东北粳稻不同开花时段冷积温对结实的影响及冷害指标

在长白山北坡不同海拔高程开展水稻低温处理试验,以揭示水稻开花不同时段的冷积温对结实率的影响及其冷害气象指标。试验设7个海拔、3个低温持续时间、3个开花时段处理。结果表明,水稻空秕率对开花期冷积温反应很敏感,其关系呈二次函数,冷积温越多,水稻空秕率越大。不同开花时段低温影响程度差异明显,盛花期冷积温的影响系数是中花期的1.5倍,是初花期的2.2倍左右。水稻空秕率与昼间冷积温、日最高冷积温的关系更密切,与夜间冷积温和日最低冷积温的关系次之,昼间冷积温对空秕率的影响系数明显大于夜间冷积温的。水稻不同开花时段发生冷害的冷积温指标差异明显,盛花时段昼间冷积温28℃·d以上引发中度冷害,而在中花和初花时段分别是31℃·d和38℃·d;盛花时段日最高冷积温36℃·d以上引发严重冷害,而在中花和初花时段分别是41℃·d和52℃·d。开花期平均而言,昼间冷积温在31℃·d和38℃·d以上,或日最高冷积温在33℃·d和41℃·d以上,分别引发中度和重度冷害,空秕率分别达到10%和15%以上。     

低温胁迫对番茄光合特性及抗氧化酶活性的影响

根据番茄对低温的反应,于2010年10月-2011年3月间,设计了人工控制试验系统以研究低温胁迫(5℃,7℃,9℃,11℃)对设施番茄光合色素含量、最大光合速率、叶绿素荧光参数、抗氧化酶活性的影响,为设施番茄低温致灾气象指标的确定提供依据。结果表明:不同低温胁迫下叶绿素a,Chla/Chlb和最大光合速率均存在不同程度的降低,而叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量则有所升高。低温5℃处理3 d和7℃处理4 d后番茄最大光合速率均为负值,经过25℃恢复5 d后仍无显著升高;低温9℃、11℃胁迫下番茄最大光合速率随处理天数的增加而降低,且经过5 d的恢复处理后最大光合速率可以基本恢复至正常水平。叶绿素荧光参数分析表明,低温胁迫降低了PSII的原始光能转换效率和潜在活性,番茄的Fv/Fm,qP,ETR均显著降低,且随胁迫温度和胁迫时间的不同,Fv/Fm,qP,ETR的变化程度有所不同。不同低温胁迫使得番茄SOD,POD,CAT,MDA酶的活性均有不同程度升高,且温度越低,处理时间越长,升高幅度越大。因此,低温5℃处理3 d或者低温7℃处理4 d是番茄发生严重冷害的临界指标,该研究结果可为作物低温灾害防御及气象灾害预警提供参考。     

淹水胁迫对寒地水稻产量构成因子的作用

黑龙江省现为我国最大的水稻产区和商品稻区,但河流众多,且夏季多大雨、暴雨,较易形成涝灾。为了研究洪涝灾害对寒地水稻产量的影响,于2018年通过田间淹水试验,分析寒地水稻关键生育期不同淹水深度、淹水历时造成的产量因子差异。方差分析表明:3个主栽水稻品种在拔节期、抽穗开花期和乳熟期遭遇淹水后,产量因子在发育期间、淹水深度或淹水历时间存在显著或极显著差异(P0.05),较深的淹水及较长的淹水历时易使产量因子显著下降;经LSD比较,于拔节期淹水后的千粒重和理论产量,于抽穗开花期淹水后的结实率显著最低;没顶淹没的结实率、千粒重和理论产量显著最低;7天的淹水历时易造成千粒重的显著下降;抽穗开花期水稻在没顶淹没(3/3h)及7天淹水历时的结实率估算值仅为70.9%,拔节期水稻在没顶淹没(3/3h)及7天的淹水历时下千粒重估算值仅为17.5g,拔节期水稻在没顶淹没(3/3h)及7天淹水历时下产量最低。绥粳18经淹水处理后,产量和结实率均有不同程度的下降,拔节期和抽穗开花期没顶淹没下的产量损失约43.4%-78%,而在较低的淹水深度或较短的淹水历时下水稻表现出较强的抗胁迫性,产量损失较少;乳熟期水稻对淹水胁迫表现出较差的抗胁迫性,产量损失多为23%以上;淹水胁迫造成的产量损失与水稻叶面积指数下降有关,绥粳18经淹水后多数处理的LAI比对照低,且下降的时期多集中于孕穗、抽穗和扬花的生殖关键阶段,对产量构成因子产生不利影响。     

