大固定化菌体数量约为5.86×108cells/mL,并且硫代硫酸钠的消耗速率基本稳定,表明该填料可用于生物挂膜。在长达50 d脱硫实验中,H2S脱除率均在95%以上,整个脱硫阶段不再加入任何pH调节剂,反应器内pH仍能维持在6.7～7.1之间。     

Hemoglobin (Hb) immobilized on amino-modified magnetic nanoparticles for the catalytic removal of bisphenol A

Catalytic removal of bisphenol A from aqueous solution with hemoglobin immobilized on amino-modified magnetic nanoparticles as an enzyme catalyst was reported. The amino-modified magnetite nanoparticles were firstly prepared by the coprecipitation of Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ with NH₃·H₂O and then modified by 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. The immobilization process was optimized by examining enzyme concentration, glutaraldehyde concentration, cross-link time, and immobilization time. The optimum conditions for the removal of bisphenol A with immobilized hemoglobin were also investigated. Under the optimality conditions, the removal efficiency of bisphenol A was about 80.3%. The immobilization had a beneficial effect on the stability of hemoglobin and conversions of bisphenol A. According to the proposed breakdown pathway and the intermediates, the enzyme-catalytic removal of bisphenol A by the immobilized hemoglobin is considered to be an effective method.     

固定化微生物技术在印染废水处理方面的研究进展

从固定化方法、固定化载体以及固定化微生物的选择等方面全面系统地介绍了固定化微生物技术处理印染废水的研究进展及应用现状,并展望了固定化微生物技术应用前景。     

新型活性炭固定化产品的制备及其处理焦化废水的特性

为解决优势菌种工程应用,研究不同固定化方法、载体和结构的固定化产品对焦化废水的降解特性。用活性炭粉末吸附菌种后,与聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠混合制备了新型固定化球;用聚乙烯醇和海藻酸钠包埋吸附菌种的活性炭纤维毡,与立体弹性塑料填料连用,制备出3种不同形状的活性炭纤维膜片固定化产品复合填料。将游离菌和制备的4种活性炭固定化产品投入A/A/O工艺系统平行实验,考察处理焦化废水的效果。结果表明,活性炭纤维膜片固定化产品复合填料对焦化废水的降解能力优于其他固定化产品:缺氧池出水硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮浓度分别稳定在1.96 mg/L和0.49 mg/L,未产生氮的累积现象,COD去除率可达到60.92%。好氧池COD和氨氮降解效率分别为78.83%和85.52%,苯酚、氰化物降解效率均为97%以上。     

负载壳聚糖膨润土的制备及其吸附性能的影响

以天然膨润土和壳聚糖为原料,制得一种新型水处理剂——负载壳聚糖膨润土,研究了制备条件对酸性大红印染废水处理效果的影响。实验表明,当壳聚糖的浓度为30 g/L、膨润土质量与壳聚糖溶液体积之比为0.7、浸泡时间80 min、微烘时间15 min时,壳聚糖改性膨润土对酸性大红印染废水的脱色率可达97%。对改性土进行比表面积测定、电镜扫描及X-射线衍射等结构特性分析,证明壳聚糖的引入改变了膨润土在水中的分散状态,增强了其对污染物的吸附和离子交换能力。     

废水营养比对固定化藻菌去除污染物的影响及动力学研究

海藻酸钙作载体的固定化藻菌小球,经壳聚糖覆膜后,用于模拟废水的处理。通过研究废水初始氨氮浓度及碳氮比对固定化藻菌小球处理效果的影响,发现初始氨氮浓度为50 mg/L时,氨氮的去除率达最高值74.4%;碳氮比为35∶1时,COD去除率达最高值77.7%。系统最佳氮磷比与碳氮比分别为5∶1和35∶1。固定化藻菌降解有机物的动力学过程为一级不可逆生化反应过程,其降解速率常数约为0.099 h-1。     

Phosphate-induced lead immobilization from different lead minerals in soils under varying pH conditions

This study investigated phosphate-induced lead immobilization from different Pb minerals in soils under varying pHs. Four soils were used, including one Pb-contaminated soil (NC-Soil) and three soils spiked with litharge (PbO), cerrusite (PbCO3), or anglesite (PbSO4), referred to as PbO-soil, PbCO3-soil, and PbSO4-soil, respectively. The soils were equilibrated with KCl and Ca(H2PO4)(2).H2O under pH of 3-7. At low pH (3 and 5), Pb solubility followed PbO-soil>PbCO3-soil>PbSO4-soil; while at pH=7, it was PbSO4-soil>PbO-soil>PbCO3-soil. Phosphate decreased Pb dissolution time from >180 to <60 min and reduced soluble Pb by 67-100%. This was mostly via transformation of Pb minerals into chloropyromorphite [Pb(5)(PO(4))(3)Cl]. Our results indicated that P addition can effectively transform various Pb minerals into insoluble chloropyromorphite in soils. This transformation was more significant at acidic condition (e.g., pH相似文献   

