渴望晴明

几年前,我曾写过一篇文章,题目是《学会享受清风明月》。友人刊发时,出于好心,将其改成《把清风明月珍藏于心》。美是很美了,只是忽略了我写此文的初衷。在标题里,用＂学会＂二字,我的心情是沉重的。您想,老天赐予我们每个人清风明月,可是我们不懂得享受,或者没条件去享受,是不可惜？有些人有了金钱,就纸醉金迷、灯红酒绿,远离了清风明月。而有些人则忙于生计,两头不见天日,顾不上去享受清风明月。这是人类的悲哀。而现在,清风明月正疏离于我们,远走他乡,不愿回头。趁机而入的是霾。霾,何物？是空气中的魔。它来自煤炭燃烧、汽车尾气、扬尘等。我们感到了它的恐怖和龌龊。觉醒之后,才懂得什么叫做不寒而栗。但,为时已晚。接踵而来的是讽刺挖苦、怨天尤人,连校园里的雕塑,都戴起了口罩。口罩罩住了一座座城市卡口千万座村庄。     

让我们留在那一瞬间

青青的草,高耸的山,清澈的小溪里,鱼儿游。这就是我们的家乡——青州市云驼风景区,这里山清水秀,是国家AAAA级景区。青青的草一碧千里,数不尽的各色小花点缀其间。花儿开得很茂盛,朵朵都是笑哈哈的。巍巍青山,绿的是青松,红的是枫树。山脚下面的小溪里水清澈见底。     

白鹭水牛影绰绰

霜衣雪花青玉嘴,群捕鱼儿溪水中。惊飞远映碧山去,一树梨花落晚风。这是杜牧眼中的白鹭,诗中的白鹭,动感的白鹭。据说,郭沫若也曾著文夸赞白鹭是一首诗,一首韵在骨子里的散文诗。生活在长江边上的我,见到的却是另一番景状。每年秋近,天高,地远,江阔。缓坡的江岸上,高的是屏风般的防浪柳,稍矮是茂盛的水     

水的传说

正水在明白无误地流淌着。是一条河?是的,就是她,在茫茫天地间,可能我们只能通过这条河来找到它的源头。远山青青,春烟迢迢,赤水濛濛。有一股神秘气息蒸腾在这逶迤一线的地方,有什么正在暗示我,有酒的醇厚。有香味。不是那种浓香,不是轻浮的香,不招摇,很深,好像蓄谋已久的,很厚。有的东西就是厚的,很厚,宽阔,神秘,深藏不露,但又无处不在。     

让美丽与我们同住

碧绿的草,巍峨的山,秀丽的河,五颜六色的花朵,洁白的云朵。与我们同行,与我们同住。怎么才能留住身边的美丽呢?首先,我们要植树造林。现在社会经济发展起来,就开始砍伐树木,盖高大的楼房。楼房虽然高大美丽,但还是不如树木重要,树为我们遮荫,为我们净化空气,为我们绿化世界。众所周知,以前翠绿的树林是鸟儿们安心的小窝,可这几年的树木越来越少,鸟儿也越来越少,新鲜的空气一去不复返了。     

秋天的模样

秋天,是天高云淡望断南飞雁的乡愁。秋天,是凉风习习稻谷飘香的沉醉。秋天,是秋雨绵绵澄澈宁静的高远。秋天的模样,让人浮想联翩。大雁排成行,在稀薄的云层里穿行,也把游子的思念,从地北带到了天南。秋天的田野里,处处涌动着金黄色的稻浪,秋风飒飒,送来缕缕稻香。一场一场的秋雨落了下来,一扫夏日的躁热,也荡去了人们心头的浮躁。     

水影中的忧伤

旧时的风,不在,旧时的景,没了。如今,每次放假回家坐在火车上,看窗外那些从眼前一闪而过的景色,像不断更换的电影。干涸了的河流,露出了河床,像一具没有生命的躯壳。那些暗黑的树影,看不见一点绿意。看得久了这些画面,心里除了悲凉,我无法透彻地形容我的心情。     

雾里看景

早上起床,推开窗户,走到阳台上。向远看去,看见草海上起雾了,雾是乳白色的,那雾白得清澈,白得透明,越往上颜色越淡。黎明的风吹向广袤的湖面。它迈着轻盈的脚步,推着一团团浓雾,几乎不被人察觉地穿过广阔的湖面。雾的上方,太阳冉冉升起。在太阳升起的时候,它脱去薄雾的睡衣,它柔和的涟漪或者反光的光滑面逐渐显露出来。放射出绚丽的光     

放牧白鹭(外一篇)

正这是个空气湿润又异常清新的早晨。天空点缀了云彩,四山装扮成了一派翠绿的景象,轻微的风带来了一阵阵凉爽芬芳的气息。我来到郊外,沿着河堤漫步,畅饮山地新鲜的空气,感受五月美丽的景致。那条枯瘦的河流,因连日的下雨,变得波涛汹涌裹着泥沙轰轰然而去。此时,太阳从积云里照射出耀眼又温暖的光芒。虽然是夏日,莫获山的山顶,在昨晚降下了一场纷纷扬扬的白雪。在晨光映照下,那里的积雪耀眼夺目。有人     