黑龙江省主要农业气象灾害演变特征及对水稻产量的影响

基于1982-2016年黑龙江省洪涝、干旱、低温冷害、冰雹等农业气象灾害数据及水稻产量数据,将研究期划分为1982-1990、1991-2000、2001-2010和2011-2016年4个阶段,引入受灾比和灾害强度指数,采用数理统计、灰色关联分析方法,研究黑龙江省农业气象灾害演变特征,构建灾害与水稻产量的数理模型。研究结果表明:①洪涝和干旱是影响黑龙江省主要的农业气象灾害,而低温冷害和冰雹相对较弱;②洪涝的受灾范围和灾害强度均呈下降趋势,而干旱则呈先升后降趋势,冰雹受灾范围变化不大,灾害强度呈上升趋势,低温冷害均变化不大;③黑龙江省农业气象灾害对水稻产量为负效应影响,从受灾范围看,干旱为最关键灾害,其次为洪涝,低温冷害和冰雹影响相对较小;从受灾强度看,4种农业气象灾害影响黑龙江省水稻产量强弱依次为冰雹、洪涝、低温冷害、干旱。     

广东冬季寒害指标研究

用广东省22个分布较均匀的代表站1957年12月至2001年2月冬季逐日平均气温和最低气温资料,以该省南亚热带作物的生物学下限温度为依据,从这些作物受寒害的起点温度(环境温度≤5.0℃)出发,提出了寒害过程的概念和明确的定义,并用寒害过程低温的强度(日最低气温)X1、持续时间(天数)X2及其综合作用的物理量负积温X3这3个指标来描述寒害的强度,研究了广东历年冬季寒害的变化.从3个特征向量场中找出了一个物理意义清晰、方差贡献率大(大于75%)的主要分量,将其定义为综合寒害指标.分析表明:广东冬季综合寒害指标能较好反映农作物受灾程度.     

贺兰山东麓葡萄种植园区不同类型霜冻的形成条件分析

利用贺兰山东麓葡萄园区64个自动气象站逐时观测资料、常规气象观测和0.125×0.125°ECMWF再分析资料,对2014年4月25日平流霜冻、2015年4月13日辐射霜冻和2016年4月3日平流-辐射霜冻等3次不同类型霜冻的天气特征及环流形势、冷空气强度、移动路径及温度平流等进行了对比分析。结果表明:3次霜冻均是强冷空气活动造成地面强烈降温所致,但由于中高纬环流背景场、高压脊线位置、冷空气强度及南下方式、冷平流影响时间不同,造成3种霜冻的持续时间、范围和强度不同,其中,4.25平流霜冻持续时间最长,但是范围最小、霜冻程度最轻;4.13辐射霜冻范围最大、持续时间最短、霜冻程度居中;4.3平流-辐射霜冻程度最重、范围和持续时间居中。     

GIS在水稻“寒露风”冷害监测预警中的应用

水稻低温冷害是广西的主要农业气象灾害,低温冷害的实时监测预警对农业趋利避害和减轻灾害损失十分重要。依托GIS技术和统计学方法,利用1∶25万的经度、纬度、海拔高度等广西基础地理信息数据,按照1 km×1 km的较高空间分辨率,对低温冷害的相关气象数据进行细网格空间分析推算,结合广西水稻生长发育状况和"寒露风"低温冷害受害指标,实现对广西水稻冷害发生发展及其强度、范围的实时监测预警,并以2010年10月上中旬冷害过程为例检验了监测效果,与冷害实际情况比较相符。     

降雨入渗对边坡稳定性影响的敏感性分析

研究降雨入渗对滑坡的影响,选择降雨强度、降雨持续时间、坡比、坡高、岩土体渗透系数5个参数,采用灰色系统理论中的灰色关联分析方法,建立灰色关联模型,进行降雨入渗对边坡稳定性影响的敏感性分析。结果表明,降雨强度和降雨持续时间是主要影响因素,降雨强度对边坡稳定性的影响最大最敏感。通过分析,发现进行边坡优化设计和滑坡灾害防治处理时,应对边坡场地周边的降雨强度和降雨持续时间的统计资料予以足够的重视。     

