活性污泥对四种非极性有机物的吸附

以苯酚、氯仿、氯苯和萘作为目标有机物,进行了活性污泥吸附非极性有机物的试验研究,根据活性污泥对非极性有机物的吸附由表顽吸附和分配两个部分组成的假说,建立了相应的数学模型q=k1Ce^1/k k2Cr,试验结果与模型比较吻合。     

驯化活性污泥对丙烯酰胺的降解动力学

对好氧活性污泥进行驯化,并研究了丙烯酰胺的生物降解动力学特征.驯化结果表明,经过24d的驯化后,活性污泥系统能稳定降解AM,驯化活性污泥能在20h内降解90%以上的AM,是高效的丙烯酰胺降解菌群.驯化活性污泥对丙烯酰胺的降解符合一级动力学特征.活性污泥对初始浓度为160、300和500mg·L-1浓度范围内的降解动力学方程分别为lnS=-0.0881t 5.5043,InS=一0.0692t 6.1282.InS=-0.0468t 6.3649,半衰期t1/2分别为7.87h,10.05h,14.87h,降解速率常数bKb随着AM浓度增加而降低.说明高浓度的AM对其生物降解有抑制作用.当pH分别为8.5,7.2,6.2,5.1时.活性污泥对初始浓度为300 mg·L-1的AM的降解动力学方程分别为lnS=-0.0414t 6.1038.lnS=-0.0592t 6.1744,lnS=-0.0692t 6.1282,lnS:=0.06t 6.1282.半衰期分别为16.74h、11.71h、10.05h、11.55h,说明弱酸性条件对AM的降解有明显的促进作用.考察温度对活性污泥降解动力学影响的研究表明,在20～35℃,随着温度的升高.活性污泥对AM的降解效率上升.不同时间段体系内NH 4-N,pH和NO-3-N都随着降解时间的增加逐步上升,但是达到一定时间后会下降,表明AM在降解过程中先水解,然后发生硝化反应,进而发生反硝化反应,最终AM降解成N2、CO2和H2O.     

膜-生物反应器和传统活性污泥法去除两种内分泌干扰物的对比研究

采用不主动排泥的运行模式,在相同污泥负荷条件下,对比研究了膜-生物反应器(MBR)与传统活性污泥反应器(CASR)对两种典型内分泌干扰物--双酚A(BPA)与壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPnEO,n=1～4)的去除效果.结果表明,在BPA-污泥负荷与NPnEO-污泥负荷分别为0.046～10.2 g·kg-1·d-1与0.097-0.701 g·kg-1·d-1的范围内,MBR与CASR均能有效去除这2种内分泌干扰物.随着运行时间的延长,污泥对目标物质的去除能力逐渐加强;相比CASB,MBR对目标物质的去除更强且稳定.在获得相同的出水目标物质浓度条件下,MBR可以耐受更高的容积负荷.2种内分泌干扰物的投加对MBR和CASR的COD和NH4-N的去除均没有明显影响.     

室温下不同活化和氧化的干酪根对菲和壬基酚的吸附

对干酪根样品(OS)进行了活化和氧化处理(ZnCl_2(Z)和KOH(K)活化,H_2O_2(H)和NaClO(N)氧化),利用元素分析、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)及CO_2气体吸附法对其进行表征,并对比研究其对非极性和极性有机污染物菲(Phen)和壬基酚(NP)的吸附行为.结果表明,样品的比表面积(SSA)和纳米孔体积(Vo)分别为76.57~104.00 m2·g~(-1)和30.68~41.67μL·g~(-1),与有机碳含量呈显著正相关关系.吸附实验表明,所有样品对菲和壬基酚的吸附均为典型的非线性吸附,对菲的吸附非线性因子n值(0.678~0.797)都大于对壬基酚吸附的n值(0.530~0.748),且对壬基酚的吸附容量(K'F为1358~3750μg·g~(-1))都大于对菲的吸附容量(K'F为435~1297μg·g~(-1)).此外,样品对菲和壬基酚的吸附容量与O/C和(N+O)/C呈显著负相关关系.纳米孔填充模型拟合表明,菲的吸附机理主要是纳米孔填充机制,但对壬基酚的吸附超过对菲的吸附这一现象与氢键作用有关.在KH(KOH活化+H_2O_2氧化,其余类同)、ON、KN处理组合上NP的纳米孔填充体积都有明显的提高,这一方面与纳米孔径大小的变化有关,另一方面与NP与表面—OH、—COOH、—NH_2等基团形成氢键有关.     

