典型毒害气体的FTIR吸收光谱分析

傅立叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱技术可以对空气、生物气以及各种工业生产过程中的排气、废气进行实时在线监测。但是由于废气的成分复杂,红外吸收光谱互相干扰、重叠,往往难以辨认。本文用FTIR研究工业废气中主要物质的红外吸收光谱特性,确定光谱分析时废气各组分的特征红外频率。分析对象包括水蒸气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、氨气、氰化氢、氯化氢、氟化氢、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、二氧化硫、甲醛和丙稀醛十二种物质。     

城市绿地温室气体通量监测与减排研究

采用LGR-密闭式动态通量箱法对城市绿地生态系统温室气体(CO₂、CH₄)通量的日变化、季节变化特征及其影响因子等进行了较为系统的研究。城市绿地花草CO₂通量有明显的日变化和季节变化特征,白天通量值为负,是CO₂的净吸收汇;夜晚为正值,是CO₂的净释放源;7:00左右由源转为汇,17:00左右由汇转为源,不同花卉24 h总通量有正负2种结果。冬季草坪作为源的时间延长,而作为汇的时间缩短。光强和温度是影响CO₂通量日变化和季节变化的主要因素。城市绿地CH₄通量较小,不足以对温室气体总量产生显著影响。从减少温室气体排放的角度对城市绿地花草的选择提出了建议。     

Fuel characteristics and emissions from biomass burning and land-use change in Nigeria

Nigeria is one of the 13 low-latitude countries that have significant biomass burning activities. Biomass burning occurs in moist savanna, dry forests, and forest plantations. Fires in the forest zone are associated with slash-and-burn agriculture; the areal extent of burning is estimated to be 80% of the natural savanna. In forest plantations, close to 100% of litter is burned. Current estimates of emissions from land-use change are based on a 1976 national study and extrapolations from it. The following non-carbon dioxide (CO₂) trace gas emissions were calculated from savanna burning: methane (CH₄), 145 gigagrams (Gg); carbon monoxide (CO), 3831 Gg; nitrous oxide (N₂O), 2 Gg; and nitrogen oxides (NO_x), 49 Gg. Deforestation rates in forests and woodlands are 300 × 10³ ha (kilohectare, or kha) and 200 × kha per year, respectively. Trace gas emissions from deforestation were estimated to be 300 Gg CH₄, 2.4 Gg N₂O, and 24 Gg NO_x. CO₂ emissions from burning, decay of biomass, and long-term emissions from soil totaled 125 561 Gg. These estimates should be viewed as preliminary, because greenhouse gas emission inventories from burning, deforestation, and land-use change require two components: fuel load and emission factors. Fuel load is dependent on the areal extent of various land uses, and the biomass stocking and some of these data in Nigeria are highly uncertain.     

Emission database for global atmospheric research (Edgar)

Atmospheric chemistry and climate modellers require gridded global emissions data as input into their models. To meet this urgent need a global emissions source database called EDGAR is being developed by TNO and RIVM to estimate for 1990, on a regional and on a grid basis, annual emissions of greenhouse gases (CO₂, CH₄, N₂O, CO, NO_x, non-methane VOC, SO_x), of NH₃, and of ozone depleting compounds (halocarbons) from all known sources. The aim is to establish at due levels of spatial, temporal and source aggregation the emissions from both anthropogenic and biogenic sources: a complete set of data required to estimate the total source strength of the various gases with a 1×1 ° resolution (altitude resolution of 1 km) and a temporal resolution of a month, supplemented by diurnal variation, as agreed upon in the Global Emissions Inventory Activity (GEIA) of the International Atmospheric Chemistry Programme (IGAC). In this way EDGAR will meet the requirements of present and future developments in the field of atmospheric modelling. The data comprise demographic data, social and economic factors, land use distributions and emission factors (with due emphasis on the uncertainty). As understanding in this field is still changing, due attention is paid to flexibility regarding the disaggregation of sources, spatial and temporal resolution and species. The objective and methodology chosen for the construction of the database and the structural design of the database system are presented, as well as the type and sources of data and the approach used for data collection. As an example, the construction of the N₂O inventory is discussed.     

