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1.
Cerveny LK Blahna DJ Stern MJ Mortimer MJ Predmore SA Freeman J 《Environmental management》2011,48(3):644-657
U.S. Forest Service managers are required to incorporate social and biophysical science information in planning and environmental
analysis. The use of science is mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act, the National Forest Management Act, and
U.S. Forest Service planning rules. Despite the agency’s emphasis on ‘science-based’ decision-making, little is known about
how science is actually used in recreation planning and management. This study investigated the perceptions of Forest Service
interdisciplinary (ID) team leaders for 106 NEPA projects dealing with recreation and travel management between 2005 and 2008.
Our survey data show how managers rate the importance of social and biophysical science compared to other potential ‘success
factors’ in NEPA assessments. We also explore how team leaders value and use multi-disciplinary tools for recreation-related
assessments. Results suggest that managers employ a variety of recreation planning tools in NEPA projects, but there appears
to be no common understanding or approach for how or when these tools are incorporated. The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum
(ROS) was the most frequently used planning tool, but the Visitor Experience and Resource Protection (VERP) framework was
the most consistently valued tool by those who used it. We recommend further evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of
each planning tool and future development of procedures to select appropriate planning tools for use in recreation-related
NEPA assessments. 相似文献
2.
Forest certification is a mechanism involving the regulation of trade of forest products in order to protect forest resources
and improve forest management. Although China had a late start in adopting this process, the country has made good progress
in recent years. As of July 31, 2009, 17 forest management enterprises and more than one million hectares of forests in China
have been certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC). Several major factors affect forest certification in China. The
first set is institutional in nature. Forest management in China is based on centralized national plans and therefore lacks
flexibility. A second factor is public awareness. The importance and value of forest certification are not widely understood
and thus consumers do not make informed choices regarding certified forest products. The third major factor is the cost of
certification. Together these factors have constrained the development of China’s forest certification efforts. However, the
process does have great potential. According to preliminary calculations, if 50% of China’s commercial forests were certified,
the economic cost of forest certification would range from US$0.66–86.63 million while the economic benefits for the forestry
business sector could exceed US$0.66–86.63 million while the economic benefits for the forestry
business sector could exceed US150 million. With continuing progress in forest management practices and the development of
international trade in forest products, it becomes important to improve the forest certification process in China. This can
be achieved by improving the forest management system, constructing and perfecting market access mechanisms for certificated
forest products, and increasing public awareness of environmental protection, forest certification, and their interrelationship. 相似文献
3.
Forests are a major terrestrial ecosystem providing multiple ecosystem services. However, the importance of forests is frequently
underestimated from an economic perspective because of the externalities and public good properties of these services. Forest
eco-compensation is a transfer mechanism that serves to internalize the externalities of forest ecosystem services by compensating
individuals or companies for the losses or costs resulting from the provision of these services. China’s current forest eco-compensation
system is centered mainly on noncommercial forest. The primary measures associated with ecosystem services are (1) a charge
on destructive activities, such as indiscriminate logging, and (2) compensation for individual or local activities and investments
in forest conservation. The Compensation Fund System for Forest Ecological Benefits was first listed in the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China in 1998. In 2004, the Central Government Financial Compensation Fund, an important source for the Compensation Fund for Forest
Ecological Benefits, was formally established. To improve the forest eco-compensation system, it is crucial to design and
establish compensation criteria for noncommercial forests. These criteria should take both theoretical and practical concerns
into account, and they should be based on the quantitative valuation of ecosystem services. Although some initial headway
has been made on this task, the implementation of an effective forest eco-compensation system in China still has deficiencies
and still faces problems. Implementing classification-based and dynamic management for key noncommercial forests and establishing
an eco-compensation mechanism with multiple funding sources in the market economy are the key measures needed to conquer these
problems and improve the forest eco-compensation system and China’s forestry development in sequence. 相似文献
4.
