毒害污染物生态风险评价模型研究进展

随着化学品的使用种类和数量日益增加,有毒有害污染物的生态效应逐渐受到重视.生态风险评价模型作为较好的科研和管理技术工具,被越来越广泛地用于扩散到环境中化学物质的生态风险评价中;欧美等发达国家和地区已经建立了多个生态风险评价的模型,并投入到实际应用中.本研究系统综述和总结了毒害污染物生态风险评价模型的构建方法、种类、结构以及特征,归纳了重金属和有机污染物等主要毒害物质的风险评价模型发展状况,比较了几种较为成熟的风险评价模型的具体模块和特点,分析了模型在生态风险评价中的应用以及不足之处,在总结我国生态风险评价模型的研究方向和趋势的基础上,提出模型研究和发展的具体建议.     

土壤污染风险规制中的行政裁量研究

我国土壤污染风险规制在专家遴选标准、建设用地和农用地污染风险管控要求,以及风险管控措施等方面存在不同程度的行政裁量。社会理性和科学理性的缺失形成了土壤污染风险行政裁量困局。土壤污染信息制度中“适时公开”的规定使得公众缺乏必要污染信息,弱化其参与程度,导致对行政决定合法性的质疑。此外,土壤污染风险管控标准中专家遴选标准和论证规则的欠缺导致土壤污染风险规制科学理性的缺失。为此,需要建构关照事实和规范的协商式行政裁量模式,强调公众的实质性参与以弥合技术理性和公众理性的鸿沟。同时,在程序上确定专家遴选标准和风险管控标准的论证规则以保证土壤污染风险管控的科学性和客观性。在不妨碍行政裁量权灵活性和能动性的前提下,规范行政裁量权的行使,控制行政裁量权的滥用。     

加拿大污染场地土壤质量指导值对我国建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准制修订的启示

针对我国建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准存在的保护目标单一、毒理学基础数据库有待完善、缺少因地制宜的地方标准及统一的标准制定规程等问题,本文研究了加拿大联邦及其省级土壤质量指导值分级制定技术规程,梳理了加拿大污染场地修复目标值的确定方法。在此基础上,从保护人体健康与保护生态环境并重、提升建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准的基础研究水平、研究基于地方实际的建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准和出台统一的标准制定规程文件等四个方面提出对策建议,以期为我国建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准制修订提供参考。     

新时期我国环境风险防控面临的多元化挑战

当前,环境风险已成为威胁公众健康、公共安全和社会稳定的重要因素,也成为我国生态文明建设面临的巨大瓶颈性考验。本期特别邀请南京大学毕军教授组织“环境风险管理”专题,就环境污染保险制度、环境风险规制成本、土壤污染风险评价,以及特殊风险(Natech)管理等问题展开研究和讨论。     

成都市西南片区大气降尘风险评价及溯源研究

成都市西南片区是天府新区的核心区,是我国建设世界知名公园城市的样板区域,为查清区域空气质量状况,评价大气降尘重金属风险状态,判断重金属来源,于2018年开展了区内大气降尘重金属的监测工作,采用潜在生态风险指数、人体健康风险评价,对降尘重金属进行生态风险和人体健康风险评价,并基于PMF模型探讨重金属来源。结果显示,大气降尘中Cd、Hg、Pb的平均含量与十年前比分别下降了74%、73.8%、11.5%,大气质量有好转迹象。目前Cd仍存在强等生态风险,Pb存在中等生态风险。人体健康风险评价结果显示,研究区大气降尘中As和Pb可能会对儿童产生一定的非致癌风险,主要暴露途径为手-口。基于PMF源解析结果表明,自然源、燃煤源及交通源对Pb的贡献率分别为48.3%、33.3%、18.4%,农业源和交通源对Hg的贡献量分别为73.1%和26.9%。交通工业源对Cd的贡献为71.1%,燃煤源对As的贡献为100%,自然源对Cr的贡献为89.8%。研究区大气环境质量整体可控,但其长期威胁应引起足够重视。     

