Human error taxonomies applied to driving: A generic driver error taxonomy and its implications for intelligent transport systems

Recent research indicates that driver error contributes to up to 75% of all roadway crashes. Despite this, only relatively little is currently known about the types of errors that drivers make and of the causal factors that contribute to these errors being made. This article presents an overview of the literature on human error in road transport. In particular, the work of three pioneers of human error research, Norman, Reason and Rasmussen, is scrutinised. An overview of the research on driver error follows, to consider the different types of errors that drivers make. It was found that all but one of these does not use a human error taxonomy. A generic driver error taxonomy is therefore proposed based upon the dominant psychological mechanisms thought to be involved. These mechanisms are: perception, attention, situation assessment, planning, and intention, memory and recall, and action execution. In addition, a taxonomy of road transport error causing factors, derived from the review of the driver error literature, is also presented. In conclusion to this article, a range of potential technological solutions that could be used to either prevent, or mitigate, the consequences of the driver errors identified are specified.     

行为安全研究进展追溯与述评

为推动行为安全研究的发展和应用,通过文献综述方法,确定广义行为安全研究对象,从理论和管理2个维度来解析行为安全研究进展。在理论层面,通过分析行为机理来阐述行为安全理论基础,提炼行为影响因素并探究因素间作用关系;在管理层面,追溯行为安全管理在不同阶段、不同行业的应用现状,提出改进方案。结果表明:行为安全理论基础和影响因素分析2方面的研究较为深入,但是仍需夯实相关模型并引入先进的研究方法,而行为安全管理应用的时效性和针对性较差,需要在组织因素和个体因素结合、干预的效果、信息技术应用等方面进行改进。     

预防事故的重要途径——人为失误控制

从伤亡事故致因理论和我国大多数企业的安全管理现状出发，分析说明人为失误控制是预防事故的重要途径，并具体介绍了人为失误控制的两种主要技术方法。     

Road transport in drift? Applying contemporary systems thinking to road safety

Despite the extent to which the proximal causes of road traffic injury are known, road trauma remains a substantial and growing component of the global health burden. Application of contemporary sociotechnical systems theory to the problem of traffic injury suggests that the lack of progress globally may be a consequence of “drift into failure”. This article considers the new systems perspective on safety, explores the utility of this approach for road safety efforts, and specifically examines the ‘drift into failure’ hypothesis. It is argued that road transport systems do currently display characteristics of complex systems in drift and that greater understanding of complexity theory-based models will support improved road safety efforts. However, the extent to which such models can support road safety practitioners appears to be limited by the lack of practical tools for translating theory to practice. The article concludes by drawing attention to similarities between complex systems theory and the contexts in which the discipline of Human Factors has been developed, and suggests that Human Factors methodologies could be usefully used to facilitate further research in this field.     

道路交通安全管理规划理论体系研究

道路交通安全是道路交通系统的重要组成部分,也是世界各国极为关注的议题之一。道路交通安全管理得到世界各国政府的高度重视,而作为道路交通安全管理的道路交通安全管理规划就显得尤为重要。笔者结合我国的道路的实际情况和国外理论实践的借鉴以及自己的一些想法对我国道路交通安全管理规划的基本理论体系做了一个初步的研究。从整体上分析道路交通安全管理规划的组织机构;阐述了规划的主要内容和技术路线;提出了道路交通安全管理规划的总体设计;从分析道路交通安全管理规划的流程和技术方法的基础上建立规划的基本框架;着重介绍道路交通安全管理规划的核心内容;最后阐述了道路交通安全管理规划的实施与滚动,系统地介绍和探讨了道路交通管理规划的基本理论体系。     