According to the Seventh National Forest Inventory (2004–2008), China’s forests cover an area of 195.45 million ha, or 20.36%
of the total land area. China has the most rapidly increasing forest resources in the world. However, China is also a country
with serious forest pest problems. There are more than 8,000 species of potential forest pests in China, including insects,
plant diseases, rodents and lagomorphs, and hazardous plants. Among them, 300 species are considered as economically or ecologically
important, and half of these are serious pests, including 86 species of insects. Forest management and utilization have a
considerable influence on the stability and sustainability of forest ecosystems. At the national level, forestry policies
always play a major role in forest resource management and forest health protection. In this paper, we present a comprehensive
overview of both achievements and challenges in forest management and insect pest control in China. First, we summarize the
current status of forest resources and their pests in China. Second, we address the theories, policies, practices and major
national actions on forestry and forest insect pest management, including the Engineering Pest Management of China, the National
Key Forestry Programs, the Classified Forest Management system, and the Collective Forest Tenure Reform. We analyze and discuss
three representative plantations—Eucalyptus, poplar and Masson pine plantations—with respect to their insect diversity, pest problems and pest management measures. 相似文献
5.
This article explores the expression of three forest value orientations that emerged from an analysis of Australian news media
discourse about the management of Australian native forests from August 1, 1997 through December 31, 2004. Computer-coded
content analysis was used to measure and track the relative importance of commodity, ecological and moral/spiritual/aesthetic
forest value orientations. The number of expressions of these forest value orientations followed major events in forest management
and policy, with peaks corresponding to finalization of Regional Forest Agreements and conflicts over forest management. Over
the time period analyzed, the relative share of commodity value orientation decreased and the shares of the ecological and
moral/spiritual/aesthetic value orientations increased. The shifts in forest value orientations highlight the need for native
forests to be managed for multiple values and the need for continued monitoring of forest values.
Research carried out while employed by the Bureau of Rural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries, Forestry, Canberra,
Australia. 相似文献
6.
在调查南京城市森林游憩者的基础上,以森林价值取向为预测变量,对城市森林游憩服务需求进行了研究.研究表明,市民的森林价值取向包括生态取向、健康取向、文化取向、产品取向和消极取向五种类型;城市森林游憩服务需求则包括基本需求、拓展需求和个性需求三个层次.通过典型相关分析发现,对森林资源持“健康”、“文化”和“生态”价值取向的市民对森林游憩的“基本服务”需求明显,更重视森林的自然和文化环境保护;而持有“产品”和“消极”取向的市民,则希望森林游憩地能提供更多“拓展”和“个性”服务.在此基础上,提出了积极引导城市森林游憩者的政策建议. 相似文献
7.
Implementing Participatory Decision Making in Forest Planning 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ananda J 《Environmental management》2007,39(4):534-544
Forest policy decisions are often a source of debate, conflict, and tension in many countries. The debate over forest land-use
decisions often hinges on disagreements about societal values related to forest resource use. Disagreements on social value
positions are fought out repeatedly at local, regional, national, and international levels at an enormous social cost. Forest
policy problems have some inherent characteristics that make them more difficult to deal with. On the one hand, forest policy
decisions involve uncertainty, long time scales, and complex natural systems and processes. On the other hand, such decisions
encompass social, political, and cultural systems that are evolving in response to forces such as globalization. Until recently,
forest policy was heavily influenced by the scientific community and various economic models of optimal resource use. However,
growing environmental awareness and acceptance of participatory democracy models in policy formulation have forced the public
authorities to introduce new participatory mechanisms to manage forest resources. Most often, the efforts to include the public
in policy formulation can be described using the lower rungs of Arnstein’s public participation typology. This paper presents
an approach that incorporates stakeholder preferences into forest land-use policy using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP).
An illustrative case of regional forest-policy formulation in Australia is used to demonstrate the approach. It is contended
that applying the AHP in the policy process could considerably enhance the transparency of participatory process and public
acceptance of policy decisions. 相似文献
8.
China’s new Classification-Based Forest Management (CFM) is a two-class system, including Commodity Forest (CoF) and Ecological
Welfare Forest (EWF) lands, so named according to differences in their distinct functions and services. The purposes of CFM
are to improve forestry economic systems, strengthen resource management in a market economy, ease the conflicts between wood
demands and public welfare, and meet the diversified needs for forest services in China. The formative process of China’s
CFM has involved a series of trials and revisions. China’s central government accelerated the reform of CFM in the year 2000
and completed the final version in 2003. CFM was implemented at the provincial level with the aid of subsidies from the central
government. About a quarter of the forestland in China was approved as National EWF lands by the State Forestry Administration
in 2006 and 2007. Logging is prohibited on National EWF lands, and their landowners or managers receive subsidies of about
70 RMB (US$10) per hectare from the central government. CFM represents a new forestry strategy in China and its implementation
inevitably faces challenges in promoting the understanding of forest ecological services, generalizing nationwide criteria
for identifying EWF and CoF lands, setting up forest-specific compensation mechanisms for ecological benefits, enhancing the
knowledge of administrators and the general public about CFM, and sustaining EWF lands under China’s current forestland tenure
system. CFM does, however, offer a viable pathway toward sustainable forest management in China. 相似文献
9.