广西贵港柑桔产区土壤重金属污染及生态风险评价

以广西贵港柑桔产区土壤为研究对象,分析了土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cr、Cu、Sc、Pb、Zn 8种重金属含量及污染特征,基于农用地土壤污染评价标准(GB15618-2018),利用潜在生态危害指数法评价了该产区重金属的综合潜在生态风险。结果表明:Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Hg、Pb 7种元素含量均值低于土壤污染风险筛选值,Cd元素含量均值(1. 22mg/kg)高于风险筛选值(0. 3mg/kg)。Pb、Zn元素与Hg、Ni元素各自具有相似的空间分布规律,Cd元素含量有从中心向四周扩散的趋势。Cd元素处于较强的风险水平,很强与极强级别样本所占比例分别为17. 5%和45%。Hg元素中度、强风险级别占比分别为39. 5%、29. 5%,说明该研究区土壤中Cd、Hg元素污染较严重。综合潜在风险指数RI均值为342. 4,属于强生态风险,主要受Cd、Hg元素污染影响。     

对区域环境风险评价的探讨

区域环境风险是指在某个区域，将要发生的建设项目可能具有的突发性事故所产生的后果对该区域环境有害影响的可能性。目前环境风险评价主要集中在预测对人类健康（人类健康风险评价）和环境资源（生态风险评价）的各种影响的发生概率。环境风险评价已从定量地评价和预测化学品的运行对环境未来影响的风险，发展到考虑物理干扰和生物链作用力的各种影响评价。区域环境风险评价与项目环境影响评价不同，它是根据某区域现有环境的特点，综合考虑拟定行动方案对该区域危害的最小化和发展可持续最大化。如区域发展方向的本质是环境难以承受的，那…     

攀枝花钒钛矿区土壤重金属健康风险研究

调查了攀枝花市某钒钛矿区土壤中五种重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd)的污染特征,进而采用美国环保局推荐使用的健康风险评价模型进行暴露风险评估,及致癌和非致癌健康风险评价.结果表明,该地区土壤中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Cd的含量与农用地土壤污染筛选值相比,Pb污染最为严重,含量超出筛选值70～155倍,Cd污染次之,...     

污染场地再利用环境风险评价探讨

针对我国污染企业搬迁场地的风险特征、人体危害途径及环境风险评价存在的问题,从前期数据收集、毒性评价、暴露评价和风险表征4个方面探讨了污染场地健康风险评价的方法、步骤与内容;介绍了我国当前在污染场地风险评价中使用的法规与技术标准,归纳了环境风险评价存在的问题,提出了基于我国国情的场地风险评价研究建议。     

我国土壤环境管理政策进展与展望

土壤是经济社会可持续发展的物质基础，关系人民群众身体健康，关系美丽中国建设，保护好土壤环境是推进生态文明建设和维护国家生态安全的重要内容。本文系统梳理了20世纪80年代以来中国土壤环境管理政策发展历程，并将其划分为土壤环境基础调查、农用地土壤污染治理、土壤污染状况调查和试点示范、土壤污染风险管控四个阶段，提出了当前基于风险管控的土壤环境管理总体思路，以及土壤污染预防和保护、农用地分类管理、建设用地准入管理等主要制度具体要求。立足土壤污染防治实际和生态环境保护新形势、新要求，分析今后一段时期中国土壤环境管理的发展趋势，并从制度标准完善、分级分类分区差异化防控、风险协同管控、技术创新等方面提出完善对策与建议。     

A paradigm for ecological risk assessment

The 1983 National Academy of Sciences paradigm for conducting human health risk assessment is considered with respect to ecological risk assessment. This four-step paradigm fails to capture key intrinsic differences between the two types of analysis, specifically: identity of risk targets and receptors; identity of the appropriate level of ecological organization at which the risk is expressed; variability of endpoint with respect to risk receptor; and the existence ofrisk cascades through ecological feedback loops. We propose an alternative paradigm that includes a preliminary step,receptor identification, in which chemical partitioning is combined with a conceptual model of the ecosystem to identify appropriate risk targets. In addition, we propose formal inclusion ofendpoint identification and explicit consideration of risk cascades in arelationship assessment in which interactive feedback loops are considered in an iterative process. The proposed paradigm preserves the steps of hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment (renamedresponse assessment) and risk characterization, although specific modifications are recommended.     