移栽期变化对黑龙江省水稻低温冷害的影响——以2002年为例

针对影响黑龙江省水稻生产的低温冷害问题,利用黑龙江省水稻主要种植区域10个农业气象观测站1999-2004年每年5-9月的水稻生长观测数据和逐日平均温度数据,运用统计方法建立了产量构成与温度指标的关系方程,并结合黑龙江省2002年逐日平均温度格点化数据,对3个不同移栽日期情况下低温冷害的发生情况进行了分析。结果显示:2002年的低温冷害在黑龙江中部最严重,东部次之,西部受害最轻;北部地区受害面积和冷害损失比南部地区更大;在3个移栽日期中,随着移栽日期的推后,水稻产量有5%～11%的不同程度的减少,冷害损失逐渐增大,即按时间5月中旬—5月下旬—6月初依次递增。     

辽东山区春季极端低温时空分布特征及发生概率预测

利用辽宁省东部山区13个气象站1960—2014年春季(3-5月)逐日最低气温等观测资料,采用EOF和Morlet小波分析法分析研究区春季极端低温的时空分布特征,在此基础上用Gumble-I型分布、Weibull分布和正态分布对各站极端低温序列进行了概率分布模型拟合,并检验筛选出最佳模型计算了不同重现期的极端低温及其发生的概率和空间分布。结果表明:(1)辽东山区春季极端低温空间分布主要表现为全区一致分布型、南北相反分布型和东西相反分布型;(2)全区域极端低温存在明显的5年和10年左右的周期变化;(3)所选13个站的极端低温概率分布模型拟合结果显示:Weibull分布为最适宜的分布模型。不同重现期极端低温预测与实测值对比结果表明,所选模型预测结果误差较小(绝对值1℃,R~2=0.98);(4)北部区和高海拔区容易遭受春季低温的灾害,低温灾害发生的概率及分布区域范围以轻度为最大,中度次之,重度最小。综上所述,该研究结果可为该区域极端低温预测及春季回暖后再次遇到低温灾害的防御提供科学参考依据。     

Cholera in Sudan: An account of an epidemic in a refugee camp in eastern Sudan, May-June 1985

In 1985 cholera has been a serious problem in the horn of Africa, particularly affecting the many famine victims and refugees in that region. In this paper the history of cholera in Africa is briefly summarized, as is the background to the current refugee situation in eastern Sudan. A cholera epidemic involving 1,175 cases in two adjacent refugee camps in eastern Sudan is described. In this epidemic there were thirteen inpatient deaths and thirty-eight known home deaths from cholera. The management of the epidemic is described in detail. Overall an average of 8 1. of intravenous fluid was used per case, a higher figure than was anticipated, probably because of the unexpected degree of vomiting and the shortage of trained nursing staff.
The relationship between cholera and malnutrition is explored and hypochlorhydria is suggested as the main reason for the increased susceptibility to cholera among malnourished populations. It was observed that severely malnourished adults and children appeared to nave less severe diarrhoea with their cholera, presumably because of reduced mucosal surface area and poor enterocyte function. Finally possible means of aborting cholera epidemics are discussed.     

A retrospective statistical review of deaths owing to migration through the southeasternmost land borders of the European Union,Greece 2000–14

The land borders of Evros, Greece, have been a common entry point for undocumented migrants on their way to Europe through Turkey. Adverse conditions, however, have resulted in many human casualties over the years. On the Greek side, 334 cadavers were retrieved between 2000 and 2014. This study provides a detailed forensic account of the humanitarian disaster in Evros to create an official scientific record of the situation. It showcases the gravity of the global issue of migration relating to health and mortality, and encourages communication and continual improvement of the approach and patterns of practices surrounding the subject. A retrospective statistical research review was conducted of border‐related fatalities between 2000 and 2014, assessing the age and gender of victims, the cause of death, the location of bodies, identification rates, and country of origin. Age ranged generally from 24 to 29 years, but infants and children were among the deceased.     

