铁路行车人员心电图的改变

为了解铁路行车作业对心电图的影响,我们随机选择了105名行车人员,对其进行了心电图检查,现将结果报告如下:1 观察对象 1.1 观察组:随机选择健康男性铁路行车人员为观察对象。年龄为21～55岁,每组15名。1.2 对照组:选择日勤铁路杂工为对照组。对照组人员的性别、年龄、工龄等均具     

海外新闻

正BSC呼吁英国将空气污染视为职业健康风险2019年5月22日,英国安全委员会(BSC)发布白皮书《空气污染对室外作业人员健康的影响》(Impact of air pollution on the health of outdoor workers),罗列了有力证据来证明在英国空气污染已成为一种职业健康风险。     

基于改进FAHP-Entropy法的危险品仓储安全评价

为提升企业危险品仓储安全风险识别能力，针对危险品特殊属性及其仓储安全管理特点，提出基于改进的模糊层次分析法(FAHP)与熵权法(Entropy)的危险品仓储安全评价机制。首先，从人员、管理、物料与设备、环境4个方面建立评价指标体系；然后，基于改进的FAHP和Entropy法，确定指标的综合权重，并结合三角模糊数(TRFN)确定模糊关系矩阵；最后，以广东省某危险品物流企业为例，通过模糊评价模型得出最终安全评价结果。结果表明：该企业危险品仓储安全综合评价结果以及人员安全、管理安全、物料与设备安全、环境安全等4个一级指标评价结果均属于“较安全”水平，其中物料与设备方面评分最高。该安全评价机制基于改进的FAHP-Entropy模型，对比分析指标体系与评价结果，能够实现危险品仓储管理的关键风险因素识别，有助于提高企业危险品仓储管理安全水平。     

机场货站易爆危险品存储区外部安全防护距离研究*

为合理设定机场货站易爆危险品存储区外部安全防护距离,基于爆炸威力计算模型,利用有限元分析软件AUTODYN模拟包装约束下爆炸品爆炸冲击波特性,通过引入包装约束系数,描述包装材料对爆炸威力影响,计算航空运输易爆危险品存储区外部安全防护距离。结果表明:1 mm厚度聚碳酸酯、钢和铝材质外包装的包装约束系数分别为0.904 7,0.860 1,0.870 6,相较于聚碳酸酯和铝材质,钢材质外包装对易爆危险品爆炸威力削弱程度较大。研究结果可为机场货站外部安全防护距离规划设置提供参考。     

熵-TOPSIS-耦合协调法评价铁路危险品运输系统风险

为定量获取铁路危险品运输系统风险情况,首先,将铁路危险品运输系统分为人、机、物、环、管5个子系统,并阐明各子系统风险因素;然后,综合利用熵权法、逼近理想解排序法(TOPSIS)和耦合协调度模型,提出熵-TOPSIS-耦合协调综合评价法;其次,应用该方法评价我国铁路危险品运输系统风险;最后,就评价结果提出改善建议。结果表明:近年来我国铁路危险品运输系统由有序向无序发展,安全性逐步提升,但人和管理子系统较为薄弱,需采取改善措施,降低耦合效果,保证运输安全。     

航空危险品运输作业风险管理

由于危险品的危害特性,运输操作上涉及多环节因素以及航空运输装载的特殊要求,在航空运输作业环节中易造成安全事故,因此需要对危险品航空运输作业进行风险管理。根据人-机-环-管分析方法,从航空危险品运输中的收运、卸载、储存、装载环节进行危险源识别,并构建指标体系。用三角模糊数和ANP相结合的方法对风险发生的严重度进行分析。对安全影响较大的前几位因素:人员违规,规章制度,监督检查,员工教育、培训,应急预案,防护装置使用率,提出了安全管理体系的建立及实施,加强从业人员的管理,对危险品运输环节的设备进行管理风险控制措施。     

利用体检信息探讨慢性病防控对策

近年来铁路作业人员突发疾病死亡的情况呈上升态势,直接威胁运输安全生产。利用职工健康体检信息,经过对存在问题的分析,探讨创建新思维,坚持多部门、多系统合作,发挥铁路疾病预防控制所的专业优势,做好高血压、糖尿病等健康管理工作,作为铁路慢性病防控工作的主要对策。     

某铁路辖区接触噪声作业人员双耳高频听力现状及分析

了解某铁路辖区噪声危害作业点和作业人员双耳高频平均听阈情况,为职业性噪声聋的防控和保护接触噪声作业人员的身心健康提出建议。通过体检管理系统收集2021年某铁路辖区接触噪声作业人员职业健康检查资料,采用软件进行统计分析。结果表明,2021年的职业健康体检中,5671名接触噪声作业人员中检出双耳高频平均听阈异常550人,异常率为9.70%;随着年龄增加,听力损失也随之增加且差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=608.31,P<0.001)。进而提出应加强该铁路辖区接触噪声作业人员高年龄、长工龄职工的个体防护和健康宣教,需要通过相关单位的共同努力,进一步提升职业健康监护水平。     

有限空间作业人员生理状态监测设备研制

为监测有限空间作业人员异常生理状况,进而保障有限空间作业安全与作业人员生命健康,在分析手腕处6个测量位置信号质量的基础上,获得最佳信号采集位置,并结合事故成因,从光电容积脉搏波(PPG)信号中提取心率、脉搏周期、振幅等生理参数作为评价指标,研制一款针对有限空间特殊作业人群的手腕处脉动生理信息监测设备;并进行系统稳定性测...     