编读往来

一条小河的不幸串场河畔,有个名不见经传的小村,三十年前开了一条东西向小河。那时的小河,水流畅通,清凌凌的河水,滋润着两岸农田。庄稼茂盛,六畜兴旺,人们喜气洋洋。后来,全村人陆陆续续,都把住房迁到了小河两岸,小河两岸也就成了一家挨一家的生活区。可是谁也没想到,小河的不幸也从此开始。     

Efficacy of alum and coal combustion by-products in stabilizing manure phosphorus

Animal manures contain large amounts of soluble phosphorus (P), which is prone to runoff losses when manure is surface-applied. Here we report the efficacy of alum and three coal combustion by-products in reducing P solubility when added to dairy, swine, or broiler litter manures in a laboratory incubation study. Compared with unamended controls, alum effectively reduced readily soluble P, determined in water extracts of moist manure samples with 1 h of shaking, for all three manures. The reduction ranged from 80 to 99% at treatment rates of 100 to 250 g alum kg(-1) manure dry matter. The fluidized bed combustion fly ash (FBC) reduced readily soluble P by 50 to 60% at a rate of 400 g kg(-1) for all three manures. Flue gas desulfurization by-product (FGD) reduced readily soluble P by nearly 80% when added to swine manure and broiler litter at 150 and 250 g kg(-1). Another by-product, anthracite refuse fly ash (ANT), was ineffective for all three manures. In all cases, reduction in readily soluble P is primarily associated with inorganic phosphorus (P(i)) with little change in organic phosphorus (P(o)). Sequential extraction results indicate that the by-product treatments shifted manure P from H2O-P into a less vulnerable fraction, NaHCO3 - P, while the alum treatment shifted the P into even more stable forms, mostly NaOH-P. Such shifts in P fractions would have little influence on P availability for crops over the long-term but would retard and reduce potential losses of P following manure applications.     

TEMPORAL VARIATION IN THE NUTRIENT EXPORT OF RIVERS DRAINING INTO THE BAY OF QUINTE,ONTARIO, CANADA1

ABSTRACT: Annual exports of total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total nitrogen are presented for the period 1965–1974, for five rivers draining into the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario. The export values are typical for the physiography and land use though the results indicate that soluble reactive phosphorus exports for the four largest rivers have been declining. Also the variation in export of total phosphorus and total nitrogen is highly correlated with variation in annual runoff. This is noted as being a factor deserving more attention in future efforts to classify nutrient export values in relation to land use and geology.     

湖泊沉积物中磷的形态分析及其释放研究

本文讨论了湖泊沉积物中磷的各种存在形态，包括：可交换性溶解磷（Pa-t），可溶性磷（Psol），经结合态磷（Pu），铁结合态磷（PFc），以及闭态磷（O-P），另外，还有部份有机磷（Porg），利用分级提取技术，□□□□□□氧）对湖水复磷影响显著，主要是释放PAf和PFc。     

Climatic and agricultural contributions to changing loads in two watersheds in Ohio

Trends in climatic variables, streamflow, agricultural practices, and loads of nutrients and suspended solids were estimated for 1976-1995 in the Maumee and Sandusky watersheds, two large agricultural basins draining to Lake Erie. To understand the contributions that various factors may have made to the trends in loads, earlier results of models linking loads to explanatory variables were combined with estimated trends in those variables. The study period was characterized by increases in temperature, wintertime precipitation and streamflow, conservation farming, and loads of nitrate and total suspended solids; decreases in snowfall and snow cover, fertilizer, manure from livestock, and loads of soluble reactive phosphorus; and relatively steady exports of total phosphorus. After removing the effects of trends in streamflow, nitrate loads increased much less while total suspended solids and total phosphorus loads declined. The analysis suggests that the nitrate increases were due largely to climatic factors, particularly increases in winter streamflow, decreases in snowfall and snow cover, and declining annual precipitation. Decreases in soluble reactive phosphorus were associated with changes in agricultural practices, particularly declines in fertilizer deliveries and head of livestock.     

Microcosm studies on anaerobic phosphate flux and mineralization of lake sediment organic carbon

Lake sediment has long been recognized as an important source of nutrients such as phosphorus. To gain a better understanding of phosphorus flux at the sediment-water interface, it is crucial to investigate the sediment porewater. There is also growing concern and interest in identifying whether organic-rich sediment is an important source of greenhouse gases such as CO(2) and CH(4). In the present study, we took sediment samples from West Lake, a shallow hypereutrophic lake in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China and incubated subsamples under anaerobic conditions at 25 degrees C for 182 d using a specially designed microcosm that permits repeated extraction of sediment porewater and sampling of headspace gases. Anaerobic phosphate fluxes and mineralization of sediment organic carbon were measured. Average diffusive flux of soluble phosphorus was 0.81 mg P m(-2) d(-1) during the initial 18 d of incubation. Decomposition of sediment organic C followed zero-order reaction kinetics and methane accounted for about 50% of the mineralization products. The results suggest that organic-rich sediments can be important sources of P and methane under anaerobic conditions. Laboratory studies simulating field conditions and field studies are necessary to determine the contribution of sediment as a source of P and greenhouse gases.     