Greenhouse gas emission inventory for Senegal, 1991

The first greenhouse gas (GHG) emission estimates for Senegal, for the year 1991, were produced according to the draft IPCC/OECD guidelines for national inventories of GHGs. Despite certain discrepancies, nonavailability of data, the quality of some of the data collected, and the methodology, the estimates provide a provisional basis for Senegal to fulfill its obligations under the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. This inventory reveals that GHG emissions in Senegal, like those in many developing countries, can mainly be attributed to the use of biomass for energy, land-use change and forestry, and savanna burning. Taking into account the direct global warming potential of the main GHGs (CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O), Senegal's emissions are estimated at 17.6 Tg ECO₂. The major gases emitted are CO₂ (61% of GHG emissions), followed by CH₄ (35%) and N₂O (4%). Energy accounts for 45% of total emissions (12% from fossil energy and 33% from traditional biomass energy); land-use change and forests, 18%; agriculture, 24%; waste, 12%; and industry, 1%.     

基于TROPOMI的扬州市对流层甲醛和二氧化氮时空分布特征分析

以2020年1月—2021年9月对流层观测仪（TROPOMI）卫星观测资料反演获取的对流层甲醛（HCHO）、二氧化氮（NO₂）柱浓度数据为依据,采用统计方法分析了扬州市HCHO和NO₂柱浓度的时空分布特征。结果表明,扬州市对流层HCHO、NO₂平均柱浓度分别为903.01×10¹³, 633.77×10¹³mole/cm²;受太阳紫外辐射影响,HCHO柱浓度变化特征表现为6月最高、1月最低;受气象条件和人为排放强度影响,NO₂则表现为1月最高、8月最低。2021年1—9月扬州市对流层HCHO、NO₂柱浓度月均值同比2020年分别增长4.0%,40.6%。空间分布特征显示,扬州市对流层HCHO和NO₂浓度高值区主要分布在扬州市南部,且浓度高值区域与重点排污企业分布情况较为一致,多为电力供热、工业锅炉、冶金、石化与化工、表面涂层等行业。相关性分析显示,对流层HCHO与气温、臭氧浓度呈显著正相关,而NO₂与气温、臭氧浓度呈显著负相关。     

The Kyoto Protocol and non-CO2 Greenhouse Gases and Carbon Sinks

Many trace constituents other than carbon dioxide affect the radiative budget of the atmosphere. The existing international agreement to limit greenhouse gases, the Kyoto Protocol, includes carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), nitrous oxide (N₂O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF₆) and credit for some carbon sinks. We investigate technological options for reducing emissions of these gases and the economic implications of including other greenhouse gases and sinks in the climate change control policy. We conduct an integreated assessment of costs using the MIT Emissions Prediction and Policy Analysis (EPPA) model combined with estimates of abatement costs for non-CO₂ greenhouse gases and sinks. We find that failure to take advantage of the other gas and sink flexibility would nearly double aggregate Annex B costs. Including all the GHGs and sinks is actually cheaper than if only CO₂ had been included in the Protocol and their inclusion achieves greater overall abatement. There remains considerable uncertainty in these estimates, the magnitude of the savings depends heavily on reference projections of emissions, for example, but these uncertainties do not change the overall conclusion that non-CO₂ GHGs are an important part of a climate control policy.     

Greenhouse gas emissions from forestry,land-use changes,and agriculture in Tanzania

The purpose of the study was to identify and quantify anthropogenic sources and sinks of greenhouse gases from forestry, land-use changes and agriculture in Tanzania. The 1990 inventory revealed that, in the land-use sector, methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) are the primary gases emitted. Enteric fermentation in livestock production systems is the largest source of CH₄. Although deforestation results in greenhouse gas emissions, the managed forests of Tanzania are a major CO₂ sink.     

Spatio-temporal variations of carbon dioxide and its gross emission regulated by artificial operation in a typical hydropower reservoir in China

