矿山废弃地生态退化程度评价

矿山废弃地是受采矿影响极度退化的生态系统,生态退化程度评价是对矿山废弃地生态质量现状、环境影响和治理难度的评估过程,可用于指导矿山废弃地生态环境影响评价和生态恢复规划编制等。本文分别尾矿库、露采迹地、排岩场和压占区4种矿山废弃地类型,采用兼顾自然因子和人为干扰强度因子的评价方法,通过对主要生态、环境问题的分析,选择导致生态系统退化的主要因子或易于反映生态系统质量的自然因子和人为干扰强度因子作为生态退化评价指标,评价指标来自于工程设计条件、土壤、植被和地质安全性4个方面;首先采用层次分析法确定各评价指标权重,其中占用面积和地表破坏程度是最最要的指标;在生态退化等级划分基础上确定了各评价指标的域值,并将各指标量化和标准化,计算各生态退化等级的综合得分值变化范围,建立了矿山废弃地生态退化程度综合评价方法体系,将生态退化程度划分为可自然恢复、可治理、难于治理和不能治理4个等级。最后,针对遵化市典型民营铁矿进行了案例适用性分析,并对不同退化等级的废弃地进行了生态防护措施分析。     

桂北锰矿废弃地主要植物种类调查及土壤重金属污染评价

采用样方法和实地勘查法调查了桂北荔浦锰矿区废弃地自然定居和人工种植的植物,并且对8个区的主要植物及其土壤重金属含量进行了分类、测试。并采用污染指数评价法对矿区废弃地土壤重金属的污染程度进行了评价。结果表明,白茅(Imperata cylindrica)、马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)、飞蓬(Erigeron acer)、苍耳(Xanthium sibiricum)、耳草(Hedyotisauricularia)对重金属有较强的耐性,而且能适应废弃地的不良环境,可作为锰矿废弃地生态恢复的先锋植物;用3种不同的背景值对废弃地土壤重金属污染程度的评价结果是一致的,除Pb外,5种重金属元素单项污染指数均大于2,表示被污染,其中以Mn、Zn、Cd污染最为严重。锰矿废弃地人工复垦采用典型的农业恢复模式,以种植果树和经济作物为主,果实中Cr、Cd的含量均超过食品卫生限量标准,因此矿山恢复的早期不宜直接种植果树和食用经济作物。以上研究结果可为锰矿废弃地的生态恢复和植被重建提供科学依据。     

共同努力：为受污染财产的治理和再开发融资

地方政府和投资商需共同努力,以鼓励和促进“褐色地带”场所的治理、再开发和充分利用。本文考虑了各种受污染财产的治理和再开发的融资方法。     

城市生态可持续性的内涵及其支持系统评价指标体系研究

构建城市生态可持续性支持系统评价模型并对其发展水平进行综合评价,是城市生态可持续性从理论研究阶段进入可操作的实际应用阶段的重要步骤。针对城市生态可持续性基本内涵,根据＂承载力-支持力-吸引力-延续力-发展力＂（CSAED）模型框架,构建城市生态可持续性支持系统的评价指标体系,以泛长株潭地区为例,分析了该区域各地市在生态环境有效改善、资源能源集约利用、社会民生和谐进步、经济高效公平增长、人口质量综合提升、政策和制度调整与完善等方面的基本情况与提升方向。评价结果表明：泛长株潭地区大部分城市生态环境有效改善水平、资源能源集约利用效率、社会民生进步程度以及经济高效公平增长水平都普遍偏低,这意味着当前该区域亟需解决城市生态承载力不够强、环境容量有限、产业结构仍待升级、就业结构不优及公共服务不足等区域经济社会发展不协调问题,以维持区域城市生态可持续性。     

农业开发的战略环境评价初探

阐述了在农业开发中实施战略环境评价(strategic environmental assessment，SEA)的必要性。根据农业开发SEA的介入时机，将其划分为预测性SEA、监控性SEA和回顾性SEA3种类型。初步探讨了农业开发SEA的基本内容，即评价对象、评价原则、评价指标体系集和评价方法，并提出了农业开发SEA的基本工作程序。     

农业开发的战略环境评价初探

阐述了在农业开发中实施战略环境评价(strategicenvironmentalassessment,SEA)的必要性。根据农业开发SEA的介入时机,将其划分为预测性SEA、监控性SEA和回顾性SEA3种类型。初步探讨了农业开发SEA的基本内容,即评价对象、评价原则、评价指标体系集和评价方法,并提出了农业开发SEA的基本工作程序。     

