基于集对分析法的煤矿危险性评价

煤矿危险性评价包含因素较多导致评价是一个比较复杂的过程,评价方法已经成为一个关键问题。讨论了集对分析相关理论,并将集对分析引入煤矿危险性评价中,建立了煤矿危险性评价指标体系,针对不考虑煤矿评价指标权重与考虑指标权重两种情况,通过联系度与集对势综合判断煤矿危险性态势,并对某煤矿的危险性进行评价,在不考虑指标权重与考虑指标权重两种情况下均处于"一般安全"等级,但后者的安全等级程度更低,两种情况的态势均属于微同势,也说明了该煤矿存在安全隐患,需要采取相关的安全措施并加强安全管理,该方法为煤矿危险性评价提供了一条新的方法和手段。     

Developing a new fuzzy inference system for pipeline risk assessment

The problem of less and/or even lack of information and uncertainty in modeling and decision making plays a key role in many engineering problems; so that, it results in designers and engineers could not reach to sure solutions for the problems under consideration. In this paper, an application of the fuzzy logic for modeling the uncertainty involved in the problem of pipeline risk assessment is developed. For achieving the aim, relative risk score (RRS) methodology, one of the most popular techniques in pipeline risk assessment, is integrated with fuzzy logic. The proposed model is performed on fuzzy logic toolbox of MATLAB^® using Mamdani algorithm based on experts' knowledge. A typical case study is implemented and a comparison between the classical risk assessment approach and the proposed model is made. The results demonstrate that the proposed model provides more accurate, precise, sure results; so that, it can be taken into account as an intelligent risk assessment tool in different engineering problems.     

Handheld-Assisted Field Data Collection for Occupational Risk Assessment

A computerized handheld procedure is presented in this paper. It is intended as a database complementary tool, to enhance prospective risk analysis in the field of occupational health. The Pendragon forms software (version 3.2) has been used to implement acquisition procedures on Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs) and to transfer data to a computer in an MS-Access format. The data acquisition strategy proposed relies on the risk assessment method practiced at the Institute of Occupational Health Sciences (IST). It involves the use of a systematic hazard list and semi-quantitative risk assessment scales. A set of 7 modular forms has been developed to cover the basic need of field audits. Despite the minor drawbacks observed, the results obtained so far show that handhelds are adequate to support field risk assessment and follow-up activities. Further improvements must still be made in order to increase the tool effectiveness and field adequacy.     

基于人机工程的物流运输三参数风险评估模型

为了有效分析物流运输的风险状况,针对传统风险评估技术的不足,构建了一种以风险发生概率、风险后果和风险重要度为技术参数的物流运输风险三参数评估模型。首先,依据安全人机工程原理系统分析物流运输过程风险的影响因素,并建立物流运输风险评价指标体系。然后考虑风险因素的随机性和模糊性,提出了一种基于三角模糊数和模糊层次分析耦合的参数确定方法。最后,通过一个算例分析说明构建模型的有效性。结果表明,所提出方法用于物流运输风险定量分析优于传统风险评估技术。     

基于模糊证据理论的铁路信号系统风险评价

为综合考虑风险中的不确定性对评价结果的影响,针对目前铁路信号系统风险评价中无法充分利用专家定性评价信息的问题,提出一种基于模糊证据理论的铁路信号系统风险评价方法。首先在对系统进行风险识别的基础上,采用模糊集理论对风险因素进行统一的模糊描述;然后将模糊集中的描述映射在证据理论的识别框架下,通过证据理论进行信息融合;再结合风险因素权重进行综合评价,确定铁路信号系统的风险等级。以无线闭塞中心临时限速处理功能为例进行风险评价,分析确定该功能的风险等级,评估结果与实际情况相符,验证了该方法的有效性、合理性和可行性。     

