不同比例钾锌共存对土壤镉有效性的影响

单一施用钾或锌肥会改变污染土壤中镉的有效性,但钾与锌共存对镉在土壤-植物系统中迁移和转化影响效果尚待明确.采用盆栽试验,研究了赤红壤上2种镉污染水平下,施用不同比例钾、锌对小油菜(Brassica campetris Lvar.Conmuni)生物量、镉吸收量及土壤溶液中镉质量浓度的影响.结果表明,钾、锌以不同比例与镉共存时并不会对赤红壤上小油菜的生长产生明显影响;增加共存体系中锌的用量,土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度明显升高,而小油菜植株镉含量明显降低.低、高镉污染赤红壤上,钾、锌共存摩尔比例为4:1时,土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度较对照分别增加189%和159%(两季平均值);小油菜体内镉含量较对照平均分别降低26.0%和34.9%.在低镉污染赤红壤上,钾、锌施用量与小油菜体内镉含量呈显著负相关;高镉污染赤红壤上,锌施用量与土壤溶液中镉的质量浓度呈显著正相关.中轻度镉污染土壤上,小油菜钾、锌肥最佳施用比例为4:1.钾、锌以不同比例施入土壤时,锌施用量多少是控制土壤镉有效性高低的主要因素.     

不同比例钾钙锌共存对土壤镉吸附的影响

采用等温平衡法,测定了锌、钾、钙两两共存下赤红壤镉的吸附量,应用Freundlich方程分析了土壤镉的吸附特征,并计算了镉的分配系数(KdCd).结果表明,用Freundlich吸附等温方程拟合土壤镉的吸附特征具有很好的相关性.与单钠体系相比,钙钾、钙锌及锌钾共存均使赤红壤吸附镉的能力减弱,赤红壤的总吸附容量(Kf值)分别降低了56.5%、96.73%和91.3%.不同离子两两共存下改变土壤吸附镉能力的程度不同,钙钾共存的Kf值明显高于钙锌、钾锌共存,对Kf值的影响程度的次序为:锌钾≈钙锌,钙钾.钙锌、钾共存时,增加吸附体系中锌质量浓度将明显降低镉的分配系数(KdCd值),共存离子中锌含量与KdCd值呈明显负相关.钙锌、钾锌以不同比例与镉共存时,锌含量高低是制约KdCd值大小的主要因子.     

钙锌钾共存对赤红壤镉吸附的影响

采用等温平衡法,测定了钙、钾、锌单一或两两共存下赤红壤镉的吸附量,并应用Freundlich方程log[Cs]=logKf nlog[Ce]分析了土壤镉的吸附特征。结果表明,与钠离子相比,Zn2 ,Ca2 ,K 共存均使赤红壤吸附镉的能力减弱,三种离子对分配系数Kf值的影响程度(设符号为y)的次序为y(Zn2 )y(钙钾)。锌与钙、钾两两共存时,锌对降低赤红壤镉的吸附能力具有决定作用。     

不同钝化材料对红壤中铜有效性的影响及机理

选取3种钝化材料（赤泥、硼泥、钙镁磷肥）,通过盆栽试验,观测了在不同铜污染水平红壤上,3种钝化材料对小油菜（Brassica campestris,L var Conmunis）吸收铜的影响。结果表明：在铜污染红壤上,3种钝化材料降低土壤EDTA提取态铜含量的效果显著。其中,在高铜污染水平红壤上,施用高量赤泥、硼泥处理降低效果最为明显,较污染对照降低了41.48%、44.44%。在低铜污染水平红壤上,施用高量赤泥处理降低效果最为明显,较对照处理降低了35.83%。施用3种钝化材料均能促进小油菜生长,增加小油菜的生物量,降低小油菜对铜的吸收量。其中,低铜污染水平红壤上,施用高量赤泥、高量硼泥与硼泥-赤泥联合施用处理降低铜含量的效果最为明显,与污染对照相比,小油菜铜含量分别降低82.64%,72.71%,85.14%;在高铜污染水平红壤上,施用高量赤泥与硼泥、赤泥联合施用处理降低小油菜铜含量的效果最为明显,小油菜铜含量分别为36.37,36.32 mg.kg^-1。结果表明,用量为45 000 kg.hm^-2的赤泥是最佳的功能钝化材料。     

