滇池水体中砷的污染及迁移转化

据调查,目前经河渠输入滇池的砷为29.34吨/年,致使水体受到污染。针对上述情况,本文根据滇池水体的调查测定结果,研究了滇池水体中砷的污染特征及迁移转化规律,为防治滇池砷污染提供依据。     

我国河流湖泊砷污染研究进展

对我国14个省27处河流湖泊砷污染现状进行了归纳,认为我国河流湖泊砷污染严重,大部分水系中砷含量超过世界淡水砷背景值,最高达到1.9mg/L;水体表层底泥中砷含量范围为4.0～980.6mg/kg,44.5%的水体底泥属于中度及以上砷污染水平,矿业活动是导致砷污染的重要原因之一。在分析河流和湖泊中砷存在形态的基础上,简要探讨了砷的迁移转化过程及影响因素,我国水系表层沉积物中的砷以残渣态为主。比较了6种水体除砷方法,认为土壤法处理云南砷污染地表水更符合廉价、高效的原位修复技术要求。认为未来应加强对沉积物中砷形态的研究,并对河流和湖泊等地表水中砷的迁移转化做出系统的解释。     

水体砷污染微生物修复的研究进展

介绍了细菌、真菌以及菌藻共生体等相关微生物对水体砷污染的生物修复研究。对水体砷污染的微生物修复技术未来进一步的研究重点进行了简单的讨论。     

活性氧化铝吸附在水体砷污染应急处置中的应用

近年来,我国境内相继发生多起水体砷污染环境安全事件。为了将水体砷污染对其周边地区的危害降至最小,如何快速、高效、安全的处理含砷污水就成了处置此类水体污染的关键。现以活性氧化铝吸附技术在山东临沂含砷工业废水跨省污染下游江苏邳州邳苍分洪道事件中的实际应用为例．阐明该技术在快速处置大水量合砷污水中的实际效果与技术特点。     

硼氢化钾还原体系去除水体中砷的试验研究

基于砷的赋存形态特征,提出利用强还原剂硼氢化钾(KBH_4)将水体中的砷直接转化为砷化氢气体来修复水体砷污染的方法。为探究这一过程的影响因素及其作用机制,通过试验讨论了曝气与否、曝气时间、KBH_4浓度、溶液pH值等因素对KBH_4还原去除水体中砷的影响。试验结果表明:KBH_4还原体系能有效地将水体中的砷还原为砷化氢气体,实现水体砷污染的去除;结合曝气可以更高效地去除水体中的砷,且砷的去除率随曝气时间的延长而增加;增加KBH_4的浓度也可以有效地提高砷的去除率,在含砷溶液浓度为10 mg/L、KBH_4溶液浓度为0.5 mol/L、曝气时间为60 min时,砷的去除率高达95.16%;溶液pH值也是影响KBH_4还原砷的重要因素,酸性条件下溶液中的砷主要以砷化氢气体的形式去除,且溶液的酸性越强,砷的去除率越高,而碱性条件下溶液中的砷则主要通过生成砷单质的形式去除。研究结果证实,KBH_4还原体系能高效、快速地去除水体中的砷,可作为传统氧化-吸附法除砷的补充,可用于突发性水体砷污染的快速修复。     

水资源利用中的原子荧光仪对水体中汞砷检测技术

随着工农业生产的快速发展,重金属污染已经成为全世界日益关注的问题。水是人类赖以生存的生命之源,随着科技和工农业的发展,水体也在不同程度上受到了污染。汞和砷是水体中常见的两种制毒重金属,给人类健康造成非常严重的危害。汞和砷的检测技术成为了当前许多学者研究的热点。汞和砷的检测技术的提高能更好地给人类提供健康的水资源,同时可以想办法降低水体中的汞和砷含量,循环利用水资源,提高水资源利用率。本文就原子荧光仪对汞和砷的检测技术进行了研究,希望对汞和砷的检测工作提供一定的参考。     