Marc J. Stern S. Andrew Predmore Michael J. Mortimer David N. Seesholtz 《Journal of environmental management》2010,91(6):1350-1356
We conducted an online survey (n = 3321) followed by five focus groups with Forest Service employees involved in compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) to explore agency views of how NEPA should be implemented within the agency. We filter these perceptions through the lenses of different functional groups within the agency, each with its own role in agency compliance with NEPA and its own suite of perceived accountabilities. In doing so, we uncover areas of consensus regarding valued practices as well as tensions between employees with different roles in NEPA compliance. General consensus exists regarding the importance of the effective functioning of interdisciplinary teams, but opinions about what constitutes an effective team vary. Findings suggest that NEPA serves as a playing field for competing accountabilities felt by line officers, disciplinary specialists, and advisory personnel within the agency, as each attempts to exert influence over NEPA processes and their outcomes. 相似文献
10.
Forest environmental conditions are affected by climate change, but investments in forest environmental quality can be used as part of the climate change mitigation strategy. A key question involving the potential use of forests to store more carbon as part of climate change mitigation is the impact of forest investments on the timing and quantity of forest volumes that affect carbon storage. Using an economic optimization model, we project levels of U.S. forest volumes as indicators of carbon storage for a wide range of private forest investment scenarios. Results show that economic opportunities exist to further intensify timber management on some hectares and reduce the average timber rotation length such that the national volume of standing timber stocks could be reduced relative to projections reflecting historical trends. The national amount of timber volume is projected to increase over the next 50 yr, but then is projected to decline if private owners follow an economic optimization path, such as with more forest type conversions and shorter timber rotations. With perfect foresight, future forest investments can affect current timber harvest levels, with intertemporal linkages based on adjustments through markets. Forest investments that boost regenerated timber yields per hectare would act to enhance ecosystem services (e.g., forest carbon storage) if they are related to the rate of growth and extent of growing stock inventory. 相似文献
11.
Few economic studies are available to measure off-highway vehicle recreation benefits foregone when trails must be closed to protect the environment. This paper estimates the non-market benefits associated with off-highway vehicle (OHV) recreation on National Forest lands in Larimer County, Colorado. We use a contingent valuation model (CVM) to estimate benefits to OHV users, which includes dirt bike riders, all terrain vehicle (ATV) riders, and 4-wheel drive (4 × 4) users. Using CVM we find the mean consumer surplus estimates to be $78 per person per day. These results are consistent with the few previous estimates of OHV recreation benefits. This equates to a per trail per summer consumer surplus of at least between $219,467 and $296,876, and a county level surplus per summer to be at least between $796,447 and $1,077,367. These benefits can be compared to environmental costs to obtain a more complete picture of the effects of trail closure, as well as the negative spillovers to non-motorized users. 相似文献
12.
Integrated landscape planning and remuneration of agri-environmental services. Results of a case study in the Fuhrberg region of Germany 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Until now, existing remuneration of environmental services has not sufficiently supported the goals of spending money more effectively on the environment and of motivating farmers. Only a small share of the budgets for agriculture in the EU, as well as in US and other countries, is available for buying environmental goods and services beyond the level of good farming practice (GFP). This combined with the insufficient targeting of compensation payments to areas where special measures are needed leads to an unsatisfactorily low impact of agri-environment measures compared to other driving forces that stimulate the intensification of farming. The goal of this paper is to propose a management concept that enhances the ecological and cost efficiency of agri-environment measures. Components of the concept are a comprehensive environmental information base with prioritised goals and targets (available in Germany from landscape planning) and new remuneration models, which complement conventional compensation payments that are based upon predetermined measures and cost. Comprehensive landscape planning locates and prioritises areas which require environmental action. It contains the information that authorities need to prioritise funding for environmental services and direct measures to sites which need environmental services beyond the level of GFP.Also appropriate remuneration models, which can enhance the cost efficiency of public spending and the motivation of the farmers, can be applied on the base of landscape planning.Testing of the planning methodology and of one of the remuneration models (success-oriented remuneration) in a case study area (“Fuhrberger Feld” north of Hanover, Germany) demonstrated the usability of the concept and led to proposals for future development of the methodology and its application in combination with other approaches. 相似文献
13.