不同氮肥对小麦生长和吸收镉的影响

为了保证镉含量处于临界值附近土壤上农产品的安全生产,避免不合理施肥引起土壤镉的活化和增加作物吸镉量,研究了4种主要氮肥对不同生育期小麦吸收镉的影响.研究表明,施用硫酸铵、硝酸铵和尿素都比氯化铵促进了小麦生长,明显提高了小麦籽粒产量.所有氮肥处理都比无肥处理增加了小麦对镉的吸收,但不同氮肥处理之间的效果差异显著,其中以氯化铵的促进作用最强,硫酸铵处理的小麦吸收镉最少,尿素处理的小麦对镉的吸收随其用量增加而增加.在小麦整个生育期中,生育前期吸收镉较少,中、后期明显增大;但植株体内镉的浓度却表现为前期高、后期低,呈现随生育期递进而逐渐降低的趋势,只有氯化铵处理表现为拔节期体内镉含量为最高.镉在小麦体内的累积与其生物量的增加呈正相关,从秸秆向籽粒转移的总镉量随小麦籽粒/秸秆比的增加而降低.本试验中土壤的镉含量小于土壤环境质量污染二级标准,但籽粒含镉量均超过国家食品卫生标准允许量(0.1mgkg-1),表明土壤镉污染指标与作物品种密切相关.在镉污染土壤上,应选用低富集镉的小麦品种,避免使用氯化铵,防止过量施用尿素或其它铵态氮肥.     

生物炭对土壤外源镉形态及花生籽粒富集镉的影响

镉是存在于农田土壤中毒性较大且较普遍的一种重金属,而生物炭可以应用于重金属污染农田,对作物生长与污染土壤修复产生影响。通过盆栽试验,将生物炭作为镉污染条件下土壤的改良剂,研究不同用量生物炭、镉元素对土壤中镉形态及其含量的影响,进一步测定花生(Arachis hypogaea L.)籽粒镉含量,探明其吸收规律。试验镉施用质量分数(按纯镉计)分别为0、1、10 mg·kg-1,记为Cd0、Cd1、Cd10,在3种不同质量分数的镉污染土壤中分别添加生物炭质量分数0、3.3、6.6、10 g·kg-1,记为C0、C50、C100、C150,共12个处理。土壤镉形态参考Tessier连续提取法分离,镉含量采用原子吸收分光光度计(Z-5000 ASS)测定。样品相关测定分别于花生苗期、花针期、结荚期取土样,成熟期取籽粒样品进行。结果表明:当镉施用量一定时,土壤有效态镉含量与水溶态镉含量随生物炭用量增加而显著降低(P0.05),而其他各形态镉含量随生物炭用量增加而增加。苗期Cd1处理随生物炭施入量的增加,土壤有效态镉质量分数降低8.24%~20.24%;花针期,土壤有效态镉质量分数降低5.95%~38.46%;结荚期则降低6.23%~26.03%。Cd10处理下的3个生育时期,土壤有效态镉含量在C150取得最小值,镉质量分数分别下降12.56%、18.44%和15.52%。在土壤p H值方面,相同处理不同生育时期内出现先小幅降低再升高的趋势。成熟期花生籽粒镉含量随镉施用量的升高而增加;在镉施用量为1、10 mg·kg-1处理下,花生粒镉含量随生物炭施入量的增加而降低,C150Cd1处理的镉质量分数为0.29 mg·kg-1,为施加镉处理组含量最低,即当生物炭施加量为10g·kg-1时,土壤修复效果最佳,花生粒镉含量最低。     