有色多金属矿山砷污染对生态环境的影响及其治理分析

砷是一种易使人致癌和对动、植物生长有较大危害的有毒微量元素。我国的砷矿资源主要以伴生砷矿赋存于有色多金属矿床中,含砷有色多金属矿床的采、选、冶加工等,是砷污染的最主要来源,含砷废石尾矿的大量堆积被氧化和淋滤溶解,砷对矿区下游水体、农田和生态环境都造成不同程度的污染危害。针对砷的污染危害,从废水治理、土壤生态治理、生物修复及综合利用等方面提出了治理砷污染的对策。     

阳宗海湖泊砷污染来源解析与防治

2008年以来,云南阳宗海湖泊发生了砷污染,导致水体功能下降,对周边社会经济造成了重要影响。通过对阳宗海湖泊水环境、入湖河流、泉眼、周边工业源的砷监测分析以及地质环境状况的研究,弄清了阳宗海深水湖泊砷污染的水平、时空变化规律、污染来源解析,研究结果显示,其砷污染来源于阳宗海南岸地下多个上升出露泉眼。     

川中丘陵区自然沟渠水体与沉积物中砷的分布特征及污染评价

通过对川中丘陵区72条自然沟渠水体和沉积物总砷含量的调查与分析,研究了该区自然沟渠水体和沉积物总砷含量的分布特征,并利用综合指数法和地累积指数法分别对该区自然沟渠水体和沉积物总砷的污染状况进行了评价.结果表明:①川中丘陵区自然沟渠水体总砷含量在2.20～44.13μg·L~(-1)之间,平均值为7.44μg·L~(-1),其中,有22.22%的沟渠水体总砷含量超过WHO限定标准;沉积物总砷含量在3.40～17.78 mg·kg~(-1)之间,平均值为8.64 mg·kg~(-1),有5.56%的沟渠沉积物总砷含量超过国家一级土壤标准;②不同类型自然沟渠水体和沉积物总砷含量差异显著,沟渠水体总砷含量大小顺序为:居民区沟渠水田沟渠旱地沟渠荒地沟渠;沉积物总砷含量大小顺序为:居民区沟渠水田沟渠荒地沟渠旱地沟渠;③自然沟渠水体总砷含量与水体总氮、总磷含量呈显著正相关,沉积物总砷含量与沉积物总氮、总磷和有机质含量均呈显著正相关;④水体和沉积物总砷含量评价结果显示,川中丘陵区大部分自然沟渠总砷含量处于清洁水平,但仍有部分自然沟渠处于轻度污染状态,具有潜在的砷污染风险.     

水体突发环境污染应急监测

随着社会经济的迅猛发展,突发性水体环境污染事故进入高发阶段.文章结合大沙河砷污染事故,对水体应急监测中的信息支持系统、监测技术与仪器装备、监测方案的编制及个人防护等问题进行了阐述.     

去除水体中砷的研究进展与展望

近年来,水体砷污染已成为一个全球性的环境问题,采取有效方法去除水体中的砷已受广泛关注。文章总结了水中砷主要去除方法:沉淀法、吸附法、生物法和膜分离法的原理、特点和应用现状,分析表明,沉淀法和吸附法已广泛应用于含砷水体的处理,其中开发高效的氧化剂和混凝剂是沉淀法的主要研究方向,寻求新型实用的吸附剂是吸附法的研究热点;生物法除砷是近年来的研究热点,加快微生物除砷的理论和应用研究是该方法的主要研究方向;膜分离法适用于对水质要求很高以及小规模的饮用水处理,研究较好的预氧化处理方法是该工艺的重点。将多种方法联合使用以达到最佳除砷效果,是目前水体除砷的发展趋势。     

吸附剂烟气脱砷的研究现状

大气砷污染问题日益引起人们的重视,吸附剂能够在去除烟气中砷的同时去除其他有害气体,是控制烟气砷含量、防止砷污染的有效途径.文章分析了砷在废气中的形态及分布,总结了近年来氧化钙、活性炭、飞灰和金属氧化物作为吸附剂用于烟气脱砷的最新研究进展,重点分析了各自的吸附机理及不同因素对脱砷过程的影响.指出吸附过程通常以化学吸附为主...     