Forest ecosystems may be actively managed toward heterogeneous stand structures to provide both economic (e.g., wood production
and carbon credits) and environmental benefits (e.g., invasive pest resistance). In order to facilitate wider adoption of
possibly more sustainable forest stand structures, defining growth expectations among alternative management scenarios is
crucial. To estimate the effect of tree size and spatial distributions on growth for forest structures commonly considered
in uneven-aged forest stand management, large (0.2 ha+) plots were established in 14 uneven-aged ponderosa pine stands in
eastern Montana. All study trees were stem-mapped and measured for diameter and 10-year sapwood and basal area increment.
A generalized growth model was developed to predict both total and merchantable 10-year basal area increment for nine hypothetical
stand structures [three diameter distributions (reverse-J, irregular, flat) × three spatial distributions (clumpy, partial
clumpy, uniform)]. Results indicate that the size and spatial distributions of individual trees have a considerable effect
on overall stand growth. The greatest total stand growth was in stands with reverse “J” shaped tree size distributions, while
the greatest merchantable stand growth was in stands with “flat” diameter distributions and uniform spatial distributions.
Through better comprehension of generalized uneven-aged stand growth dynamics, forest managers may better assess the effects
of alternative stand structures on stand growth while providing forest stand structures that may be more resilient in a changing
climate. 相似文献
14.
Frank Merry Britaldo Soares-Filho Daniel Nepstad Gregory Amacher Hermann Rodrigues 《Environmental management》2009,44(3):395-407
Logging has been a much maligned feature of frontier development in the Amazon. Most discussions ignore the fact that logging
can be part of a renewable, environmentally benign, and broadly equitable economic activity in these remote places. We estimate
there to be some 4.5 ± 1.35 billion m3 of commercial timber volume in the Brazilian Amazon today, of which 1.2 billion m3 is currently profitable to harvest, with a total potential stumpage value of $15.4 billion. A successful forest sector in
the Brazilian Amazon will integrate timber harvesting on private lands and on unprotected and unsettled government lands with
timber concessions on public lands. If a legal, productive, timber industry can be established outside of protected areas,
it will deliver environmental benefits in synergy with those provided by the region’s network of protected areas, the latter
of which we estimate to have an opportunity cost from lost timber revenues of $2.3 billion over 30 years. Indeed, on all land
accessible to harvesting, the timber industry could produce an average of more than 16 million m3 per year over a 30-year harvest cycle—entirely outside of current protected areas—providing $4.8 billion in returns to landowners
and generating $1.8 billion in sawnwood sales tax revenue. This level of harvest could be profitably complemented with an
additional 10% from logging concessions on National Forests. This advance, however, should be realized only through widespread
adoption of reduced impact logging techniques. 相似文献
15.
16.
Emma C. Underwood Joshua H. Viers James F. Quinn Malcolm North 《Environmental management》2010,46(5):809-819
Past forest management practices, fire suppression, and climate change are increasing the need to actively manage California
Sierra Nevada forests for multiple environmental amenities. Here we present a relatively low-cost, repeatable method for spatially
parsing the landscape to help the U.S. Forest Service manage for different forest and fuel conditions to meet multiple goals
relating to sensitive species, fuels reduction, forest products, water, carbon storage, and ecosystem restoration. Using the
Kings River area of the Sierra Nevada as a case study, we create areas of topographically-based units, Landscape Management
Units (LMUs) using a three by three matrix (canyon, mid-slope, ridge-top and northerly, southerly, and neutral aspects). We
describe their size, elevation, slope, aspect, and their difference in inherent wetness and solar radiation. We assess the
predictive value and field applicability of LMUs by using existing data on stand conditions and two sensitive wildlife species.