Supersaturation and excess emission of greenhouse gases in freshwater reservoirs have received a great deal of attention in recent years. Although impoundment of reservoirs has been shown to contribute to the net emission of greenhouse gases, reservoir age, geographical distribution, submerged soil type and artificial regulation also have a great impact on their emissions. To examine how large scale reservoir operation impact the water column CO₂ and its air–water interface flux, a field study was conducted in 2010 to evaluate potential ecological processes that regulate the partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂) in the water column in the Pengxi River backwater area (PBA), a typical tributary in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. Measurements of total alkalinity (TA), pH and water temperature were applied to compute the pCO₂. And this approach was also validated by calculation of pCO₂ from the dissolved inorganic carbon data of samples. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to determine how the dynamics of the water pCO₂ were related to the available variables. The estimated pCO₂ in our sample ranged from 26 to 4,087 μatm in the surface water. During low water operation from July to early September, there was an obvious pCO₂ stratification, and pCO₂ in the surface was almost unsaturated. This phenomenon was also observed in the spring bloom during discharge period. Conversely, there was no significant pCO₂ stratification and the entire water column was supersaturated during high water operation from November to the following February. Significant correlation was observed between the magnitude of pCO₂, DO and chlorophyll a, suggesting that phytoplankton dynamics regulate pCO₂ in the PBA. The average areal rate of CO₂ emissions from the Pengxi River ranged from 18.06 to 48.09 mmol m^?2 day^?1, with an estimated gross CO₂ emission from the water surface of 14–37 t day^?1 in this area in 2010. Photosynthesis and respiration rates by phytoplankton might be the dominant processes that regulated pCO₂ in the water column. We conclude that pCO₂ values in the surface water of Pengxi River could be regarded as potential sources of CO₂ to the atmosphere were smaller or similar to those that have been reported for many other reservoirs to date.     

基于区域环境空气质量和碳排放数据的减污降碳协同效果评估

化石燃料燃烧产生的温室气体与大气污染物具有同根同源性,但具体治理中减污降碳的协同效果尚不明确。以浙江省11个设区市为研究样本,对环境空气质量和二氧化碳(CO₂)排放数据进行分析研究,结果显示：2016—2020年浙江省环境空气质量持续改善,但CO₂排放总量仍处于增长阶段。11个设区城市PM_2.5年均浓度降幅在26%～41%之间,二氧化氮(NO₂)年均浓度下降趋势不明显,大部分城市呈现碳排放增加、NO₂浓度下降的特征,只有杭州和温州两市呈现碳排放总量和NO₂、PM_2.5浓度协同下降的趋势。因子相关性分析结果表明,各设区市呈现NO₂浓度与碳排放相关性较大、协同性强,PM_2.5浓度与碳排放相关性较小的特点。进一步通过减污降碳协同定量评价分析表明,浙江地区在环境空气质量改善和温室气体减排已表现出一定成效,但各设区市因产业结构、环境基础条件、协同程度等不同导致减污降碳综合绩效有明显差异。从源头减排实现...     

Measurement of sulphur gases in ambient air

A gas chromatograph with a flame photometric detector is set up for the direct analysis of COS, H₂S, CS₂, SO₂, CH₃SH, C₂H₅SH in ambient air.Logarithmic transformation is used to counterbalance the non-linear nature of the detector response for the individual sulphur gases. A quality assurance procedure is described to compensate any variation of response during field measurement. The use of Tedlar bags for sampling COS, CS₂, CH₃SH, C₂H₅SH is acceptable despite the general conception that sulphur gases are unstable in Tedlar bags.     

Industrial point source CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> emission strength estimation with aircraft measurements and dispersion modelling

CO₂ remains the greenhouse gas that contributes most to anthropogenic global warming, and the evaluation of its emissions is of major interest to both research and regulatory purposes. Emission inventories generally provide quite reliable estimates of CO₂ emissions. However, because of intrinsic uncertainties associated with these estimates, it is of great importance to validate emission inventories against independent estimates. This paper describes an integrated approach combining aircraft measurements and a puff dispersion modelling framework by considering a CO₂ industrial point source, located in Biganos, France. CO₂ density measurements were obtained by applying the mass balance method, while CO₂ emission estimates were derived by implementing the CALMET/CALPUFF model chain. For the latter, three meteorological initializations were used: (i) WRF-modelled outputs initialized by ECMWF reanalyses; (ii) WRF-modelled outputs initialized by CFSR reanalyses and (iii) local in situ observations. Governmental inventorial data were used as reference for all applications. The strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches and how they affect emission estimation uncertainty were investigated. The mass balance based on aircraft measurements was quite succesful in capturing the point source emission strength (at worst with a 16% bias), while the accuracy of the dispersion modelling, markedly when using ECMWF initialization through the WRF model, was only slightly lower (estimation with an 18% bias). The analysis will help in highlighting some methodological best practices that can be used as guidelines for future experiments.     