煤矿安全管理中的常见组织错误及其防控途径

组织错误研究是人误研究的新方向,它是引发事故的根本原因。本文在总结组织错误理论研究现状的基础上,对组织错误理论的定义进行重新梳理,分析了煤矿安全管理中的组织行为,揭示了我国煤矿安全管理中常见的组织错误问题及其危害,提出防控途径和措施,为有效地预防和减少因组织错误而导致的煤矿事故,加强煤矿的组织安全管理提供理论支撑。文中指出了不健全的制度、不规范的培训、不系统的管理、不合理的奖惩等是煤矿存在的主要组织错误,并分别提出了相应的预防措施,从深层次着手,多角度进行管理,力争解决这些问题。本文为研究下一步煤矿安全管理中各种组织错误的发生演化路径及其规律,揭示我国现阶段煤矿安全管理中组织错误发展的规律提供了理论基础。     

人为失误及其辨识技术的研究

随着机器设备的可靠性不断提高，人的可靠性分析研究日益得到重视。大部分事故是由于人为失误造成的。分析了人为失误与事故发生的关系，讨论了管理失误对系统安全的影响；讨论了人为失误辨识的作用，对人为失误率预测技术、通过失误建模系统、人为失误率评价和优化系统等几种的人为失误辨识技术进行了评述。指出了人为失误及其辨识技术的发展趋势和方向。     

Analyzing the safety impact of longer and heavier vehicles circulating in the European market

Introduction: The European Union (EU) has developed different strategies to internalize the costs of excessive motor traffic in the road freight transport sector. One of these is a relaxation of restrictions on the size and load capacity of trucks that circulate between member States and a proposal has been made for Longer and Heavier Vehicles (LHVs) to be allowed to circulate across borders. LHVs are the so-called “megatrucks” (i.e., trucks with a length of 25 meters and a weight of 60 tonnes). Megatrucks have allowed to circulate for decades in some European countries such as Norway, Finland, and Sweden, world leaders in traffic accident prevention, although the impact that cross-border traffic would have on road safety is still unknown. Methods: This article provides an econometric analysis of the potential impact on road safety of allowing the circulation of “megatrucks” throughout the EU. Results: The findings show that countries that currently allow megatrucks to circulate present lower traffic accident and fatality levels, on average. Conclusions: The circulation of this type of vehicle is only advisable in countries where there is a certain degree of maturity and demonstrated achievements in the field of road safety. Practical applications: European countries that have allowed megatruck circulation obtaining better road safety outcomes in terms of accidents, although the accident lethality rate seems to be higher. Consequently, introducing megatruck circulation requires a prior proper preparation and examination.     

基于哈默“人的差错理论”的道路交通安全研究

以道路交通安全系统为背景,人的差错为研究方向,运用"哈默"人的差错分类理论,从机动车驾驶员和非机动车驾驶员、乘客及行人两种人群的差错角度,对2004—2006年3年间我国交通事故发生率和死亡人数进行较有针对性的分析归类和研究,进而分别提出基于主动性和被动性两方面的交通事故人因预防措施。通过"哈默"全新的分类方法,全面分析交通行为中人的差错类型,为道路交通事故预防体系的研究、建立以及进一步的发展,提供了有参考价值的基于人的行为机理的理论依据和合理化建议。     

山西省道路旅客运输企业安全评价指标体系研究

为了帮助山西省道路旅客运输业从源头上预防和减少交通事故,在对山西省道路旅客运输企业实地调研后,分析总结出其当前在安全生产管理体制、人员素质、运输市场等方面存在的问题,根据安全评价指标体系的构建原则和专家调研法建立了包含内部综合管理、驾乘人员管理、车辆管理和事故统计处理四大块36个指标的安全评价指标体系,并采用无需一致性检验的G1法计算指标权重。该指标体系为山西省道路旅客运输企业安全生产管理提供理论指导和实际应用价值。     