土壤水分对稻田土壤有效砷及碱性磷酸酶活性影响

采用室内模拟方法,在35%、65%和110%最大饱和持水量（WHC）条件下,系统地分析了稻田土壤有效砷及碱性磷酸酶活性变化规律.结果表明：砷污染稻田土壤后有效砷含量随砷污染浓度增加而增大,随培养时间延长逐渐降低,15d后趋于稳定;淹水降低了土壤有效砷含量及碱性磷酸酶活性;采用U=A/（1+B×C）模型较好拟合了不同水分下土壤碱性磷酸酶活性（U）与砷浓度（C）关系,表明碱性磷酸酶活性在一定程度上可表征不同水分下稻田土壤砷污染程度;计算得到稻田土壤砷轻度污染临界浓度（ED₁₀）为总砷67mg/kg和有效砷11mg/kg.研究表明适当调控土壤水分含量是控制稻田土壤砷毒性的有效方法之一.     

砷污染微生物修复的进展研究

随着工业的快速发展,砷污染成为全世界尤其是发展中国家面临的主要环境问题之一.微生物修复是砷污染修复的重要技术,本文在微生物对砷的专性吸附,微生物对砷的形态转化及含砷化合物的降解和挥发,微生物-根系互作对土壤砷污染的影响,及微生物砷修复的分子生物学等4个方面阐述了微生物砷修复机制的研究进展.文章还对微生物砷污染修复进行了...     

Cellular arsenic transport pathways in mammals

Natural contamination of drinking water with arsenic results in the exposure of millions of people world-wide to unacceptable levels of this metalloid. This is a serious global health problem because arsenic is a Group 1 (proven) human carcinogen and chronic exposure is known to cause skin, lung, and bladder tumors. Furthermore, arsenic exposure can result in a myriad of other adverse health effects including diseases of the cardiovascular, respiratory, neurological, reproductive, and endocrine systems. In addition to chronic environmental exposure to arsenic, arsenic trioxide is approved for the clinical treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia, and is in clinical trials for other hematological malignancies as well as solid tumors. Considerable inter-individual variability in susceptibility to arsenic-induced disease and toxicity exists, and the reasons for such differences are incompletely understood. Transport pathways that influence the cellular uptake and export of arsenic contribute to regulating its cellular, tissue, and ultimately body levels. In the current review, membrane proteins (including phosphate transporters, aquaglyceroporin channels, solute carrier proteins, and ATP-binding cassette transporters) shown experimentally to contribute to the passage of inorganic, methylated, and/or glutathionylated arsenic species across cellular membranes are discussed. Furthermore, what is known about arsenic transporters in organs involved in absorption, istribution, and metabolism and how transport pathways contribute to arsenic elimination are described.     

某省高危含砷爆炸物污染农田评价及分布研究

利用不同的评价标准和方法评价了吉林省某地含砷高危爆炸物造成的砷污染,同时借助GIS软件绘制了砷污染指数分布图。结果表明:以土壤环境背景值的上限值为评价标准,平均污染累积指数为2.61,最大为65.38,约57.38%的土壤受到人为外源砷的干扰;以(GB 15618-2008)中砷的二级标准作为评价标准,平均污染指数为1.01,最大污染指数达15.27,超标率为23.87%,表明该区存在严重的砷污染;地累积指数污染评价结果也表明该地存在明显的外源砷污染,受到污染的比例达41.57%;3种评价方法结果基本一致。污染指数分布表明,该地重污染区集中在中部区域,并形成了一个西北-东南方向分布的污染带。     

Effect of water regimes and organic matters on transport of arsenic in summer rice （Oryza sativa L.）