基于足迹家族和行星边界的主要国家环境可持续性多维评价

足迹家族和行星边界都是国际可持续发展研究领域新近出现的热点概念。系统回顾了足迹家族和行星边界的概念缘起,首次提出了基于足迹家族和行星边界的环境可持续性概念及其评价框架。其中,足迹家族定义为：人类在自然资源消费和废弃物排放过程中占用的地球生态系统的再生和消纳能力;行星边界定义为：可供人类安全占用的地球生态系统的最大再生和消纳能力。由此,将环境可持续性定量描述为人类环境足迹小于或等于对应行星边界的情形,反之则为环境不可持续性。分析了该环境可持续性概念的6项基本特征：系统性、选择性、交互性、不确定性、尺度依赖性、赤字可权衡性。在此基础上,以全球30个主要国家为例,对提出的足迹家族-行星边界整合框架进行了实证应用。从与人类社会关系重大的环境问题入手,对各国在气候变化（碳排放）、水资源利用和土地利用3方面的环境可持续性进行了多维测度。结果显示：22国的碳排放呈现不可持续性,人均碳赤字最高为美国的26.1 t·a-1（以CO2当量计）;17国的水资源利用呈现不可持续性,人均水赤字最高为西班牙的1497.8 m3·a-1;15国的土地利用呈现不可持续性,人均土地赤字最高为荷兰的2.3 hm2·a-1。研究表明,碳排放的可持续性与社会经济发展水平关系密切,发达国家对气候变化的贡献明显大于发展中国家;水资源利用和土地利用的可持续性则更多地受各国人均资源禀赋制约。本研究对科学量化和比较不同国家的环境可持续性具有参考价值,该评价方法也适用于其他环境问题或国家以下尺度的核算分析。     

工业城市不同功能区土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染及其健康风险评价

为了研究和评价工业城市不同功能区的土壤和蔬菜中重金属污染和健康风险状况,以株洲市为例,在工业区（石峰区）、农业区（芦淞区）和旅游区（大京风景区）分别采集土壤和蔬菜样品,分析重金属Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Zn、Cr和Cu的质量分数,并采用地质累积指数法（Igeo）和健康风险评价模型分别对土壤和蔬菜中重金属进行评价。结果表明：工业区、农业区和旅游区土壤中Cd、As、Pb、Hg、Zn、Cr和Cu的平均质量分数都超出湖南省土壤背景值,部分重金属甚至超出国家土壤环境质量二级标准。不同功能区土壤中重金属的地质累积指数（Igeo）表明：工业区、农业区和旅游区土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染,其中Cd和Hg的污染最为严重,污染程度依次是工业区〉农业区〉旅游区。不同功能区蔬菜中Cd、As、Pb和Zn的危害商（HQ）值都大于1.0,而Cu和Cr的危害商（HQ）都小于1.0。不同功能区蔬菜中重金属危害指数（HI）都大于10.0,尤其是工业区蔬菜的危害指数（HI）〉100.0,当地成年人食用受到重金属污染的蔬菜会导致严重的健康危害,其中Cd和As,是危害指数（HI）的主要贡献者,两者贡献率之和的范围为75%~89%,而Cr的贡献率几乎为0。     

工业绿色发展评价指标体系及应用于广东省区域评价的分析

工业的快速发展,给资源环境带来了前所未有的压力,于是人们纷纷探讨绿色发展之路.工业绿色发展评价指标体系的研究旨在发现工业绿色转型升级中的薄弱环节,设计评估工业的绿色发展状况的指标,引导工业绿色转型升级,从而实现工业发展与资源环境的和谐统一.文章借鉴脱钩理论的核心理念,分析资源环境的特征指标,利用工业资源消耗或污染物排放变化对工业产值的弹性脱钩值作为考察工业绿色转型升级的动态指标,建立包括工业资源环境压力、工业资源环境弹性脱钩和工业发展绿化度3个方面的工业绿色发展评价指标体系,并应用于广东省21个地级以上城市的评价分析.研究表明,该指标体系对于评价工业绿色发展具有实际可操作性,结果合理、可靠.对广东各地的实证评价分析显示,广东省工业总体绿色发展水平不断提升,在高压力水平下,逐步向资源节约型、环境友好型的新型工业化道路转型.但由于各地工业发展水平不同、资源环境约束目标不同,工业绿色发展的进程也存在较大区域差异.资源环境约束严格的珠三角核心区工业绿色发展情况相对其他地区较好,属高绿化度高资源环境压力的绿色发展模式.资源环境约束较严格的粤北山区工业转型升级也有明显进展.而在资源环境约束管理不大的珠三角非核心区与粤西地区中,江门和湛江工业绿色发展相对较好,肇庆和茂名一般,惠州和阳江工业呈粗放发展,粤东地区除汕头外,工业粗放发展趋势明显.因此,各地应制定针对性措施,促进工业结构调整,限制高消耗、重污染型行业发展,加大工业污染防治力度,推进高消耗、重污染型行业的生态化转型,推动工业绿色转型升级加快.     