Stand conditions varied significantly between LMUs, with canyons consistently having the greatest stem and snag densities.
Pacific fisher (Martes pennanti) activity points (from radio telemetry) and California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) nests, roosts, and sightings were both significantly different from uniform, with a disproportionate number of observations
in canyons, and fewer than expected on ridge-tops. Given the distinct characteristics of the LMUs, these units provide a relatively
simple but ecologically meaningful template for managers to spatially allocate forest treatments, thereby meeting multiple
National Forest objectives. These LMUs provide a framework that can potentially be applied to other fire-dependent western
forests with steep topographic relief. 相似文献
17.
The post-Rio environmental accord has offered new opportunities for landscape planning linking global concerns with Local Agenda 21 through concepts of sustainable development. This paper analyses the potential for integrated landscape planning by linking the aims of global sustainability with a major initiative of the UK Government, the National Forest located in the English Midlands. A common commitment to concepts of partnership and participation facilitated by local authorities can be found in the National Forest Strategy and in the principles of Local Agenda 21. Using case studies comparing local fora created to implement parts of the National Forest Strategy with focus groups formed to prepare Local Agenda 21 Action Plans, it is argued that a common consensus between these endeavours has not so far been achieved. Problems associated with the interpretation of national government policy guidance following the Earth Summit coupled with the constitution, membership and goals of specific groups are viewed as the primary reasons for conflict. These have implications for achieving compatibility between the Forest ideals and those enshrined in Local Agenda 21, particularly in localities where mineral exploitation and landfill are contentious planning concerns. 相似文献
18.
Alejandro J. Prera Kristine M. Grimsrud Jennifer A. Thacher Dan W. McCollum Robert P. Berrens 《Environmental management》2014,54(4):756-767
As public land management agencies pursue region-specific resource management plans, with meaningful consideration of public attitudes and values, there is a need to characterize the complex mix of environmental attitudes in a diverse population. The contribution of this investigation is to make use of a unique household, mail/internet survey data set collected in 2007 in the Southwestern United States (Region 3 of the U.S. Forest Service). With over 5,800 survey responses to a set of 25 Public Land Value statements, canonical correlation analysis is able to identify 7 statistically distinct environmental attitudinal groups. We also examine the effect of expected changes in regional demographics on overall environmental attitudes, which may help guide in the development of socially acceptable long-term forest management policies. Results show significant support for conservationist management policies and passive environmental values, as well as a greater role for stakeholder groups in generating consensus for current and future forest management policies. 相似文献
19.
The Western Forest Complex (WEFCOM) of Thailand is comprised of many protected areas and has one of the highest wildlife populations in the country. Populations of wildlife in the WEFCOM have decreased dramatically over recent years. Rapid economic development has resulted in the conversion of forest into agricultural and pastoral land, which has directly and indirectly impacted the wildlife community. This research aimed to evaluate populations of domesticated cattle (Bos indicus) and buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) in the WEFCOM and their possible impacts on the wildlife community. Domesticated cattle and buffalo keepers from 1561 (or 3.3%) of houses in and near WEFCOM were interviewed. The average number of animals per household was 15.6 cattle and 8.5 buffalo. Most villagers released domesticated cattle and buffalo to forage in the protected areas. This tended to have a high impact on the wildlife community in Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary and Tungyai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary. The least impacted areas were Luam Khlong Ngu National Park, Thong Pha Phum National Park and Chaleam Ratanakosin National Park. With a high risk to the wildlife community, law enforcement should be used in combination with a certain level of co-management with local communities. 相似文献
20.
Payment for environmental services (PES) schemes are increasingly being introduced in developed and developing countries for the ecological conservation of forests also. Such payment schemes resemble a new mode of forest governance labelled political modernization, in which centralized and state-based command-and-control policies make room for market dynamics, non-state actors, and decentralization. In entering the new Millennium, China has massively started using payment schemes to conserve its forests. An analysis of the implementation of the Forest Ecological Benefit Compensation Fund Programme in Liaoning Province is used to investigate whether China's PES schemes resemble notions of political modernization. It is concluded that Liaoning Province introduced market dynamics and farmer participation in the implementation of its PES scheme, but in a way different from that theorized by political modernization scholars. Hence, it should rather be seen as a ‘Chinese style’ political modernization process. 相似文献