活性污泥对四环素的吸附性能研究

通过批量平衡法研究了四环素在活性污泥上的吸附行为.结果表明,污泥混合液浓度和四环素初始浓度对吸附平衡时间、污泥吸附量和污泥吸附率均有较大影响.伪二级反应动力学模型较伪一级反应动力学模型更符合本吸附实验.在10、25℃条件下,四环素在活性污泥上的吸附行为较符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量分别是31.14、70.95 mg.g-1;在40℃下,符合Henry模型.应用D-R模型判定吸附类型,10℃(平均吸附能为9.13 kJ.mol-1)下,化学吸附占主导;40℃(平均吸附能为7.07 kJ.mol-1)下,物理吸附占主导.温度升高,污泥对四环素的吸附能力增大.离子交换是四环素在活性污泥上吸附的一种机制.四环素的初始浓度为5、10、20 mg.L-1,钠离子浓度由0 mol.L-1增加到0.1 mol.L-1时,吸附量分别下降15.32%、15.00%、20.12%.当pH在5～10之间时,pH为6的条件下污泥对四环素的吸附量最大.     

海洋表层沉积物及其非水解有机质级分对菲和壬基酚的吸附

选择5个南海表层沉积物及其非水解有机质(NHC)级分作为研究对象,应用元素分析、二氧化碳和氮气吸附技术及X射线光电子光谱(XPS)表征,同时研究了其对菲和壬基酚的吸附行为.沉积有机质的有机碳含量与吸附能力之间存在显著的正相关关系,表明沉积有机质在吸附疏水性有机污染物(HOCs)过程中的重要作用.同时,沉积有机质的吸附能力和微孔体积之间也存在显著的正相关,表明微孔填充机理在菲和壬基酚的吸附中扮演着重要角色.此外,NHC级分的表面羧酸碳含量与其对菲和壬基酚的吸附能力之间存在显著的正相关,表明沉积有机质与π供体之间存在较强的π-π电子供受体作用.本研究综合考虑了沉积有机质和HOCs间的多种作用机理(疏水作用、微孔填充和π-π电子供受体作用),有助于进一步理解沉积有机质与有机污染物之间的吸附机制,对于水环境的治理与修复具有重要意义.     

Toxicity of the xenoestrogen nonylphenol and its biodegradation by the alga Cyclotella caspia

Alkylphenols (APs), the breakdown products of alkylphenol polyethoxylates that are widely used as surfactants, have been proven to exert estrogenic effects. With industrial development, higher concentrations of APs are discharged into aquatic environments. Nonylphenol (NP), the most noxious AP, is included in the blacklist of several countries. The toxicity of NP to the alga Cyclotella caspia and the biodegradation of NP by C. caspia were studied in the laboratory. The median effective concentration at 96 hr (96 hr EC50 ) of NP for C. caspia was found to be 0.18 mg/L. Five toxicity and three degradation indices were selected for toxicity and biodegradation experiments, respectively, in five or three concentrations of NP set by the 96 hr EC50 of NP. The algal growth rate and chlorophyll a contents decreased as NP concentration increased. The main manifestations of morphological deformity of the cells included volume expansion and the presence of cytoplasmic inclusions (lipid droplets). The abnormality rate of the cells increased with NP concentration and time, and was 100% at 0.22 and 0.26 mg/L of NP after 192 hr of culture. Superoxide dismutase activity initially increased and then declined at a higher NP toxicity of greater than 0.18 mg/L. After 192 hr of culture, the biodegradation rates of NP by C. caspia with initial concentrations of 0.14, 0.18, and 0.22 mg/L were 37.7%, 31.7%, and 6.5%, respectively. The kinetic equation of C. caspia biodegradation on NP was correlated with algal growth rate and initial NP concentration.     