The arsenic contamination in soil-water-plant systems is a major concern of where, the groundwater is being contaminated with arsenic (above 0.01 mg/L) in the Indian subcontinent. The study was conducted with organic matter to find out the reducing e ect on arsenic load to rice (cv. Khitish). It was observed that intermittent ponding reduced arsenic uptake (23.33% in root, 13.84% in shoot and 19.84% in leaf) at panicle initiation stage, instead of continuous ponding. A decreasing trend of arsenic accumulation (root > straw > husk > whole grain > milled grain) was observed in di erent plant parts at harvest. Combined applications of lathyrus + vermicompost + poultry manure reduced arsenic transport in plant parts (root, straw, husk, whole grains and milled grain) which was significantly at par (p > 0.05) with chopped rice straw (5 tons/ha ) + lathyrus green manuring (5 tons/ha) in comparison to control and corresponding soils. A significant negative correlation of arsenic with phosphorus (grain P with arsenic in di erent parts R2= 0.627–0.726 at p > 0.01) was observed. Similarly, soil arsenic had a negative correlation with soil available phosphorus (R2 = 0.822 at p > 0.001) followed by soil nitrogen (R2= 0.762 at p > 0.01) and soil potassium (R2 = 0.626 at p > 0.01). Hence, e ective management of contaminated irrigation water along with organic matter could reduce the arsenic build up to plants and soil.     

河口沉积物对砷的吸附性能及影响因素

对比分析了砷在辽东湾营口河口外侧近海域沉积物和河口内侧河流段沉积物上的含量和吸附行为,并探讨了主要影响因素.结果表明,海域沉积物和河流段沉积物中As含量分别为7.5和4.0 mg/kg,相对于As的效应临界浓度TEL值7.2 mg/kg,海域沉积物中有一定的As污染.河口外侧近海域沉积物由于铁锰铝等金属和有机质含量较高...     

Effects of seasonal climatic variability on several toxic contaminants in urban lakes: Implications for the impacts of climate change

Climate change is supposed to have influences on water quality and ecosystem. However, only few studies have assessed the effect of climate change on environmental toxic contaminants in urban lakes. In this research, response of several toxic contaminants in twelve urban lakes in Beijing, China, to the seasonal variations in climatic factors was studied. Fluorides, volatile phenols, arsenic, selenium, and other water quality parameters were analyzed monthly from2009 to 2012. Multivariate statistical methods including principle component analysis, cluster analysis, and multiple regression analysis were performed to study the relationship between contaminants and climatic factors including temperature, precipitation, wind speed, and sunshine duration. Fluoride and arsenic concentrations in most urban lakes exhibited a significant positive correlation with temperature/precipitation, which is mainly caused by rainfall induced diffuse pollution. A negative correlation was observed between volatile phenols and temperature/precipitation, and this could be explained by their enhanced volatilization and biodegradation rates caused by higher temperature. Selenium did not show a significant response to climatic factor variations, which was attributed to low selenium contents in the lakes and soils. Moreover, the response degrees of contaminants to climatic variations differ among lakes with different contamination levels. On average, temperature/precipitation contributed to 8%, 15%, and 12% of the variations in volatile phenols, arsenic, and fluorides,respectively. Beijing is undergoing increased temperature and heavy rainfall frequency during the past five decades. This study suggests that water quality related to fluoride and arsenic concentrations of most urban lakes in Beijing is becoming worse under this climate change trend.     

EK∕PRB修复砷污染土壤影响因素及机理

为明确EK/PRB（电动联合渗透反应格栅）修复As污染土壤过程中各因素的影响机理、提高As的去除效率,以As污染高岭土为研究对象,考察PRB加入、PRB位置、pH调控及腐殖酸强化影响下,EK/PRB系统中电流密度、土壤pH分布和土壤中As残余量、电渗透系数及电渗流的变化规律;探讨EK/PRB修复后土壤中As形态的迁移转化规律.结果表明:①单独EK修复对土壤中As的去除效率较低,加入PRB后去除率为由42%增至57%,并且EK/PRB修复可以将土壤中的As由不容易去除的可还原态转变成较容易去除的酸溶态.②采用盐酸调节阴极pH,可以将土壤中As的去除率由57%增至63%,但同时能耗也明显升高,由5.22 kW·h/g升至39.38 kW·h/g.③添加腐殖酸会促进土壤中As的迁移、提高As的去除效率,但也会增加土壤中难处理的可氧化态和残渣态As的占比.研究显示,EK/PRB除As过程中以PRB的去除作用为主,阴极pH调控及腐殖酸强化均可以提高土壤中As的去除率.