危险品道路运输风险分级指数法研究

危险品道路运输过程风险影响因素多,随机性和不确定性大,定量风险评价比较复杂,至今没有统一的风险评估模型.为了有效预防危险品运输事故和进行快速风险评估,基于运输危险品本身特性和相关的风险影响因素探讨了运输危险品现实风险分级指数法.该方法由危险品风险分级指数、路线影响因素和安全措施补偿因子3部分构成.危险品风险分级指数由危险品加权平均风险等级和运输危险品量、泄漏点与居民区距离以及危险品扩散因子等级确定.危险品加权平均风险等级涉及其健康危害性、可燃性、化学反应活性以及特殊危险性(氧化性和与水反应性)等级的确定.路线影响因素包含运输道路特征、气象条件、交通状况和影响人员分布4类.安全措施补偿因子为车辆、设备、容器、包装因子,人员素质因子和安全管理因子3类.该方法可对运输危险品的潜在风险进行快速分级,有利于采取有效的安全预防和控制措施,降低运输事故概率和沿线影响人员风险.     

作业场所职业危害风险综合评价研究

在引入超标倍数、超标率等指标研究粉尘、毒物和噪声作业职业危害风险评价方法的基础上,综合考虑不同类型职业危害因素致病风险的差异,职业危害接触人数以及职业卫生管理情况,建立了多种类型职业危害因素并存作业场所的风险评价方法,进行了实际应用并取得良好效果,对于管理部门实施作业场所职业危害分级监管以及企业自我分级管理等都具有借鉴意义。     

Multicriteria ranking of workplaces regarding working conditions in a mining company

Ranking of workplaces with respect to working conditions is very significant for each company. It indicates the positions where employees are most exposed to adverse effects resulting from the working environment, which endangers their health. This article presents the results obtained for 12 different production workplaces in the copper mining and smelting complex RTB Bor – ‘Veliki Krivelj’ open pit, based on six parameters measured regularly which defined the following working environment conditions: air temperature, light, noise, dustiness, chemical hazards and vibrations. The ranking of workplaces has been performed by PROMETHEE/GAIA. Additional optimization of workplaces is done by PROMETHEE V with the given limits related to maximum permitted values for working environment parameters. The obtained results indicate that the most difficult workplace is on the excavation location (excavator operator). This method can be successfully used for solving similar kinds of problems, in order to improve working conditions.     

Nanotechnologies,engineered nanomaterials and occupational health and safety – A review

The significance of engineered nanomaterials (ENM) and nanotechnologies grows rapidly. Nanotechnology applications may have a positive marked impact on many aspects of on human every day life, for example by providing means for the production of clean energy and pure drinking water. Hundreds of consumer nano-based products are already on the market. However, very little is known of the risks of ENM to occupational safety and health (OSH), even though workers are likely to be at extra risk, as compared with other potentially exposed groups of people, because the levels of exposure are usually higher at workplaces than in other environments. However, knowledge of the exposure to, or effects of, ENM on human health and safety in occupational environments is limited and does not allow reliable assessment of risks of ENM on workers’ health. Several issues related to ENM in the workplaces require marked attention. The most topical issues include: (1) improved understanding of ENM metrics associated with ENM toxicity; (2) development of monitoring devices for ENM exposure assessment; (3) understanding the changes of ENM structure and state of agglomeration at different concentrations in aerosols; (4) understanding translocation of ENM in the human body; (5) identifying the key health effects of ENM including pulmonary toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic effects, and effects on circulation; (6) development of tiered approaches for testing of safety of ENM; and (7) utilizing these data for health risk assessment, with a special emphasis on occupational environment. Available data on several ENM – ability to enter the body and reach almost any organ, to cause pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, and even to cause increased risk of mesotheliomas in animal models, call for immediate action. It is crucial to identify those ENM that may cause occupational health and safety risks from those ENM which are innocent, hence allowing prioritization of regulatory and preventive actions at workplaces at national, regional and global levels.     

工作场所超细颗粒物暴露评估与风险评估研究进展

纳米技术产业的快速发展促使纳米材料需求量不断增长,纳米材料的规模化生产及使用,增加了暴露于超细颗粒物的职业人群数量,且工种复杂多样,尤其在自动化程度低、工人职业卫生防护意识薄弱的作业场所,对接触者有潜在的职业暴露风险.从现场暴露评估策略、检测方法、接触限值以及风险评估手段,综述针对超细颗粒物这一新型职业危害因素的研究进...     