基于可拓层次分析法的铁矿危险性评价研究

我国铁矿伤亡事故后果比较严重,重特大事故时有发生。基于可拓层次分析法(EAHP),结合可拓工程方法,在物元模型理论的基础上建立了铁矿危险性评价的物元模型,聘请5位专家对铁矿危险性的评价指标体系的10项指标进行评价,利用层次分析法确定各评价指标的权重,并对大红山铁矿的危险性进行评价,得出危险性等级为危险性较小、安全性较好,也说明了该铁矿需要进一步采取安全措施,加强安全管理,提高其安全程度,从而避免事故的发生,该方法为铁矿危险性评价提供了一条新的方法和手段。     

Shelter-in-place risk assessment for high-pressure natural gas wells with hydrogen sulphide and its application in emergency management

This paper provides a risk assessment method of sheltering in-place for high-pressure natural gas wells with hydrogen sulphide. In this paper, the shelter-in-place risk is estimated by integrating the health consequences of an individual taking one kind of emergency response to the emergency orders of sheltering in place from the emergency decision makers and the probability of the corresponding emergency response action. The probability of the corresponding emergency response action in the proposed method is estimated through the accident probability analysis and the probability analysis of taking a certain response action. The health consequence estimation is based on air exchange rate test of the shelter buildings as well as accident consequence calculation. The evaluation of shelter-in-place risks based on “as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP)” guidelines was employed to provide suggestions for emergency management under both normal conditions and off normal conditions. A case study of risk assessment of sheltering in the local residential houses in Xuanhan County of Sichuan Province, China was taken as an example to illustrate the proposed risk assessment process of shelter-in-place and its application in the decision-making process for emergency management.     

基于累积接尘量的尘肺病风险评估方法

为了降低不同接尘经历劳动者的尘肺病风险,提出一种尘肺病风险评估方法.先进行粉尘种类识别、工作场所粉尘接触评估、劳动者累积接尘量评估,并确定粉尘与尘肺病风险的剂量-反应关系,进而将劳动者累积患病率的现值和增量值作为尘肺病风险评估指标,评估劳动者当前尘肺病风险、继续接尘后尘肺病风险、尘肺病风险增量、尘肺病风险增长率;最后以...     

A framework for human error risk analysis of coal mine emergency evacuation in China

Evacuation from underground coal mine in emergency as soon as possible makes the difference between life and death. Human factors have an important impact on a successful evacuation, but literature review shows that there is a lack of consideration of human error risk during coal mine emergency evacuation in China. To address the above problems, in this paper, we established a framework for human error risk analysis of coal mine emergency evacuation, consisting of scenario and task analysis, risk assessment and risk reduction. A general evacuation procedure which is applicable for different causes is detailed through the scenario and task analysis. A new method based on expert judgment, named OGI-Model, is proposed to evaluate the reliability of human safety barrier. In this new approach, human safety barrier is divided into three sub-barriers, i.e., organization safety sub-barrier (OSSB), group safety sub-barrier (GSSB), and individual safety sub-barrier (ISSB). Each sub-barrier consists of a series of concrete measures against specific evacuation actions. An example is provided in this paper to demonstrate the use of this framework and its effectiveness.     

Operational risk assessment: A case of the Bhopal disaster

Accidental releases of hazardous chemicals from process facilities can cause catastrophic consequences. The Bhopal disaster resulting from a combination of inherently unsafe designs and poorly managed operations is a well-known case. Effective risk modeling approaches that provide early warnings are helpful to prevent and control such rare but catastrophic events. Probability estimation of these events is a constant challenge due to the scarcity of directly relevant data. Therefore, precursor-based methods that adopt the Bayesian theorem to update prior judgments on event probabilities using empirical data have been proposed. The updated probabilities are then integrated with consequences of varying severity to produce the risk profile.This paper proposes an operational risk assessment framework, in which a precursor-based Bayesian network approach is used for probability estimation, and loss functions are applied for consequence assessment. The estimated risk profile can be updated continuously given real-time operational data. As process facilities operate, this method integrates a failure-updating mechanism with potential consequences to generate a real-time operational risk profile. The real time risk profile is valuable in activating accident prevention and control strategies. The approach is applied to the Bhopal accident to demonstrate its applicability and effectiveness.     