土壤微塑料污染及其分析方法

微塑料作为环境介质中的新型污染物,其对生态系统的影响越来越受到关注.土壤是环境中微塑料的重要蓄积库,结合近些年来国内外关于土壤中微塑料的研究,针对土壤中微塑料的来源、生态效应、分析方法及污染防治进行综述,以便更全面的了解土壤中微塑料污染的现状及其潜在的生态环境风险.塑料包装废弃物、农用地膜破碎、大气沉降是土壤中微塑料的...     

Five-wheel framework for system-based monitoring of heavy metal pollution in rivers

Sectorial approach for monitoring heavy metal pollution in rivers has failed to report realistic pollution status and associated ecological and human health risks. The increasing spread of heavy metals from different sources and emerging risks to human and environmental health call for reexamining heavy metal pollution monitoring frameworks. Also, the sources, spread, and load of heavy metals in the environment have changed significantly over time, requiring consequent modification in the monitoring frameworks. Therefore, studies on heavy metal monitoring in rivers conducted in the last decade were evaluated for experimental designs, research frameworks, and data presentations. Most studies (∼99%) (i) lacked inclusiveness of all environmental compartments; (ii) focused on “one pollutant – one/two compartment” or sometimes “one pollutant – one compartment – one effect” approach; and (iii) remained “data-rich but information poor.” An ecological approach with integrative system thinking is proposed to develop a holistic approach for monitoring river pollution. It is visualized that heavy metal monitoring, risk analyses, and water management must incorporate tracking pollutants in different environmental compartments of a river (water, sediment, and floodplain/bank soil) and consider correlating it with riverbank land use. The systems-based pollution monitoring and assessment studies will reveal the critical factors that drive heavy metals pollutant movement in ecosystems and associated potential risks to the environment, wildlife, and humans. Also, water quality and pollution indexing tools would help better communicate complex pollution data and associated risks among all stakeholders. Therefore, integrating systems approaches in scientific- and policy-based tools would help sustainably manage the health of rivers, wildlife, and humans.     

土壤环境监测技术规范中的土壤环境质量评价问题

近年来,场地和土壤污染勘查评价与修复逐渐发展成为环境科学和土木工程领域的热点,场地和土壤修复业务随之愈来愈多。但土壤修复理论和技术发展相对缓慢,无法满足土壤修复行业发展的需要。实践中,在场地和土壤污染勘查与评价的现行标准中,对土壤环境质量评价仅考虑了土壤中某物质成分的人为超标问题,而忽视了土壤中自然异常而导致土壤中某物质成分超标问题的评价,且误将土壤中某物质成分的超标等级定为土壤污染程度等级的全部。针对这些问题,本文通过研究,在深入分析各领域土壤污染评价差异的基础上,提出了土壤污染评价的一般过程、方法和标准,供标准修订参考。     

污染场地风险管控环境经济政策体系：国外经验与本土实践

快速城市化和工业化给我国带来了大量的场地污染问题,污染场地修复和风险管控成为国土资源可持续利用的重要领域,创新土壤污染防治经济政策,充分发挥市场调节作用是土壤污染防治的内在要求,是破解土壤生态环境问题、推进土壤污染防治管理转型的重要支撑。本文从经济政策的体系、投融资模式与机制等方面展开,对美国、德国、荷兰等发达国家的污染场地风险管控环境经济政策进行了梳理分析,总结其可借鉴的成功经验;介绍了我国污染场地风险管控环境经济政策实施现状,最终从完善调控体系、明晰权责归属、拓宽资金来源、规范资金运营、丰富投融资模式、探索费用效益分析机制等方面提出我国污染场地风险管控环境经济政策体系的改进建议。     