The Influence of Two‐Stage Ditches with Constructed Floodplains on Water Column Nutrients and Sediments in Agricultural Streams

The two‐stage ditch is a novel management practice originally implemented to increase bank stability through floodplain restoration in channelized agricultural streams. To determine the effects of two‐stage construction on sediment and nutrient loads, we monitored turbidity, and also measured total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) species, and phosphorus (P) after two‐stage ditch construction in reference and manipulated reaches of four streams. Turbidity decreased during floodplain inundation at all sites, but TSS and P, soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP) decreased only in the two‐stage ditches with longer duration of inundation. Both TSS and TP were positively correlated within individual streams, but neither were correlated with turbidity. Phosphorus was elevated in the stream to which manure was applied adjacent to the two‐stage reach, but not the reference reach, suggesting that landscape nutrient management plans could restrict nutrient transport to the stream, ultimately determining the efficacy of instream management practices. In addition, ammonium and nitrate decreased in two‐stage reaches with lower initial N concentrations. Overall, results suggest that turbidity, TSS, and TP were reduced during floodplain inundation, but the two‐stage alone may not be effective for managing high inorganic N loads.     

WATER QUALITY TRENDS IN LAKE TOHOPEKALIGA,FLORIDA, USA: RESPONSES TO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Water quality in eutrophic Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida, improved markedly from 1982 to 1992 as a result of reductions in phosphorus and nitrogen loading to the lake. Annual budgets of water, chloride, phosphorus and nitrogen were constructed for the lake, and indicate it is a sink for phosphorus and a source for nitrogen. Water column concentrations of total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and chlorophyll a all declined as external inputs of nutrients decreased. Water column nitrogen: phosphorus ratios have increased, suggesting a probable shift from nitrogen- to phosphorus-limitation. This apparent shift in nutrient limitation status also is supported by comparisons of the mean Trophic State Indices for phosphorus, nitrogen, and chlorophyll a. These improvements in water quality are attributed to the diversion of wastewater treatment plant effluent from the lake, and the increased use of wet retention ponds for stormwater runoff.     

Relationships among plant available phosphorus, fertilizer sales, and water quality in northwestern Ohio

Soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in northwestern Ohio river water has declined over the past 20 yr in response to decreased applications of fertilizer P. Our objective was to evaluate changes in soluble P (Bray-1 P) levels in the soil over time as influenced by fertilizer P management, cultivation practice, soil properties, and landscape factors. Because soil is the intermediary between added P and SRP measured in river water, we examined the relationship between fertilizer P, soluble soil P, and SRP. Using historical soil survey sample sites as a baseline for original soluble P concentrations (Por), we resampled Ap horizons to establish current levels of soluble P (Pcu). The Por baseline extended from 1953-1982 and Pcu from 1996-1998. Thirty percent of the Pcu values and 17% of the Por values were > or = 40 mg kg(-1). Log-transformed means for Pcu were significantly higher than for Por. The principal determining factors for Por were physiography, soil texture, and soil series. Current P is affected by present tillage practice and drainage class. Change in soluble P in the soil is not as responsive to fertilizer P sales as is SRP in river water. This suggests that as fertilizer P sales decline, a declining percentage of P added as fertilizer is annually dissolved and transported into the drainage system. Soluble P in soil is governed by a combination of fertilizer and tillage management, soil properties, and landscape factors interacting over time.     

Phosphorus characteristics of dairy feces affected by diets

Phosphorus (P) surplus on dairy farms, especially confined operations, contributes to P buildup in soils with increased potential for P loss to waters. One approach to reduce P surplus and improve water quality is to optimize P feeding and improve P balance on farms. Here we report how varying P concentrations in lactating cow diets affects the amount as well as the chemical forms and fraction distribution of P in fecal excretion, and the environmental implications of this effect. Analysis of fecal samples collected from three independent feeding trials indicates that increasing dietary P levels through the use of P minerals not only led to a higher concentration of acid digest total phosphorus (TP) in feces, but more importantly increased the amount and proportion of P that is water soluble and thus most susceptible to loss in the environment. For instance, with diets containing 3.4, 5.1, or 6.7 g P kg(-1) feed dry matter (DM), the water-soluble fraction of fecal P was 2.91, 7.13, and 10.46 g kg(-1) fecal DM, respectively, accounting for 56, 77, and 83% of acid digest TP. The other fecal P fractions (those soluble in dilute alkaline and acid extractants) remained small and were unaffected by dietary P concentration. Excess P in the P supplemented diets was excreted in feces as water-soluble forms. A simple measure of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) in a single water extract is highly responsive to changes in diet P concentrations and hence can be indicative of dietary P status. A fecal P indicator concept is proposed and discussed.     

废钻井液的处理技术综述

通过对近年来国内外废钻井液无害化处理方法进行的综合分析,了解了目前处理现状,并在此基础上,详细介绍了水泥、水玻璃;磷石膏;水泥窑粉等固化技术及生物等治理技术。同时对废钻井液的无害化处理及未来的发展趋势进行了展望。