基于人因失误分析的医院电气安全管理研究

医院是重点用电单位,用电的安全性和供电可靠性都比较高,但因不可抗力、供电系统故障、医院管理问题、人为失误等方面的原因,仍存在发生各类电气突发事件的风险。其中,由人的误操作或不安全行为因素而诱发的电气方面的突发事件已成为医院非医疗事故的主要原因。文章针对医院电气安全操作方面的人因失误,从个人和组织两个角度进行了失误原因的分析,认为人的失误既受个体因素的影响,也受环境、制度和管理水平的影响。在此基础上,提出完善相关规章制度建设、加强教育与培训等,从组织制度建设、人员技术素质提高等方面,提出预防与减少人因失误的措施与方法,提高供配电质量,为医院医疗工作提供有效的电气安全后勤保障。     

A systems perspective of managing error recovery and tactical re-planning of operating teams in safety critical domains

Introduction

Research in human error has provided useful tools for designing procedures, training, and intelligent interfaces that trap errors at an early stage. However, this “error prevention” policy may not be entirely successful because human errors will inevitably occur. This requires that the error management process (e.g., detection, diagnosis and correction) must also be supported. Research has focused almost exclusively on error detection; little is known about error recovery, especially in the context of safety critical systems. The aim of this paper is to develop a research framework that integrates error recovery strategies employed by experienced practitioners in handling their own errors.

Method and Results

A control theoretic model of human performance was used to integrate error recovery strategies assembled from reviews of the literature, analyses of near misses from aviation and command & control domains, and observations of abnormal situations training at air traffic control facilities. The method of system dynamics has been used to analyze and compare error recovery strategies in terms of patterns of interaction, system affordances, and types of recovery plans. System dynamics offer a promising basis for studying the nature of error recovery management in the context of team interactions and system characteristics.

Impact on industry

The proposed taxonomy of error recovery strategies can help human factors and safety experts to develop resilient system designs and training solutions for managing human errors in unforeseen situations; it may also help incident investigators to explore why people's actions and assessments were not corrected at the time.     

Road safety in France: The hard path toward science-based policy

Very considerable advances have been made in road safety over the long term and especially in the recent years. This improvement was achieved in part due to the effectiveness of French decision-making system, even if it remained very perfectible. An analysis of the road safety management system is carried out in order to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the organisation of road safety in France.The organisation of road safety in France is extremely centralised. The basis of road safety policy at the national level rests on an extensive information system (covering accidents, risk exposure, speed, utilisation of mobile phones) and on analyses of road risk (the risks attributable to alcohol, speed and the use of mobile phones).This statistical information and these risk models are integrated in risk management tools such as monitoring, ranking and policing. Monitoring makes it possible to track the development of road safety, bench-marking to compare the performance of the country’s different departments with each other, and policy making to refine the details of a policy.The development of the governance of road risk is leading managers and decision-makers to perfect data-gathering procedures, standardise and simplify the analytical tools used, and broaden the range of risks covered.     

Dynamic management of human error to reduce total risk

Safety management in companies at the limit of risk criteria must be implemented in order to survive in the very aggressive and competitive environment of modern society. It implies that the risk in process industries is crossing the limit of safe practices. Most major accidents consist of human errors and mechanical component failures, and cannot be explained by a stochastic coincidence of independent events. This work focuses on the coincidence of human error and mechanical failure to introduce a concept of dynamic management of human error. By the dynamic management of human error during a short period, when a mechanical component is temporarily unavailable during periodic testing or maintenance, the probability of a major accident may be reduced significantly without additional investment on improving safety. For the periodically-tested standby component, the majority of total average unavailability of the component may be recognized by operators or workers as well as maintenance mechanics. During this short period, an appropriate dynamic management of human error for improving human performance temporarily may be very effective in reducing total risk in industries. The dynamic management of human error may be a useful method to prevent loss effectively in the process industries     

高处坠落事故的人因失误与干预策略研究

为系统分析导致高处坠落人因事故的产生机理,通过统计152起建筑工程高处坠落事故的调查与分析报告,从组织影响、安全监管、不安全行为前提条件和不安全行为等4个层次,辨识影响高处坠落事故的人为失误因素,修订人为因素分析与分类系统框架（HFACS）。设计高处坠落人因失误调查问卷,开展一线高处作业人员问卷调查,建立高处坠落人因失误结构方程模型,对导致高处坠落事故的人为失误因素进行路径分析。结果表明:各潜在因素间均呈正相关,且高处坠落人因失误事故的关键路径为资源管理不到位→安全监督培训不充分→班组管理不良→操作违规。综合各因素间相关性,提出了针对性的预防高处坠落事故的人因干预策略。     