基于集对分析-吸收马尔可夫链的铁路移动通信系统安全动态评估*

为了更有效地评估和防范铁路数字移动通信系统（GSM-R）的安全风险，针对未考虑系统不同时期系统风险状况不同、研究多局限于静态评估的不足，提出基于马尔可夫链的风险指数量化计算方法，构建基于集对分析-吸收马尔可夫链的铁路数字移动通信系统（GSM-R）风险评估模型。首先使用吸收马尔可夫链对通信系统风险进行定量计算，运用集对分析关联度的同一性、差异性和矛盾性动态分析通信系统安全风险的趋势，通过结合马尔可夫链计算下一阶段的关联度以获得通信系统最终安全风险评估结果，选取通信系统6个时间段数据进行分析，并进行验证。结果表明:本文评估方法能实现铁路数字移动通信系统（GSM-R）安全风险的全面动态评估，验证通信系统安全风险动态评估模型的科学性、有效性和可行性。     

生态风险与生态安全的评价方法及前景

各种生态环境问题的严重后果引起了人们对环境与生态的重视,并催生了生态风险与生态安全评价.为了更好地进行这两方面的评价,首先分别综述生态风险和生态安全评价的发展进程,突出主要研究方法的介绍,由此总结生态风险评价与生态安全评价的关系以及生态风险与生态安全评价的发展趋势.生态风险评价主要有健康危险度法、环评指数法、景观生态法、空间统计或地统计法、相对风险模型等方法;生态安全评价主要有综合指数法、景观生态法、生态承载力和生态足迹方法、突变级数等方法.生态风险与生态安全评价是从相反的角度研究生态系统的状况和潜在威胁,生态风险评价偏重细节分析,生态安全评价偏重整体分析.空间和时间尺度的扩大、评价方法的改进、评价标准的制定和评价的可信性检验都是生态风险评价与生态安全评价的发展趋势.     

基于改进AHP的地下矿突水风险评价

地下矿突水风险的有效评价是矿井水害防治与安全开采的基本前提与重要基础。为了科学有效地评价地下矿突水事故风险,在深入研究分析与归纳地下矿突水因素的基础上,构建了较为全面的矿井突水事故风险评价指标体系,体系包括7个一级指标,各一级指标有与之对应的二级指标。应用德尔菲法对各项指标进行统一打分并求平均值,对层次分析法进行改进并应用于确定各项指标的权重,然后根据风险评价模型计算出评价结果。最后,结合国内某典型矿山进行实际的应用,所得结果与实际情况一致性较好,说明该方法可以提高矿井突水风险评价的有效性与准确性,具有较好的可行性。     

基于风险修正的城市安全风险评估方法及应用*

为推动实现城市安全风险的系统化、信息化管理,基于我国城市安全风险管理的要求与特点,总结城市安全风险评估的分层分类原则、突出固有风险原则和合理修正原则等基本原则;提出“点位-行业-区域”逐层展开的城市安全风险评估程序,明确各层级的评估要点;提出城市安全风险评估方法,分别制定点位、行业风险修正规则,结合风险参数与情景构建开展基于风险矩阵法的点位风险评估和行业风险评估,采用加权计算法由行业风险评估结果叠加评估区域风险。结果表明:该方法能够从不同角度有效评估城市的风险状态,为不同层级的城市安全管理者明确风险管控重点提供决策依据。     

SPA–fuzzy method based real-time risk assessment for major hazard installations storing flammable gas

For monitoring and control of major hazard installations storing flammable gas, the risk based warning/early-warning is very important. A set-pair analysis (SPA) based fuzzy assessment method (SPA–fuzzy) is proposed for the real-time risk assessment in this paper. Based on principle of SPA and fuzzy logic theory, the likelihood of accident occurrence and the consequence of the accident can be assessed, and the risk value or risk degree can be evaluated. The method takes advantage of the data acquired from the real-time safety monitoring system, so that the varying of the risk can be revealed during an accident developing. The risk assessment simulation of VCE accident caused by gas leaked from LPG tank is performed. It is shown that SPA–fuzzy method has the same risk value as that assessed by normal fuzzy method.     

An integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network

Natural gas industry is developing rapidly, and its accidents are threatening the urban safety. Risk management through quantitative assessment has become an important way to improve the safety performance of the natural gas supply system. In this paper, an integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network is proposed. This method is composed of the probability assessment of accidents, the analysis of consequences and the evaluation of risk. It is noteworthy that the consequences analyzed here include those of the outside and inside gas pipelines. The analysis of consequences of the outside pipelines focuses on the individual risk and societal risk caused by different accidents, while those of the inside pipelines concerns about the risk of the economic loss because of the pressure re-distribution. Risk of a sample urban gas pipeline network is analyzed to demonstrate the presented method. The results show that this presented integrated quantitative risk analysis method for natural gas pipeline network can be used in practical application.     

区域定量风险评价理论探讨

基于区域风险评价的特点,给出区域定量风险评价的定义;提出区域定量风险评价的模式;基于事故后果分析方法和灰关联度理论,提出分析项目间风险关联性大小的分析方法。通过对风险关联度计算结果利用曲线进行圆滑处理,将其关联性大小分为4级;在确定不同风险关联度级别的同时,还可以精确反映出同一级别之间及相邻级别之间的相关性差异水平。通过对沈阳化工园区的实际应用,验证了该方法的可行性及其应用效果。风险关联性理论在园区区域定量风险评价中具有一定的实用价值。     

A new simple methodology for evaluation of explosion risk in underground coal mines

The key objective of this paper is the presentation of a new risk assessment tool for underground coal mines based on a simplified semi-quantitative estimation and assessment method.In order to determine the risk of explosion of any work process or activity in underground coal mines it is necessary to assess the risk. The proposed method is based on a Risk Index obtained as a product of three factors: frequency of each individual scenario P_ucm, associated severity consequences C_ucm and exposure time to explosive atmospheres E_ucm. The influence of exposure time is usually not taken into account up to now. Moreover, the exposure to explosive atmospheres may affect factors of hazardous event probability as much as its consequences. There are many definitions of exposure to explosive atmospheres but in the case of underground coal mines the exposure is defined as frequency risk of firedamp and coal dust. The risk estimation and risk assessment are based on the developed of a risk matrix.The proposed methodology allows not only the estimation of the explosion risk but also gives an approach to decide if the proposal investment is well-justified or not in order to improve safety.     

基于LOPA逻辑的罐区多米诺效应定量风险评估*

为了更好地降低化工企业罐区事故造成多米诺效应的风险,提出1种基于保护层分析（LOPA）的定量风险评估程序。首先,阐述基于保护层分析(LOPA)逻辑的多米诺定量风险评估流程,即引入包括可用性、有效性及3种逻辑门定义及量化的安全屏障定量评估;然后,利用LOPA的分析逻辑将安全屏障融入多米诺定量风险评估框架中;最后,选取2×2 000 m3苯乙烯罐区为对象,识别防火层与喷淋冷却系统2种安全屏障并开展基于LOPA逻辑的罐区多米诺效应定量风险评估,得出安全屏障能有效地降低多米诺事故发生频率及罐区个人风险的结论。研究结果表明:该分析方法可为化工企业开展多米诺效应定量风险评估提供参考。     

化工园区安全容量分析探讨

化工园区的安全容量问题一直是地方政府普遍关心的重要问题。本文采用量化风险分析的方法着重对化工园区的运输风险进行分析,以此来评判化工园区的安全容量是否合适,并给出了运输风险分析的模型和风险接受标准。通过对南方某化工园区整个危险品物流的统计分析,经风险计算给出了不同水平个人风险的半宽。结合化工园区的远期规划,经反算给出了新增合理安全容量在约30～90万m^3之间,总安全容量在470～530万m^3之间。