棉秆炭对镉污染土壤的修复效果

采用盆栽方法,研究了棉秆炭对镉污染土壤的修复效果及对镉污染土壤上小白菜(Brassica chinensis)镉吸收的影响.结果表明:以微孔为主的棉秆炭能够通过吸附或共沉淀作用降低土壤中镉的生物有效性.在轻度镉污染时,棉秆炭处理土壤对镉的吸附速率较快,随着镉污染程度的增加.吸附速率逐渐减慢,吸附量逐渐增加.棉秆炭能够明显降低镉污染土壤上小白菜可食部和根部的镉积累量,可食部镉质量分数降低49.43%～68.29%,根部降低64.14%～77.66%,说明棉秆炭具有修复土壤镉污染,降低蔬菜镉含量的作用,可提高蔬菜品质.     

生物炭对重污染土壤镉形态及油菜吸收镉的影响

为了解不同种类和用量的生物炭对土壤镉形态及油菜吸收镉的影响,通过室外盆栽试验,以湖南某冶炼区周边重镉污染土壤为供试土壤,湘油27号为供试作物,于油菜移栽前7d分别添加w为0.1％和1％的竹炭和柠条炭,分析土壤镉形态和成熟期油菜各器官镉含量.结果表明,添加生物炭能降低土壤镉的有效性和油菜各器官中镉含量.柠条炭降低油菜吸收累积镉的效果比竹炭更明显,且随着生物炭量的增加阻控效果更明显.相比于对照组,施用生物炭后土壤中w(可交换态镉)最大可降低16.64％;油菜根部、茎秆、油荚和籽粒w(镉)最大可分别降低34.06％ 、39.74％、33.15％和49.81％.综合结果表明,添加w=1％柠条炭处理组处理效果最佳.     

茴香对镉胁迫下钼硼锌协同处理的响应及精油组分的影响

采用营养液培养方式,以茴香(Foeniculum vulgare Mill.)为试验材料,研究了2 mg·L-1镉质量浓度下,钼硼锌协同处理对茴香植株生长、生理指标、地上部和根系镉含量及精油组分的影响。结果表明:镉胁迫下,与对照相比,钼硼锌协同处理均未显著促进茴香植株株高生长;T5处理有利于茴香植株生物量累积和叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜素的合成,T1处理的可溶性糖含量最高,可溶性蛋白质含量最低,脯氨酸含量较低,丙二醛(MDA)含量最高,且叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b、类胡萝卜素的合成显著受到抑制。镉胁迫下,钼硼锌协同处理后,茴香植株地上部和根系镉含量均高于对照。茴香精油中反式-茴香脑含量以T6处理最高。总之,镉胁迫下,钼硼锌协同处理并不能缓解镉对茴香植株的毒害作用;在轻微镉污染的土壤上种植茴香以食用地上部为目的,则不宜进行钼硼锌配施,否则会增加食入镉的危险性;利用茴香进行镉污染土壤修复为目的,则建议进行钼硼锌配施,可增加茴香植株对镉的吸收累积,提高修复效率。从提高修复效率和茴香精油质量方面综合考虑,T6处理效果最好。研究结果可为镉污染农田土壤上植物种植过程中钼硼锌的合理配施提供理论参考。     