An insight into the removal of fluoroquinolones in activated sludge process: Sorption and biodegradation characteristics

The detailed sorption steps and biodegradation characteristics of fluoroquinolones(FQs)including ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin, and ofloxacin were investigated through batch experiments. The results indicate that FQs at a total concentration of 500 μg/L caused little inhibition of sludge bioactivity. Sorption was the primary removal pathway of FQs in the activated sludge process, followed by biodegradation, while hydrolysis and volatilization were negligible. FQ sorption on activated sludge was a reversible process governed by surface reaction. Henry and Freundlich models could describe the FQ sorption isotherms well in the concentration range of 100–300 μg/L. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that FQ sorption on activated sludge is spontaneous, exothermic, and enthalpy-driven. Hydrophobicity-independent mechanisms determined the FQ sorption affinity with activated sludge. The zwitterion of FQs had the strongest sorption affinity, followed by cation and anion, and aerobic condition facilitated FQ sorption. FQs were slowly biodegradable, with long half-lives( 100 hr). FQ biodegradation was enhanced with increasing temperature and under aerobic condition,and thus was possibly achieved through co-metabolism during nitrification. This study provides an insight into the removal kinetics and mechanism of FQs in the activated sludge process, but also helps assess the environmental risks of FQs resulting from sludge disposal.     

Characterization of the fate of lipids in activated sludge

Experiments were carried out to characterize the transformation of lipids in activated sludge under aerobic conditions. Results showed that the overall lipid content in the effluent could not be reduced to values below 300 mg/L from an initial content of 2, 000 mg/L. However, the contents of individual fatty acids underwent drastic decreases and increases during all microbial growth phases. These changes in contents of individual fatty acids showed that fatty acids were used as substrates by microorganisms as well as released into the wastewater as by-products. We have therefore suggested a novel model of transformation of lipids in activated sludge, showing that utilization of microbial activity for complete removal of lipids from wastewater is limited.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚降解前后的激素效应和诱变活性

采用重组基因酵母和SOS/Umu试验研究了壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NP₁₀EO)经生物降解前后的雌激素活性和致突变活性.结果表明,在降解反应开始后的4d内降解产物的雌激素活性较低且不具有致突变性.随着降解时间的不断增加,降解产物的雌激素活性和致突变性不断增强.降解20d后,降解产物的雌激素活性相当于1nmol 17-β雌二醇的61.6%,诱变比值大于2,表明壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚的生物降解产物同时具有雌激素活性和致突变活性,且两者在产生时间和活性数值方面均是同步的和成正相关的.因此致突变活性很可能是此类降解产物对生物机体具有雌激素活性的基础.     

城市污水处理厂污泥对水中硫化物的吸附特性

为研究城市污水厂污泥对水中硫化物的吸附特性,从3座城市污水处理厂采集回流污泥,考察了硫化物浓度、温度、pH值和其他离子对污泥吸附硫化物的影响.结果表明,污水厂回流污泥对硫化物的吸附等温线可以用Langmuir方程很好地描述,其最大硫化物吸附量为15~27mg/g-干污泥.在温度为5~35℃条件下,吸附量随温度上升而增加,表明该吸附为吸热过程.pH值在2~7范围内,pH值对污泥吸附硫化物的影响不大,当pH值低于2时,污泥对硫化物的吸附量随pH降低显著减小.硫化物可能以离子形式被污泥吸附,该过程为化学吸附过程.水中存在0~25mg/L Cl-或0~12mg/L SO2- 4不影响污泥对硫化物的吸附量.     