Immobilization of polyphenol oxidase onto mesoporous activated carbons -- isotherm and kinetic studies

Investigations were carried out in batch modes for studying the immobilization behavior of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) on two different mesoporous activated carbon matrices, MAC400 and MAC200. The PPO was immobilized onto MAC400 and MAC200 at various enzyme activities 5 x 10(4), 10 x 10(4), 20 x 10(4), 30 x 10(4)Ul(-1), at pH 5-8, and at temperature ranging from 10 to 40 degrees C. The intensity of immobilization of PPO increased with increase in temperature and initial activities, while it decreased with increase in pH. Immobilization onto MAC400 followed the Langmuir model while Langmuir and Freundlich models could fit MAC200 data. Non-linear pseudo first order, pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion models were evaluated to understand the mechanism of immobilization. The free and immobilized enzyme kinetic parameters (K(m) and V(max)) were determined by Michaelis-Menten enzyme kinetics. The K(m) values for free enzyme, PPO immobilized in MAC400 and in MAC200 were 0.49, 0.41 and 0.65 mM, respectively. The immobilization of PPO in carbon matrices was confirmed using FT-IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy.     

混合固定化硝化菌和好氧反硝化菌处理焦化废水

对传统的聚乙烯醇(PVA)固定化方法进行了改进,试制了加入麦秸粉末的固定化球和以活性炭纤维膜为载体膜固定化细胞产品。混合固定化硝化细菌和好氧反硝化细菌对经过厌氧折流板反应器酸化后的焦化废水进行脱氮,焦化废水在厌氧折流板反应器中经过18 h的酸化后,pH在8.0左右,开始进入好氧槽进行脱氮。在有效容积为5 L好氧槽中经过12 h的曝气处理,加入麦秸粉末的固定化球对氨氮的去除率高达94.3%;纤维膜固定化细胞产品对氨氮的去除率为85%。整个脱氮过程无NO^-₂-N和NO^-₂-N的积累,实现了好氧条件下的同时硝化和反硝化。     

秸秆固定化石油降解菌降解原油的初步研究

用秸秆做载体固定嗜碱芽孢杆菌(Bacillus alcalophilus SG)降解原油,其原油去除率为73.88%,高于单纯投加菌液或者菌液与秸秆的混合物的原油去除率.秸秆的最佳投加量(干重)为25.0 g/L,最佳固定化时间为30 h.用预处理过的秸秆固定SG,降低了固定化SG的原油去除率.在固定化培养基中添加无机盐离子,促进了固定化SG对原油的降解.不同初始pH的原油培养基在固定化SG降解原油的过程中逐渐呈中性或偏碱性.固定化SG在pH 6.0～10.0时对原油均有不错的降粘能力.     

二氧化钛/碳纳米管/壳聚糖薄膜的制备及对苯的降解性能

研究了光催化降解挥发性有机化合物过程中催化剂二氧化钛/碳纳米管/壳聚糖薄膜的制备以及该催化剂对苯的光催化性能。首先采用溶胶-凝胶法制备纳米复合材料二氧化钛/碳纳米管,然后利用壳聚糖作为交联剂,制得二氧化钛/碳纳米管/壳聚糖复合材料催化薄膜。通过傅立叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线衍射(XRD)透射电镜扫描(TEM)和紫外-可见光漫反射(UV-Vis)等技术分析了复合材料薄膜的组成、结构、形貌和对光的吸收性能,然后使用该催化剂对室内常见的污染物苯进行降解,并在同样的实验条件下,使用催化剂二氧化钛(P25)/壳聚糖对苯进行降解,对两者催化性能进行对比,结果表明,二氧化钛/碳纳米管/壳聚糖对苯有更强的吸附能力和更高的催化活性。     

固定化降解菌Q5去除喹啉的性能研究

为了研究固定化微生物在土壤生物修复中的应用,以实验室筛选出来的高效降解菌 Q5 为生物活性物质,利用生物大分子仿生合成出的纳米多孔氧化硅为载体,通过表面吸附同定化方法将其固定,制备出固定化微生物.考察固定化微牛物初始 pH 值、温度、摇床转速和菌种的接种量对喹啉去除的影响,得到适宜的去除条件,在相同条件下比较固定化微生物与游离菌种对底物的去除情况,研究单一固定化菌种对不同浓度的喹啉的去除情况,考察固定化微生物的稳定性.实验结果表明,菌株 Q5 经固定化后,对喹啉的去除能力大大增强,在 500 mg/L 浓度下,40 h 固定化 Q5 对底物去除率达96.6%,远高于未固定化 Q5 的去除率 56.1%;对于高底物浓度,固定化微生物的去除效果明显,初始底物浓度为1 500 mg/L,反应 70 h 后去除率为 91.6%,且这种固定化微生物的重复使用性能良好.     