洞庭湖区东亚金发藓(Pogonatum inflexum)对土壤镉污染反应特征初探

如何利用较为科学、合理的技术方法,对土壤中的镉污染及其修复效果进行监测与评价,是植物修复土壤镉污染实际操作中存在的重要问题。该研究基于东亚金发藓(Pogonatum inflexum)对镉的敏感性反应特征,初步探索一种适用于土壤镉污染的生物监测方法。以含镉背景值相对较低的土壤作为栽培基质,采用梯度质量分数镉胁迫的方式进行研究,结果表明,(1)当土壤中的镉质量分数大于2~3 mg·kg-1时,东亚金发藓植株孢子体和配子体的外观形态在短时间内呈现出显著变化特征;随镉质量分数的增加和时间的延长,小叶受害程度加深,出现黄化或褐变现象,测定期内5 mg·kg-1的镉处理最终可使植株枯亡。(2)叶绿素含量受镉胁迫影响显著,且对镉胁迫时间反应较为迅速:2 mg·kg-1以内的镉处理下,叶绿素含量在7d中的变化均不大;镉质量分数大于3 mg·kg-1时,对叶绿素含量影响显著,且随时间延长叶绿素下降程度更加明显;4 mg·kg-1的镉处理可使叶绿素含量下降3/4以上。(3)镉胁迫导致植物体内可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,处理初期可溶性蛋白含量变化不大,后期则变化明显,可导致蛋白含量减少40%~50%;同时细胞膜脂过氧化作用显著增强(表现为MDA浓度上升),MDA含量增加了1.8倍以上。(4)东亚金发藓叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量及MDA含量等生理参数的变化,可有效指示土壤中镉的生物有效性,并能反映土壤镉安全浓度标准。(5)东亚金发藓的假根对土壤中的镉具有较强的感应能力,植株易受到镉离子毒害并快速、直观地表现出一系列症状,因此可作为有效监测土壤镉污染的理想植物材料。     

土壤固相不同组分对镉,锌吸持的研究

本文选用三种不同类型的土壤，用连续提取法依次去除土壤固相中碳酸盐（石灰性土壤）、锰、有机质、无定型氧化铁和晶型氧化铁组分，制得分离某一组分或某几个组分后的土壤钙饱和的样品，藉此研究土壤固相各组分对重金属Ｃｄ和Ｚｎ吸持的影响，研究结果表明，不同土壤去除某一组分或多个组分后对Ｃｄ和Ｚｎ吸持的影响是不同的，土壤固相中组分的相互作用可能是其主要原因。     

Effects of rape straw and red mud on extractability and bioavailability of cadmium in a calcareous soil

Screening of cost-effective soil amendments is important to develop “in situ” remediation techniques for cadmium (Cd) contaminated soils. In this study, different soil amendments, including red mud, a by-product of the alumina industry, and acid-treated, nano-treated by nano-particle milling, nano and acid-treated red muds, zeolite, corn straw, and rape straw, were evaluated to immobilize Cd in two added levels (2 and 5 mg Cd·kg^-1 soil) in a calcareous soil by single and sequential extractions and by cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) pot experiments. Results indicated that cruciferous rape straw significantly decreased the concentrations of water soluble, extractable Cd in soils, and Cd in cucumber plants, and it was more effective than gramineous corn straw. Also, red mud generally decreased the extractability and bioavailability of Cd added to calcareous soils more effectively than zeolite. Furthermore, the efficiency of red mud could be increased by the treatment of nano-particle milling due to the increase in specific surface area of red mud. It is potential to use rape straw and red mud as soil amendments to develop a cost-effective and efficient “in situ” remediation technology for Cd mildly contaminated calcareous soils.     

小麦籽粒中镉对锌的拮抗作用与有机肥的调控

研究不同的镉、锌复合污染水平对小麦籽粒锌吸收的影响及有机肥的调控作用。试验结果表明,随着土壤中外源Zn浓度的提高,小麦籽粒Zn含量显著增加;Cd和Zn复合污染的土壤上,小麦籽粒对Zn的吸收累积除受到土壤中外源Zn水平的影响外,还受到外源Cd的影响,高浓度Cd(100 mgkg-1)减少了Zn在小麦籽粒中的累积,说明Cd对小麦吸收Zn有拮抗效应;施用有机肥显著降低了1000 mgkg-1Zn污染土壤上小麦籽粒Zn含量及1000 mgkg-1Zn与100 mgkg-1Cd复合污染土壤上小麦籽粒Zn含量,而显著增加了500 mgkg-1Zn与Cd复合污染土壤上小麦籽粒Zn含量。因此,有机肥对Cd和Zn复合污染土壤上小麦籽粒Zn含量的影响与外源Cd、Zn的浓度组合有关。     