有机污染物生物有效性的评价方法

环境中有机污染物的生物有效性评价对生物修复、生态毒性和环境风险研究有着重要的意义.本文概括了影响有机污染物生物有效性的因素,综述了近年来有机污染物生物有效性评价方法的发展与应用,并对该领域的研究趋势进行了展望.     

ToSIA—A tool for sustainability impact assessment of forest-wood-chains

Within the forest sector, the sustainability concept has evolved from a narrow focus on sustainable wood production to a much broader evaluation of environmental, social, and economic sustainability for whole value chains. A new software tool - ToSIA - has been developed for assessing sustainability impacts of Forest-Wood-Chains (FWCs). In the approach, FWCs are defined as chains of production processes (e.g. harvesting-transport-industrial processing), which are linked with products (e.g. a timber frame house). Sustainability is determined by analysing environmental, economic, and social sustainability indicators for all the production processes along the FWC. The tool calculates sustainability values as products of the relative indicator values (i.e. indicator value expressed per unit of material flow) multiplied with the material flow entering the process. Calculated sustainability values are then aggregated for the segments of the FWC or for the complete chain. The sustainability impact assessment requires carefully specified system boundaries. ToSIA uses a data-oriented approach that is very flexible in the focus of the analysis and the selection of indicators of sustainability. An example of alternative Norway spruce management systems in Southern Germany and their effects on six sustainability indicators is presented. The less intensive management system with natural regeneration and motor-manual harvesting shows higher carbon storage and slightly less energy use. It creates more employment and higher labour costs, but the average rate of accidents is also higher. ToSIA offers a transparent and consistent methodological framework to assess sustainability impacts in the forest-based sector as affected, e.g. by changes in policies, market conditions, or technology. The paper discusses strengths and limitations of the approach and provides an outlook on further development perspectives of the methodology.     

填海造陆的环境效应研究进展

填海造陆是沿海地带缓解人地矛盾的有效手段,在我国方兴未艾。作为大规模的人类干扰活动,填海造陆必然对海岸带系统的各个方面产生巨大影响。需要从自然地理过程的各个要素和人类社会组成的环境系统的统一协调发展中,寻求填海造陆的科学方案,实现海岸带的有序利用。文章结合近年来研究进展详细分析了填海造陆对于土地、水文、生态及气候、原料源地等多方面的环境效应及其关联。结果发现：（1）填海造陆对环境的负效应在种类上多于正效应;（2）填海造陆的影响范围遍及从海到陆的整个海岸带区域;（3）填海造陆效应具有从短期扰动事件到长期生态和物理过程的宽域时间尺度;（4）填海造陆各个效应之间存在着很强的关联和促进机制。未来应加强填海造陆对陆地滨海地区的影响,对气候和海洋地貌等长期自然过程的效应,以及各方面环境效应间的正负反馈机制定量化等方面的研究。     

我国耕地地力评价研究进展

耕地是农业生产最基本的资源,耕地地力的好坏直接影响到农业生产的发展。随着我国经济社会快速发展,耕地面积与质量变化对粮食安全构成了严峻挑战,受到社会各界的日益关注,对耕地地力评价的研究越来越多。文章简要回顾了近十年来,我国耕地地力评价的历程、耕地地力评价的方法和GIS技术等现代研究手段在这一领域的应用。现有研究结果表明,现代信息技术在耕地地力评价中的作用日益突出,尤其是GIS技术的应用全面提升了传统耕地调查与评价的方式和方法,不仅省时、省力,评价结果准确可靠,而且可以做到适时更新、快速统计、制图,是今后耕地质量管理技术的发展方向。     

Practical sustainability criteria for decision-making

SUMMARY

The new paradigm of sustainability necessitates revisions to traditional decision-making processes. This paper, which is the first in a series of four, outlines the changes required for decision-making to reflect sustainability concerns. Three sustainability criteria, that are the focus of the three subsequent papers, are introduced and the rationale for each is explained. A framework for incorporating the three sustainability criteria into the decision-making process is briefly outlined. The paper ends with the introduction to a case study, the North Central Project (NCP) for electricity supply alternatives. The NCP is used in the three following papers to demonstrate the individual components of the new approach to sustainable decision-making.     