Effect of particulate matter, atmospheric gases, temperature, and humidity on respiratory and circulatory diseases’ trends in Lisbon, Portugal

This study addresses the significant effects of both well-known contaminants (particles, gases) and less-studied variables (temperature, humidity) on serious, if relatively common, respiratory and circulatory diseases. The area of study is Lisbon, Portugal, and time series of health outcome (daily admissions in 12 hospitals) and environmental data (daily averages of air temperature, relative humidity, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO, NO₂, CO, and O₃) have been gathered for 1999–2004 to ascertain (1) whether concentrations of air pollutants and levels of temperature and humidity do interfere on human health, as gauged by hospital admissions due to respiratory and circulatory ailments; and (2) whether there is an effect of population age in such admissions. In general terms, statistically significant (p?<?0.001) correlations were found between hospital admissions and temperature, humidity, PM₁₀, and all gaseous pollutants except CO and NO. Age appears to influence respiratory conditions in association with temperature, whereas, for circulatory conditions, such an influence likely involves temperature as well as the gaseous pollutants NO₂ and SO₂.     

CH4 and CO emissions from rice straw burning in South East Asia

Atmospheric samples collected during rice straw burning at four different locations in Viet-Nam during the dry (March 1992, February 1993) and wet season (August 1992) were analysed for CO₂, CO, and CH₄. The emission ratios relative to CO₂ for CO and CH₄ for rice straw burning during the dry season were comparable to those observed on samples collected during burning of savanna in Africa or forest in the USA. During the wet season, however the emission ratios for CO and CH₄ relative to CO₂ were 3 to 10 times higher. With these emission ratios and estimates of rice production from Southeastern Asia, we estimated that burning of rice straw emits annually about 2.2 Tmol of CO (26 TgC) and 0.2 Tmol of CH₄ (2.4 TgC) to the atmosphere. Taking into account these new results, CO and CH₄ fluxes from biomass burning could be reevaluated by 5–21% and 5–24%, respectively, in respect with previous estimates of these gas emissions from all biomass burning activities.     

环境空气气态污染物(CO、SO2、NO)标准气体质量评估

为了解当前不同来源环境空气气态污染物（CO、SO₂、NO）标气质量状况,选择12家主流气态污染物（CO、SO₂、NO）标气制造商,分别匿名采购3种气态污染物标气,建立2家参考实验室共同测试的模式和计量溯源一致性评价方法,对标气进行测试后,采用En值法评价其定值准确性,同时评估其技术资料完整性。结果显示：12家制造商的72瓶有证标气中,有9瓶标气定值结果准确性评价为不合格,涉及5个制造商来源,其中NO作为反应性气体,不合格标气数量最多,占比达20.8%;12家制造商中8家技术资料完整。鉴于标准气体对气态污染物监测结果的准确性、可比性和可溯源性具有重要意义,建议进一步加强标气质量事中事后监管和行业评估,推动制造商不断提高标气生产水平。标气使用者则应尽量选择质量可靠的有证标气。     

Greenhouse gas emissions from two hydroelectric reservoirs in Mediterranean region

Water reservoirs are used for many purposes, such as water supply, irrigation, flood mitigation, and hydroelectric energy generation. Although hydroelectric energy is considered “green,” many studies show that the construction of a reservoir enhances greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions at the transformed area. These emissions, mainly of CO₂, CH₄, and N₂O gases, depend on the age of the reservoir, landscape and soil composition, fauna and flora remnants of the impounded area, climatic conditions, and basin runoffs. Consequently, GHG emissions significantly vary between reservoirs and depending on local specificities. Several studies have investigated GHG emissions from reservoirs around the world, focusing mainly on reservoirs located in cold regions, temperate regions, and tropical regions. Research is lacking for reservoirs in Mediterranean countries, like Greece, and similar regions. This work initially assesses the net GHG emissions of a newly created reservoir (Ilarion est. 2012) in Western Macedonia, Greece. The methodology for net GHG emission calculation was based on the use of literature data concerning pre-impoundment emission factors and local specificities of the reservoir (terrain type, canopy cover), as well as on the 2-year measurement data that were collected using a “static floating chamber.” Furthermore, in this work, the gross GHG emissions of an older, in-line reservoir (Polyfytos est. 1974) were also calculated, based on 2-year measurement data. The results show that the global warming potential (GWP) of the reservoirs is dictated by methane emissions; it minimizes during winter and spring and maximizes during summer and autumn. Hydroelectric energy production at Ilarion Reservoir results in 32 to 97 times less total CO₂ equivalent emissions in comparison to fossil fuels, while at Polyfytos Reservoir only 8 to 24 times less (based on gross emissions). It appears that the impact of a reservoir’s morphology on GHG emissions is more significant than that of a reservoir’s age.     