交通行为意识的行为控制作用

引用心理学中意识对行为的控制作用,简单描述了人的行为过程,得出行为意识对行为控制起到"总开关"的作用;指出增强交通行为意识是实现交通行为控制的有效手段;将交通行为意识分为3种,即交通安全意识、交通守法意识和交通秩序意识,依据心理学中意识建立和强化的一般方法提出了建立与增强3种交通行为意识的基本方法,包括教育、宣传、刺激、处罚、回报(包括自然回报和人为回报)及激励等6种方法。笔者提出的交通行为意识增强及激励的方法,为确保交通参与者的交通安全和进一步提高道路交通管理水平提供新的理论和方法依据。     

人失误模型在防止变电所检修事故中的应用

针对变电所检修事故的特点,认为人失误是导致该类事故发生的主要原因。运用安全人机工程学基本原理,分析了变电所检修过程中人失误产生的原因,在研究了以人失误为主因的事故模型基础上,进一步从人的特性、人机功能的分配、人机界面的设计、安全管理和环境因素五个方面人手构建了以人失误为主因的变电所检修事故模型,基于该模型提出了有效、合理的避免或减少变电所检修事故的五点对策措施。以期能为变电所检修事故的预防起到积极的指导作用。     

民航人因失误分类框架

人因失误分类是否系统、完整及对人误描述是否一致直接影响人误分析的结果。本文对民航中主要几种人误分析方法进行了详细评述,指出其在考虑人的认知过程和行为外在表现形式方面的不足。在对现有人误理论模型和人误分类方法详细分析的基础上,提出了民航人误分类框架。框架由人的行为过程的四个阶段“获取信息-分析处理信息-决策／计划-执行”和八类人误模式及相应的子模式构成。行为阶段与人误模式可针对具体活动进行组合,框架的使用具有灵活性。框架对保证民航中人误辨识结果的规范性和准确性具有重要意义。     

基于AHP和灰色聚类的危化品道路运输安全评价

为客观评价危化品道路运输企业安全状况,防止危化品道路运输事故发生,提出基于层次分析法(AHP)和灰色聚类分析的危化品道路运输安全评价方法。首先以危化品与设备情况、环境情况、企业安全管理水平、在途监管水平及人员特性为一级指标构建危化品道路运输安全评价指标体系;其次,运用AHP计算各指标权重;最后,为了避免指标信息不完整所造成的误差,选用灰色聚类分析对各指标进行聚类分析,得出研究对象的安全等级。运用该方法对C企业危化品道路运输安全等级进行评价,评价结果显示该企业安全等级较高,但安全防护设备、交通状况、安全管理制度落实情况等指标安全性较低,同时验证了该方法具有适用性及有效性,为危化品道路运输企业安全评价提供了一种新的方法。     

The criminalization of human error in aviation and healthcare: A review

This review explores the social causes and psychological and organizational consequences of the criminalization of human error in aviation and healthcare. Increasing prevalence of criminal prosecution is seen as a threat to the health and safety of employees and entire safety–critical systems in many industries, but initiatives to counter or mitigate the trend are local and haphazard. Social causes such as a greater societal risk consciousness and intolerance of failure are examined, as well as organizational consequences for disclosure and incident reporting. Psychological consequences of the criminalization of human error are evaluated in terms of employee ill-health, an area that is under-investigated. The criminalization of professional mistakes seems to be an increasingly prevalent phenomenon at the intersection of safety work, sociology, criminology and legal as well as social justice. This paper reviews possible research directions into the criminalization of professional mistake in aviation and healthcare, in the hope of stimulating debate and eventually legitimating it as a topic of study in its own right.