Effects of cadmium on nutrient uptake and translocation by Indian Mustard

Plants that hyperaccumulate metals are ideal subjects for studying the mechanisms of metal and mineral nutrient uptake in the plant kingdom. Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) has been shown to accumulate moderate levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cu. In this experiment, 10 levels of Cd concentration treatments were imposed by adding 10-190 mg Cd kg(-1) to the soils as cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO3)2]. The effect of Cd on phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and the micronutrients iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in B. juncea was studied. Plant growth was affected negatively by Cd, root biomass decreased significantly at 170 mg Cd kg(-1) dry weight soils treatment. Cadmium accumulation both in shoots and roots increased with increasing soil Cd treatments. The highest concentration of Cd was up to 300 mg kg(-1) d.w. in the roots and 160 mg kg(-1) d.w. in the shoots. The nutrients mainly affected by Cd were P, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn in the roots, and P, K, Ca, and Cu in the shoots. K and P concentrations in roots increased significantly when Cd was added at 170 mg kg(-1), and this was almost the same level at which root growth was inhibited. Zn concentrations in roots decreased significantly when added Cd concentration was increased from 50 to 110 mg kg(-1), then remained constant with Cd treatments from 110 to 190 mg kg(-1). However, Zn concentrations in the shoots seemed less affected by Cd. It is possible that Zn uptake was affected by the Cd but not the translocation of Zn within the plant. Ca and Mg accumulation in roots and shoots showed similar trends. This result indicates that Ca and Mg uptake is a non-specific process.     

不同土壤处理对东南景天吸取土壤中锌和镉效率的影响

通过盆栽试验，观察分析东南景天植物在未处理及若干用土壤添加剂处理的土壤介质上生长和累积锌、镉的状况。结果显示：除单独使用沸石粉外，所有土壤处理均有利于土壤改良和东南景天的生长。与对照处理相比，赤泥和城市污泥对东南景天累积锌起促进作用，而施用熟石灰却无助或甚至不利于东南景天累积锌。不过，尽管赤泥和城市污泥对东南景天累积镉的效果比熟石灰好，无论施用赤泥、城市污泥或熟石灰，东南景天植物干物质所含的镉均比对照处理高得多。总的来说，赤泥和城市污泥均为改良土壤、促使东南景天生长和超累积锌、镉的良好添加剂；而熟石灰或沸石粉单独使用则对东南景天超累积锌、镉的作用较小。在试验中，将15g污泥、15g沸石和6g赤泥与1000g土壤混和的T7处理对促使东南景天生长和超累积锌、镉最为有效。研究结果表明，在利用东南景天修复酸性锌、镉污染土壤时，通过加入合适的改良剂，调控土壤pH值和营养供给，可大大提高植物修复重金属污染的效果。     

Effect of acid rain on the fractionation of heavy metals and major elements in contaminated soils

Acid rain is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the effect of acid rain (1:1 equivalent basis H₂SO₄:HNO₃) at pH values of 2.0, 4.0 and 7.0 on the fractionation of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) and major elements (K, Na, Ca, and Mg) in contaminated calcareous soils over a 2084 h period. Heavy metals and major elements in soil samples were fractionated before and after 2084 h kinetic release using a sequential extraction procedure. Before kinetic studies the predominant fractions of K, Na, Ca, Mg, Cd and Ni were mainly associated with carbonate fraction (CARB), whereas Fe, Mn and Zn were associated with the Fe–Mn oxide fraction (Fe–Mn oxide). The highest percentage of Pb and Cu were found in the exchangeable (EXC) and organic matter (OM) fractions, respectively. After kinetic study using different simulated acid rain solutions, the major fractions of heavy metals (expect of Cu) and Na was the same as before release. Upon the application of different acid rain solutions, K and Mg were found dominantly in Fe–Mn oxide fraction, whereas Ca was in the EXC fraction. The results provide valuable information regarding metal mobility and indicated that speciation of metals (Cu and Zn) and major elements in contaminated calcareous soils can be affected by acid rain.     