A passively immobilized novel biomagsorbent for the effective biosorptive treatment of dye contamination

A new magnetic bio-based composite was designed by the magnetic modification of passively immobilized fungal cells. It was utilized for biosorptive decolorization of reactive dye-contaminated aquatic media. As a greener option, waste tea leaf tissues were used for the first time as an immobilization matrix for microbial cells. Immobilized magnetic cells (biomagsorbent) could be effectively used in both batch and dynamic flow mode treatment processes and real environmental application. Rapid equilibrium and high decolorization yields were observed for the target dye (reactive violet 1). The temperature did not significantly affect the process. Langmuir and the pseudo-second-order models could be better used to fit the process equilibrium and kinetics, respectively. Maximum monolayer sorption capacity was 152.88 mg g^?1. High biosorption and desorption yields for 50 consecutive dynamic flow decolorization cycles were recorded as striking results. The breakthrough time was 3420 min. Simulated and industrial water treatment performance of biomagsorbent was found to be more than 90%. The mechanism was evaluated by IR and zeta potential analysis. The magnetic character of the sorbent provided good mechanical durability, easy separation, and excellent regeneration ability. Consequently, this work provides new insight into scalar enhancement of water treatment.

     

Adsorption behavior of 2,4-dichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol in an allophanic soil

The adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) by a variable-charge soil from southern Chile was studied in a series of batch equilibration experiments. 2,4-DCP and PCP adsorption behavior was evaluated as a function of pH (pH values of 4.5, 6.0 and 7.5) in a 0.1M KCl (25 degrees C) background solution for soil material collected at three different depths (0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm). 2,4-DCP and PCP adsorption decreased with increasing soil pH, suggesting that the undissociated species were adsorbed more readily and that electrostatic repulsion may inhibit partitioning as pH increases. The PCP adsorption was greater than observed for 2,4-DCP and decreased with soil depth. Multiple regression analysis between K(d) and various soil properties indicated that the soil organic carbon content is a strong indicator of chlorophenol adsorption, and in addition to organic carbon, the soil pH is an important property controlling adsorption behavior.     

高频超声辐照降解水中4-氯酚的研究

本文着重探讨了高频超声波 (1.7MHz)降解 4 氯酚的反应过程和反应机理 ,研究了高频超声波降解 4 氯酚的效果 ,并讨论了 4 氯酚初始浓度等因素对降解效果的影响。高频超声波降解 4 氯酚为一级反应 ,超声波空化效应在降解过程中起主导作用     

Effective synthesis of sulfate metabolites of chlorinated phenols

Chlorophenols are an important class of persistent environmental contaminants and have been implicated in a range of adverse health effects, including cancer. They are readily conjugated and excreted as the corresponding glucuronides and sulfates in the urine of humans and other species. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a series of ten chlorophenol sulfates by sulfation of the corresponding chlorophenols with 2,2,2-trichloroethyl (TCE) chlorosulfate using N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) as base. Deprotection of the chlorophenol diesters with zinc powder/ammonium formate yielded the respective chlorophenol sulfate ammonium salts in good yield. The molecular structure of three TCE-protected chlorophenol sulfate diesters and one chlorophenol sulfate monoester were confirmed by X-ray crystal structure analysis. The chlorophenol sulfates were stable for several months if stored at −20 °C and, thus, are useful for future toxicological, environmental and human biomonitoring studies.     

新型材料甲壳素及其衍生物的应用进展

甲壳素是地球上仅次于纤维素的最丰富的天然聚合物,我国虾,蟹及其他甲壳质资源丰富;甲壳素有广阔的应用前景,如果说20世纪80年代是塑料时代,生活中到处可以见到塑料制品,那么,可以预言,进入21世纪,就将开始甲壳素时代,生活中到处可以见到甲壳素制品。 近10多年来,甲壳素的研究非常活跃,甲壳素和壳聚糖应用的竞争已经开始。为了变废为宝,加速甲壳素和壳聚糖的应用开发研究,本文较全面的介绍了甲壳素和壳聚糖的应用。