我国尘肺防治的研究进展与展望

生产性粉尘是我国作业场所最普遍且严重威胁劳动者健康的职业有害因素,接触生产性粉尘引发的尘肺病是我国发病最高的职业病。为控制尘肺病的发生,以《中华人民共和国职业病防治法》为依据,我国已经进行了大量配套职业卫生标准的研制工作,同时,在生产粉尘健康危害评价、接尘人群的健康监护和呼吸防护用品研制方面开展了大量科研工作。要达到国际劳工组织和世界卫生组织提出的2030年消除矽肺病目标,我们的尘肺防治工作任重道远。     

煤炭企业粉尘控制现状调查研究

采用典型抽样的方法选择具有粉尘危害的5个煤炭企业作为研究现场;调查对象包括企业负责人、接尘人员、职业病防制人员、工程技术人员及粉尘监测人员。调查内容包括企业的基本情况,粉尘防治的制度和措施,接尘工人对粉尘防治知识的知信行等。调查方式为问卷调查,定性访谈和查阅档案等方式。用Epidata 3.0建立数据库,以SAS 8.0进行统计学分析。结果发现,随着诊断年代的推移,新发尘肺病例Ⅰ期所占比例呈逐渐增大趋势。各类人员对粉尘危害及其可预防性有一定程度的认识;对基本防尘措施认识程度高;对国家相关法规认识程度低。在所调查的478名接尘人员中,只有59.4%的人知道发过宣传材料。接尘人员个人防护用品使用率为72.6%,而且每次都使用者不到总人数的1/2,防护用品的舒适性差是其不使用的主要原因。企业中仍有18.8%的职工没做过岗前体检。所调查的五个煤矿防尘设施较为完备,运转情况基本良好,但防尘效果一般。粉尘浓度监测工作开展不规范,企业粉尘管理工作不完善,存在粉尘危害及预防知识的宣传力度不够、职业健康体检体系不健全、防尘措施不到位、粉尘浓度监测可能存在漏洞等问题,在粉尘管理方面仍需采取相应措施。     

医疗保健行业中的纳米材料：职业风险和预防

欧洲职业健康安全署近期发布电子纪要,解释了保健行业工作者在他们工作场所的日常活动中如何与纳米材料发生可能的接触,并提供了预防潜在接触可以采取的措施。这些措施包括国家层面的法律监管、消除与替代、工程控制、管理措施以及个体防护装备（PPE）。作者特编译此文,为国内相关领域提供参考。     

Heuristic job rotation procedures for reducing daily exposure to occupational hazards

This paper discusses 2 heuristic job rotation procedures for preventing industrial workers from being excessively exposed to ergonomics and safety hazards in their workplaces. The objective of the procedures is 2-fold: (a) to find a minimum number of workers required for the given set of jobs, and (b) to determine a set of safe worker-job-period assignments such that all workers' exposure to hazard does not exceed the permissible limit. Here, occupational hazards are divided into 2 categories: single- and variable-limit hazards. In the first category, workers are considered to have equal capability to withstand the hazard; in the second category, the limit of hazard exposure varies for different individuals. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the procedures.     

Occupational Exposure to Harmful Chemical Substances While Processing Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins

Air pollutants emitted while processing phenol-formaldehyde resins have been investigated. Gas chromatography-mass-selective detection was used to separate and identify chemical compounds. It was determined that workers were exposed to formaldehyde in all workplaces. Besides, phenol, acetaldehyde, acrylaldehyde, 2-furaldehyde, xylene, ethylbenzene, toluene, tetrachlorethene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate were found during the production of frictional materials; and 2-furaldehyde, phenol, naphthalene, 2-furan-methanol, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the production of abrasive materials. Quantitative analyses were performed with gas chromatogra-phy and high performance liquid chromatography. Assessment of occupational exposure indicated that chemical compounds emitted during the investigated processes might be dangerous for human health, mainly because of suspected carcinogenic compounds: formaldehyde and PAHs.     

Risk Assessment in the Working Environment in Estonia

The first step to chart hazards in the working environment in Estonia (labour force: 0.65 million) was taken by the National Board of Health Protection in the beginning of 1996.

The existing chemical, physical, and biological agents in the working environment were investigated with the help of local health inspectors in all counties. An identification of hazards and workers at risk was carried out. The results of the analysis showed that 16% of Estonian industrial workers are exposed to different hazards: 20,000 persons are exposed to noise, 11,000 are working in the conditions of vibration, 10,000 are affected by unsatisfactory microclimate, 6,000 complain about long-lasting work in a compulsory posture, the overexertion of eyes is suffered by 5,500 persons, and physical overload by 3,500 workers. In the group of chemical hazards the greatest numbers of workers are exposed to organic dust (6,500) and welding aerosols (5,400), followed by petroleum products (2,700), and oil-shale dust (4,300). The measurements of working conditions showed that an average of 30.3% of the results are above the standards. Proposals for the improvement of the situation in occupational safety and health are presented.