Complexity,continuity and change: livelihood resilience in the Darfur region of Sudan

Darfur farming and pastoralist livelihoods are both adaptations to the environmental variability that characterises the region. This article describes this adaptation and the longer‐term transformation of these specialised livelihoods from the perspective of local communities. Over several decades farmers and herders have experienced a continuous stream of climate, conflict and other shocks, which, combined with wider processes of change, have transformed livelihoods and undermined livelihood institutions. Their well‐rehearsed specialist strategies are now combined with new strategies to cope. These responses help people get by in the short term but risk antagonising not only their specialist strategies but also those of others. A combination of factors has undermined the former integration between farming and pastoralism and their livelihood institutions. Efforts to build resilience in similar contexts must take a long‐term view of livelihood adaptation as a specialisation, and consider the implications of new strategies for the continuity and integration of livelihood specialisations.     

Reflections on 40 years of Disasters, 1977–2017

This reflection, based on a keynote address to celebrate the fortieth anniversary of Disasters on 14 September 2017, begins by considering some of the prevailing assumptions that existed at the time of the journal's creation. Next is a summary of significant milestones during the past 40 years, covering major global trends, changing disaster impacts, and key developments in disaster risk management. Contrasting approaches in the first and fourth decade of the journal's history are then followed by examples of changes in terminology in the disaster field as an indication of shifting values. The paper goes on to explore the context of 2017, with observations of problem areas such as the loss of knowledge, failures to tackle the root causes of disasters, shortfalls in international assistance, and some negative attitudes. It closes by evaluating some current positive occurrences, including a reduction in casualties, sharing of experience, technological advances, and dramatic improvements in disaster warning.     

Fiji, land of tropical cyclones and hurricanes: A case study of agricultural rehabilitation

Tropical cyclones and hurricanes have a severe impact on the social and economic activities of affected communities. For small island nations in the Pacific region, the effects can be devastating because of their smallness. FQi and several other countries in the region are vulnerable to such disasters as they are situated in the zone where cyclones occur frequently.
During the last decade, the frequency of natural disasters and their adverse impact on die economic and social development of small nations like Fiji, has aroused awareness mat relief efforts must go beyond immediate "mopping up" operations to those which contribute to attaining longer term benefits through reconstruction and rehabilitation.
The paper outlines the 1985 agricultural rehabilitation program and discusses related issues and problems.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

火灾场景中玻璃破裂行为研究综述

建筑物在火场中的结构响应问题中,门窗玻璃在火场中的热响应特性及破裂脱落是影响火灾发展的重要因素之一。通过事故案例分析了火灾场景中玻璃破裂脱落的危害性,指出了研究火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂脱落的意义,并对目前火灾场景中玻璃受热破裂过程和主要形态、玻璃的破裂机理和判据等的研究现状进行了详细的分析,总结了目前实验和计算机模拟的最新研究进展和不足,为今后进一步开展玻璃受热破裂脱落研究提出了若干建议。     

中国内陆自然环境的干旱化与未来趋势

根据中国内陆陕西、甘肃部分地区５０９ａ旱涝资料和主要测站气象、水文实测数据,应用Ｗｏｒｄ９７图形处理系统,证明在５２６ａ序列中目前处在１１ａ、５０ａ滑动的干旱期。近４６ａ气温上升了０．３℃,年降水减少了８０ｍｍ,径流量减少了０．７８％,出现了明显的干旱化,环境变化趋势不容乐观。     

美国的洪泛平原管理

美国开展洪泛平原管理已有约40年历史，洪水保险计划是美国泛平原管理的主要措施。了解并借鉴他们的思路与具体策略，将有助于我国洪泛平原管理政策的制定。     

A general assessment of the environmental impact of refugees in Somalia with attention to the refugee agricultural programme

This paper attempts to examine the broad features of Somalia's harsh physical environment into which several hundreds of thousands of refugees, with mainly a nomadic or semi-nomadic life style and culture, dramatically descended six years ago. The thirty-six rural camps in which at least half of them live are described as is the refugee agricultural programme which is training several thousand families so that they may be "self-supporting." The four regions where the camps are located are each briefly summarized in terms of their soils, their climates, their natural vegetation, and the type of agriculture which the refugee farmers practice. A more detailed analysis is then given on the following critical environmental concerns: Vegetation and erosion on refugee farms, the growing problem of refugee livestock, the destruction of trees, and irrigation practices and salinity on refugee farms. The paper concludes with an argument to preserve Somalia's environment from careless and destructive exploitation, which is leading towards desertification, and calls for an in-depth study of the situation.