Immobilization study of biosorption of heavy metal ions onto activated sludge

Activated sludge was immobilized into Ca-alginate beads via entrapment, and biosorption of three heavy metal ions, copper(Ⅱ), zinc(Ⅱ), and chromimum(Ⅱ), from aqueous solution in the concentration range of 10-100 mg/L was studied by using both entrapped activated sludge and inactivated free biomass at pH≤5. A biphasic metal adsorption pattern was observed in all immobilized biomass experiments. The biosorption of metal ions by the biosorbents increased with the initial concentration increased in the medium. The adsorption rate of immobilized pre-treated activated sludge(PAS) was much lower than that of free PAS due to the increase in mass transfer resistance resulting from the polymeric matrix. Biosorption equilibrium of beads was established in about 20 h and the adsorbed heavy metal ions did not change further with time. No significant effect of temperature was observed in the test for free biomass while immobilized PAS appeared to be strong temperature dependent in the test range of 10 and 40℃.Besides, the content of activated sludge in the calcium alginate bead has an influence on the uptake of heavy metals. The sorption equilibrium was well modeled by Langmuir isotherm, implying monomolecular adsorption mechanism. Carboxyl group in cell wall played an important role in surface adsorption of heavy metal ions on PAS.     

壬基酚和双酚A降解菌株的分离、鉴定和特性研究

对深圳某污水处理厂反硝化除磷活性污泥进行驯化,分离筛选得到一株能同时降解壬基酚(NP)和双酚A (BPA)的菌株NB-1.根据对菌株的16S rRNA基因序列分析,结合菌落和菌体形态以及生理生化特征,初步鉴定菌株NB-1为Serratia marcescens(粘质沙雷菌).通过摇瓶试验进行了菌株降解条件的优化和降解特性的探索.结果表明,菌株NB-1降解NP和BPA的最佳条件为:醋酸钠投加量为20 mg·L-1,温度为32q℃,pH值为8,接种量为2％,在该条件下,对菌株降解不同初始浓度NP和BPA的过程进行了动力学分析,结果表明,降解反应前36 h符合一级反应动力学.NP和BPA降解的最适初始浓度为10～20 mg·L-1,当底物浓度均为10 mg·L-1时,NP和BPA的去除率分别为54.2％、44.7％,BPA的去除率达到最大值;当底物浓度均为20 mg·L-1时,NP和BPA的去除率分别为56.4％、40.2％,此时NP的去除率达到最大值.     

颤蚓对活性污泥沉降性能的影响

系统考察了低、中、高3种不同污泥浓度下(TSS≈4 g·L-1、6 g·L-1和8 g·L-1),一定的颤蚓投加比例对活性污泥沉降性能的影响,并同时考察了颤蚓对污泥特性的影响.研究结果表明,投加颤蚓后60min内,活性污泥沉降速率明显加快,60min时的污泥容积相对于未投加颤蚓前可减少8%～42%;而且.这种效应对污泥浓度高的活性污泥更为显著和有效.然而.通过对污泥特性的分析表明,颤蚓在短时间内(1～3h)对污泥平均粒径、Zeta 电位并无多少影响;此时污泥容积指数(SVI)和胞外聚合物含量(EPS)却反而略有增加.     

熟污泥改性黄土对铜的吸附解吸特征

为探明熟污泥改性黄土对重金属的容纳能力,以熟污泥改性黄土为供试土样,采用序批实验法研究了供试土样对铜(Cu)的吸附解吸特征,并分析了供试土样对铜的固定能力及影响因素.供试土样对铜的吸附量在铜添加浓度小于100mg/L时急剧增加,在铜添加浓度大于100mg/L时增加缓慢,而解吸量的变化趋势则恰恰相反.Langmuir型吸附等温式是描述供试土样对铜的吸附过程的最佳模型,而吸附量与解吸量的关系可以很好的用指数函数来描述.供试土样对铜的固定吸附量随熟污泥含量的增加而增加,有机质含量是决定性因素.     