A comparative assessment of land management approaches in Bhutan

Arable land in Bhutan is under serious threats of land degradation. Proper land management approach is needed to control soil erosion problems. This study is an attempt to characterize and document the conventional and the community-based land management approaches, applied in Chukha and Dagana districts, respectively. The study tried to make a comparative assessment of their social, economic and environmental impacts on the participating farmers. Farmers’ level of participation in the program, implementation of the soil erosion control measures (SECM) and subsequent social, economic and environmental impacts were found to be significantly influenced by the type of approach applied. The study found that community-based approach is by any means better suited for the study sites than the conventional approach. The social, economic and environmental attributes of respondents from the community-based approach were found to have improved significantly as compared to the conventional approach. The community-based approach was thus found to have a higher potential to meet the diverse requirements of rural subsistence farming communities in Bhutan than the conventional approach.     

Comparative aspects of mountain land resources management and sustainability: Case studies from India and Canada

India and Canada share a common heritage in natural resources management. Both have a colonial background, settlers and indigenous peoples; there is a history of management agencies with utilitarian attitudes, and a history of treating public lands as commodities for commerce rather than as resources for local livelihoods. This historical context guided the overall goal of this study, which was policy development for the sustainable use of mountain environments. Interviews, workshops and seminars were held with local people and resource management professionals in a comparative case study in two regions; the Kullu area in Himachal Pradesh, India and the Arrow Lakes area in British Columbia, Canada. The paper is organized around two main objectives of the work relating to the successes and failures of mountain environment resource management policies and the development of criteria for assessing and monitoring sustainability in mountain environments, in particular, criteria for examining relevant crosscultural dimensions of sustainable development in these environments. By way of conclusion the paper considers further ways in which traditional resource policy development and implementation is being challenged by changing values and priorities; ecosystems management with people; and co-management and public participation.     

欧盟土壤环境评价监测项目及其对我国农用地质量监测的启示

＂十二五＂期间,我国国土资源调查评价的重点任务之一是建立农用地质量监测体系。当前我国农用地质量变化监测技术仍然处于研究探索阶段,欧盟土壤环境评价监测项目是较为成熟的监测项目,可为中国农用地质量监测工作提供借鉴。文章分别就欧盟土壤环境评价监测的相关研究和国内学者对农用地质量监测的研究进行了综述,认为欧盟土壤环境评价监测项目在指标选取、监测网络建立、数据更新技术等方面建立了较为成功的机制。未来中国农用地质量监测工作可在关注土壤环境质量、分类土壤退化原因、针对性地选取指标、应用DPSIR模型、确定监测点的方法、充分利用原有监测网络和监测数据等方面借鉴欧盟经验。     

Developing indicators for assessing land-use sustainability in a tropical agro-ecosystem: The case of Sakaekrang watershed,Thailand

While the concept of sustainable land management is now widely accepted, there remains considerable scope for developing location-specific land-use indicators for sustainability evaluation. A study was conducted to investigate the indicators of land-use sustainability in the context of tropical agro-ecosystems using the case of Sakaekrang watershed, Thailand. The biophysical data were generated from Geographic Information Systems (GIs) and the socioeconomic data were collected through a field survey. In the light of sustainable land management objectives, a total of 32 criteria were considered in the analysis to determine land-use sustainability and identify indicators that best explain the sustainability level. About one quarter of the agricultural area in the watershed meets the sustainability threshold, indicating a substantial unstable area in the watershed. Among 11 indicators that showed a significant relationship with the computed land-use sustainability, land quality, source of farm income, and evapo transpiration were the most important.     

A simulation model to explore the relative value of stock enhancement versus harvest regulations for fishery sustainability

Harvest restrictions and stock enhancement are commonly proposed management responses for sustaining degraded fisheries, but comparisons of their relative effectiveness have seldom been considered prior to making policy choices. We built a population model that incorporated both size-dependent harvest restrictions and stock enhancement contributions to explore trade-offs between minimum length limits and stock enhancement for improving population sustainability and fishery metrics (e.g., catch). We used a Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii population as a test case, and the model incorporated density-dependent recruitment processes for both hatchery and wild fish. We estimated the spawning potential ratio (SPR) and fishery metrics (e.g., angler catch) across a range of minimum length limits and stocking rates. Model estimates showed that increased minimum length limits were much more effective than stock enhancement for increasing SPR and angler catches in exploited populations, but length limits resulted in reduced harvest. Stocking was predicted to significantly increase total recruitment, population sustainability, and fishery metrics only in systems where natural reproduction had been greatly reduced via habitat loss, fishing mortality was high, or both. If angler fishing effort increased with increased fish abundance from stocking efforts, fishing mortality was predicted to increase and reduce the benefits realized from stocking. The model also indicated that benefits from stock enhancement would be reduced if reproductive efficiency of hatchery-origin fish was compromised. The simulations indicated that stock enhancement was a less effective method to improve fishery sustainability than measures designed to reduce fishing mortality (e.g., length limits).