Microbial response to heavy metal-polluted soils: community analysis from phospholipid-linked fatty acids and ester-linked fatty acids extracts

Heavy metal pollution of soil is of concern for human health and ecosystem function. The soil microbial community should be a sensitive indicator of metal contamination effects on bioavailability and biogeochemical processes. Simple methods are needed to determine the degree of in situ pollution and effectiveness of remediating metal-contaminated soils. Currently, phospholipid-linked fatty acids (PLFAs) are preferred for microbial profiling but this method is time consuming, whereas direct soil extraction and transesterification of total ester-linked fatty acids (ELFAs) is attractive because of its simplicity. The 1998 mining acid-metal spill of >4000 ha in the Guadiamar watershed (southwestern Spain) provided a unique opportunity to study these two microbial lipid profiling methods. Replicated treatments were set up as nonpolluted, heavy metal polluted and reclaimed, and polluted soils. Inferences from whole community-diversity analysis and correlations of individual fatty acids with metals suggested Cu, Cd, and Zn were the most important in affecting microbial community structure, along with pH. The microbial stress marker, monounsaturated fatty acids, was significantly lower for reclaimed and polluted soil over nonpolluted soils for both PLFA and ELFA extraction. Another stress marker, the monounsaturated to saturated fatty acids ratio, only showed this for the PLFA. The general fungal marker (18:2omega6c), the arbuscule mycorrhizae marker (16:1omega5c), and iso- and anteiso-branched PLFAs (gram positive bacteria) were suppressed with increasing pollution whereas 17:0cy (gram negative bacteria) increased with metal pollution. For both extraction methods, richness and diversity were greater in nonpolluted soils and lowest in polluted soils. The ELFA method was sensitive for reflecting metal pollution on microbial communities and could be suitable for routine use in ecological monitoring and risk assessment programs because of its simplicity and reproducibility.     

核电环境风险研究进展及管理启示

为满足快速增长的电力需求,缓解传统化石能源紧缺及其所伴随的大气污染问题,发电过程中几乎不产生常规大气污染物的核电逐渐成为我国重要的能源战略选择。但是,由于核电站在运行过程中,特别是发生重大核事故时,产生的放射性物质可能对健康造成负面影响,发展核电仍然存在较大的争议和阻力。在此背景下,需要构建科学、完善的核电风险评估与管理体系,以保障我国的核电行业健康、有序发展。在对国内外核电风险评估研究现状进行系统梳理的基础上,分析其对核电风险管理的意义,提出了我国未来构建核电风险评估与管理体系的建议。     

A method for assessing environmental risk: A case study of Green Bay,Lake Michigan,USA

The Science Advisory Board of the US Environmental Protection Agency has recommended that risk reduction strategies become the centerpiece of environmental protection. The goal in developing such strategies is to identify opportunities for greatest reduction of ecological risks. This is a perspective that is significantly more comprehensive than the traditional focus on human health risks arising from environmental degradation. The identification of ecological risks upon which environmental protection efforts should be focused requires an ecological risk assessment methodology that is based on anthropogenic stressors affecting an ecosystem and a set of impaired use criteria. A methodology based on this concept is developed and discussed in this article. The methodology requires that risk values be assigned to each ecosystem stressor-impaired use pair that reflect the degree to which the given stressor contributes to ecosystem risk as measured by the given impaired use criterion. Once these data are available, mathematical analyses based on concepts from fuzzy set theory are performed to obtain a ranking of ecosystem stressors. The methodology has been tested by applying it to a case study involving Green Bay of Lake Michigan. A workshop was held in which 11 persons with extensive knowledge of the Green Bay ecosystem determined risk values through a group-consensus process. The analytical portion of the methodology was then used to rank the ecosystem risks (stressors) from several perspectives, including prevention management and remediation management. The overall conclusion of the workshop participants was that the fuzzy set decision model is a useful and effective methodology for differentiating environmental risk.