Removal of anaerobic soluble microbial products in a biological activated carbon reactor

The soluble microbial products (SMP) in the biological treatment effluent are generally of great amount and are poorly biodegradable. Focusing on the biodegradation of anaerobic SMP, the biological activated carbon (BAC) was introduced into the anaerobic system. The experiments were conducted in two identical lab-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors. The high strength organics were degraded in the first UASB reactor (UASB1) and the second UASB (UASB2, i.e., BAC) functioned as a polishing step to remove SMP produced in UASB1. The results showed that 90% of the SMP could be removed before granular activated carbon was saturated. After the saturation, the SMP removal decreased to 60% on the average. Analysis of granular activated carbon adsorption revealed that the main role of SMP removal in BAC reactor was biodegradation. A strain of SMP-degrading bacteria, which was found highly similar to Klebsiella sp., was isolated, enriched and inoculated back to the BAC reactor. When the influent chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 10,000 mg/L and the organic loading rate achieved 10 kg COD/(m 3 ·day), the effluent from the BAC reactor could meet the discharge standard without further treatment. Anaerobic BAC reactor inoculated with the isolated Klebsiella was proved to be an effective, cheap and easy technical treatment approach for the removal of SMP in the treatment of easily-degradable wastewater with COD lower than 10,000 mg/L.     

Biosorption of cadmium(Ⅱ) and lead(Ⅱ) ions from aqueous solutions onto dried activated sludge

The removal of heavy-metal ions from aqueous solutions by using dried activated sludge has been investigated in batch systems. Effect of solution pH, initial metal ion concentration, and temperature were determined. The results of the kinetic studies showed that the uptake processes of the two metal ions（Cd（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ）） followed the pseudo-second-order rate expression. The equilibrium data fitted very well to both the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models. The FT-IR analysis showed that the main mechanism of Cd（Ⅱ） and Pb（Ⅱ） biosorption onto dried activated sludge was their binding with amide I group.     

Simulation and assessment of sludge concentration and rheology in the process of waste activated sludge treatment

The process of using flat-sheet membrane for simultaneous sludge thickening and digestion (MSTD) was employed. The variations of sludge concentration and rheology were characterized and simulated. Based on mass balance analysis, mathematical models were developed and successfully used to predict and evaluate the variations of sludge concentration and the digestion e ciency in the MSTD process. The apparent viscosity of sludge could be modeled as functions of mixed liquor suspended solids and shear rates. The sludge in the MSTD process showed both shear-thinning and viscoplastic behaviour, and under various shear rates di erent rheological models could be chosen to predict their flow behaviour. It was also found that sludge concentration and viscosity had significant correlations with membrane fouling in the MSTD process.     

Biosorption of cadmium(II) and lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions onto dried activated sludge

Introduction Toxic metal compounds are frequently used in industrial processes and are widely distributed in the environment. Due to their extended persistence in biological systems and tendency to bioaccumulate as they move up the food chain, they repres…     

好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥细菌种群结构对五氯酚污染的响应研究

应用一种新的微生物分子生态学方法--末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)法研究了好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥在毒性化合物五氯酚(PCP)影响下的废水处理性能及其微生物种群结构的响应.结果表明,PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,颗粒污泥和活性污泥的COD去除率为38%、77%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了56%和15%.另外,PCP浓度为20 mg·L-1时,去除率为13%和58%,与10～20 mg·L-1 PCP相比,分别下降了86%和40%,说明PCP对氨氮去除率的影响大于对COD去除率的影响,对颗粒污泥的影响大于对活性污泥的影响.PCP对好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥的细菌种群结构都产生了明显的影响,而且好氧颗粒污泥的变化程度大于活性污泥;PCP浓度为30 mg·L-1时,好氧颗粒污泥中的细菌种群数量明显下降,TRFs片段数从26下降到14,但活性污泥中的细菌种群数量基本不变,污泥中细菌种群结构的变化趋势与污泥的水处理性能的变化趋势相一致.