黄棕壤和红壤吸附磷酸根后对Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋次级吸附的动力学

本文用流动法考察湖北省黄棕壤和湖南省红壤吸附磷酸根后，对Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋次级吸附的动力学。结果表明，Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋的次级吸附动力学可用一级议程拟合。初级吸附的磷酸根可造成黄棕壤对Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋次级吸附的速率下降；而红壤对Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋次级吸附的快反应速率下降，慢反应速率加大。Ｚｎ＾２＋和Ｃｄ＾２＋浓度增高可加快次级吸附反应速率；升高温度也可增快次级吸附速率。扩散作用对     

砂页岩赤红壤磷肥活化效果及其机理研究

应用不同活化剂处理不同性质的磷肥，并对其在砂页岩赤红壤中的生物效应及作用机理进行了研究。结果表明，在砂页岩赤红壤上，施用供试的儿种经活化剂处理的磷肥均能显著提高蔬菜生物量。砂页岩赤红壤中的铁、锰质量分数与磷素的有效性有密切的关系，且在还原条件下，土壤铁、锰对磷的固定作用更大；硅、钙可促进土壤中磷的释放。供试活化剂不仅可促进难溶磷的释放，还可控制水溶性磷的释放，使土壤供磷性能平稳；有机活化剂的用量，用于难溶性磷促释时其质量分数为3％，用于水溶性磷控释时其质量分数约为14％。在土壤-植物体系中，活化剂对磷的促释和控释机理是它通过对土壤铁、锰、铝质量分数的调节而实现对磷的活化。     

Effects of Cadmium on Nutrient Uptake and Translocation by Indian Mustard

Plants that hyperaccumulate metals are ideal subjects for studying the mechanisms of metal and mineral nutrient uptake in the plant kingdom. Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea) has been shown to accumulate moderate levels of Cd, Pb, Cr, Ni, Zn, and Cu. In this experiment, 10 levels of Cd concentration treatments were imposed by adding 10–190 mg Cd kg^–1 to the soils as cadmium nitrate [Cd(NO₃)₂]. The effect of Cd on phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and the micronutrients iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) in B. juncea was studied. Plant growth was affected negatively by Cd, root biomass decreased significantly at 170 mg Cd kg^–1 dry weight soils treatment. Cadmium accumulation both in shoots and roots increased with increasing soil Cd treatments. The highest concentration of Cd was up to 300 mg kg^–1 d.w. in the roots and 160 mg kg^–1 d.w. in the shoots. The nutrients mainly affected by Cd were P, K, Ca, Fe, and Zn in the roots, and P, K, Ca, and Cu in the shoots. K and P concentrations in roots increased significantly when Cd was added at 170 mg kg^–1, and this was almost the same level at which root growth was inhibited. Zn concentrations in roots decreased significantly when added Cd concentration was increased from 50 to 110 mg kg^–1, then remained constant with Cd treatments from 110 to 190 mg kg^–1. However, Zn concentrations in the shoots seemed less affected by Cd. It is possible that Zn uptake was affected by the Cd but not the translocation of Zn within the plant. Ca and Mg accumulation in roots and shoots showed similar trends. This result indicates that Ca and Mg uptake is a non-specific process.     

Cd、Zn、Pb单因素及复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响

通过Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ单因素处理和复合因素处理的对比性研究发现,无论是单因素或复因素对土壤酶活性的抑制效应顺序均为 Ｃｄ＞ Ｚｎ＞ Ｐｂ;在所研究的 ４种土壤酶中,脲酶受重金属的抑制作用最为敏感; Ｃｄ、 Ｚｎ、 Ｐｂ复合污染与各单因素的影响有较大差异,同时,Ｃｄ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ复合污染对４种土壤酶活性的影响效应亦不同。其复合污染对脲酶表现出协同抑制负效应的特征;对过氧化氢表现出一定的屏蔽作用或拮抗作用;转化酶和碱性磷酸酶主要因Ｃｄ浓度的变化而变化。