Assessment of environmental impact on air quality by cement industry and mitigating measures: a case study

In this study, environmental impact on air quality was evaluated for a typical Cement Industry in Nigeria. The air pollutants in the atmosphere around the cement plant and neighbouring settlements were determined using appropriate sampling techniques. Atmospheric dust and CO₂ were prevalent pollutants during the sampling period; their concentrations were recorded to be in the range of 249–3,745 mg/m³ and 2,440–2,600 mg/m³, respectively. Besides atmospheric dust and CO₂, the air pollutants such as NO _x , SO _x and CO were in trace concentrations, below the safe limits approved by FEPA that are 0.0062–0.093 mg/m³ NO _x , 0.026 mg/m³ SO _x and 114.3 mg/m³ CO, respectively. Some cost-effective mitigating measures were recommended that include the utilisation of readily available and low-cost pozzolans material to produce blended cement, not only could energy efficiency be improved, but carbon dioxide emission could also be minimised during clinker production; and the installation of an advance high-pressure grinding rolls (clinker–roller-press process) to maximise energy efficiency to above what is obtainable from the traditional ball mills and to minimise CO₂ emission from the power plant.     

北京市废弃物处理温室气体排放特征

基于《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》推荐的方法,结合《省级温室气体清单编制指南（试行）》和《城市温室气体核算工具指南》的部分数据与核算范围,针对固体废弃物填埋、焚烧和废水处理等过程,核算了北京市2005-2014年废弃物处理过程中温室气体总排放量。结果表明：2005-2014年北京市废弃物处理过程温室气体总排放量呈逐渐上升趋势,2014年温室气体总排放量比2005年增长98%。10年间,固体废弃物填埋过程一直是最主要的温室气体排放源,到2014年排放量达到最大,为416.3×10⁴t二氧化碳当量（CO₂e）。废弃物填埋、废水处理和废弃物焚烧过程占总排放量的比例分别为78.5%（CO₂e质量分数,下同）、13.5%和8%。结合已有研究,系统优化国内7个典型城市废弃物处理温室气体排放因子,核算7个城市排放情况,并对比分析了北京市排放情况。     

Emission and Performance Characteristics of a 2 Litre Toyota Diesel Van Operating on Esterified Waste Cooking Oil and Mineral Diesel Fuel

Exhaust emission and performance characteristics were evaluated in a Toyota van, powered by a 21 indirect injection (IDI) naturally aspirated diesel engine, operating on vegetable based waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCOME).Tests were performed on a chassis dynamometer and the data were compared with previous results conducted on the same vehicle using mineral diesel fuel. The data obtained includes smoke opacity, carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO₂), oxygen (O₂), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), nitric oxide (NO), sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and brake power. Engine lubricating oil samples were also taken. Results from this study indicated a difference of approximately 9% in brake power between the two fuels. WCOME developed a significant lower smoke opacity level and reduced CO, CO₂, SO₂ emissions. However, O₂, NO₂ and NO levels were higher with the vegetable oil based fuel. Power values were comparable for both fuels. Lubricating oil analysis gave little change of viscosity and wear metal concentrations after 2887km were: Silicon 35ppm, Chromium 3.3ppm, Iron 33.8ppm, Copper 14.1ppm and lead 78.6ppm.     

南通市温室气体排放估算

以2009年南通市主要领域碳排放情况为基数,采用IPCC指南中的计算方法,选取IPCC 指南明确的领域中对南通市而言具有代表性的部分内容,对2009年南通市全市碳排放量进行估算。估算结果表明,能源活动(化石燃料燃烧)为南通市主要温室气体排放源,其比例占据了主导地位。在能源活动中,原煤燃烧排放的CO₂远高于其他化石燃料燃烧的排放量。因此,南通市可在产业结构和能源结构调整、提高能源利用效率及加强能源管理等方面进行努力,以减少南通市温室气体排放量。