磺胺类抗生素对斜生栅藻的协同和拮抗作用研究

环境中抗生素复合污染产生的毒性效应具有潜在风险。为系统考察磺胺类抗生素(SAs)混合物的联合毒性效应,以环境中常见的磺胺吡啶(SPY)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(SMR)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)、磺胺甲氧哒嗪(SMP)、磺胺甲恶唑(SMZ)和磺胺喹噁啉(SQ) 6种SAs及其二元混合物体系(共75条混合物射线)为研究对象,利用96孔微板测定6种SAs及其二元混合物对斜生栅藻(So)的生长抑制毒性,通过浓度加和(CA)、独立作用(IA)模型和模型偏移率(MDR)分析混合物的联合毒性及毒性相互作用。结果表明,6种SAs及其混合物射线对So在96 h呈现明显的毒性,但不同SAs的毒性大小不同,以半数效应浓度的负对数(pEC₅₀)为毒性大小指标,6种SAs的毒性大小顺序为：SQ(pEC₅₀=5.311)>SPY(pEC₅₀=3.757)≈SMZ(pEC₅₀=3.749)>SMP(pEC₅₀=3.680)>SM2(pEC₅₀=3.090)>SMR(pEC...     

固相萃取-高效液相色谱法分析蔬菜中6种磺胺类抗生素

建立了固相萃取-高效液相色谱同时测定蔬菜中6种磺胺类抗生素的分析方法.以每克蔬菜(干样)加5ml乙腈(添加2g无水硫酸钠、0.1g乙酸钠、O.1gNa2EDTA)超声提取25min,采用正己烷液-液萃取去脂,C18柱净化富集.以磷酸(0.01mol·1-1,pH2.5):乙腈=80:20(V:V)溶液作为流动相,检测波长为270nm.蔬菜样品中6种磺胺类抗生素的回收率为50.8%-98.9%,定量限为21.9-72.8μg·k-1.利用该方法对不同蔬菜样品进行了分析,6种磺胺类抗生素均不同程度被检出,总含量在0.38-2.24 mg.kg-1(鲜重)之间.     

地表水中抗生素复合残留对水生生物的毒性及其生态风险评价

针对上海地区地表水中混合并持久残留的抗生素对水生态的危害,测试了3种主要被使用的抗生素(磺胺甲恶唑,SMZ;土霉素,OTC;氟苯尼考,FF)对4个不同营养级的水生生物代表种(蛋白核小球藻、费氏弧菌、大型蚤和斑马鱼胚胎)的单一毒性和联合毒性,并进一步对生态风险进行评估来探究抗生素对水生态系统的综合作用。研究表明:水生生物对单一抗生素暴露的毒性敏感顺序为:蛋白核小球藻斑马鱼胚胎费氏弧菌大型蚤。用联合指数(CI)来评价抗生素二元混合物之间的相互作用时发现对于不同水生模式生物,抗生素之间的相互作用方式以拮抗作用(CI1)为主。通过与浓度加和(CA)和独立作用(IA)2个传统模型的预测效果比较,发现CI模型能准确预测到抗生素联合毒性偏离相加作用。由于养殖废水中这3种抗生素的含量均远高于其他水体(如黄浦江、长江口、工厂废水),其对不同营养级的水生生物均表现出较高的风险性,需要对养殖废水采取相应的风险削减措施;相比之下,其他水体中抗生素对费氏弧菌、斑马鱼胚胎、大型蚤均表现出低风险,但是对蛋白核小球藻仍具有一定的风险性,需要警惕抗生素对水体初级生产者的风险性。     

畜牧场中磺胺类抗生素及其抗性基因的空间分布规律

为了解畜牧场内磺胺类抗生素及抗性基因的污染物空间分布情况、分布规律及相关性,选取某畜牧场的10 cm和50 cm深度的土壤样品共20个及5个粪便样品,分别对样品中13种磺胺类抗生素的浓度和3种磺胺类抗性基因( sul1、 sul2和sul3)的丰度进行定量分析,并用地理信息系统优化采样并对污染物空间分布进行可视化分析....     

北黄海近岸海域磺胺类抗生素及其抗性Escherichia coli分布

致病菌耐药性的增加和扩散目前已成为全球公共安全问题,为提供解决该问题的重要理论数据,在我国北黄海近岸海域采集排污口、海水养殖区和海滨浴场等水样和沉积物样品,利用HPLC-MS/MS分析水体样品中14种磺胺类(SAs)抗生素浓度含量,同时根据EPA方法(Method 1604)对水和沉积物中Escherichia coli(E.coli)和磺胺抗性E.coli(Re-E.coli)总量进行测定,计算出E.coli磺胺抗性水平,进而探讨该区域水体中E.coli磺胺抗性率与磺胺类抗生素浓度含量的相关性以及E.coli磺胺抗性菌株的分布特点及来源.结果显示,北黄海近岸海域水体中抗生素检出浓度差异性较大,磺胺浓度含量范围为ND-584.32 ng/L;E.coli和Re-E.coli每100 mL总量范围在27×104-5.5×104和8×104-1.6×104株,在每克沉积物中分别为0-1 363和0-320株;E.coli磺胺抗性率范围为18.18%-66.91%.研究表明,E.coli磺胺抗性率与磺胺类抗生素浓度含量存在显著相关性(P=0.846),说明环境残留抗生素可诱导抗性微生物;E.coli和Re-E.coli分布和抗性水平显示,抗性基因之间存在水平转移,且其主要来源是渔业养殖.     

磺胺类化合物对大肠杆菌突变QSAR预测模型初探

抗生素被广泛应用于医疗、农业和畜牧业等领域,但是长期滥用会促进细菌的突变作用。本文以大肠杆菌(E.coli)为受试生物,测定了10种磺胺类抗生素(SAs)单一暴露时对E.coli的突变效应,采用物化参数Ebinding(抗生素与其靶蛋白的相互作用能力)与突变效应参数lgRC0-2(最高可观测突变促进效应浓度)或lgRCmax(突变促进率最大值对应的浓度),建立了突变效应的QSAR模型,并采用雷达图进行验证。结果表明,lgRC0-2与Ebinding模型和lgRCmax与Ebinding、DMG(偶极矩)模型的拟合系数R2分别是0.888、0.873,即lgRC0-2或lgRCmax与Ebinding相关性均较好,可能由于磺胺类化合物(SAs)会作用于叶酸合成通路,影响嘌呤、嘧啶碱基的合成,从而对E.coli的突变具有促进效应,且雷达图验证表明,上述2个模型均具有良好的内部预测能力。本研究有望为抗生素使用带来的生态风险评价以及药物设计提供相关指导。     

环境中抗生素及其生态毒性效应研究进展

近年来,越来越多的抗生素类药物用于在医疗、畜禽和水产养殖业。由于其机体代谢率低,大部分以原药或代谢物的形式经由尿液和粪便排出体外进入环境中,造成抗生素在水体和土壤等环境介质中的残留。这些残留的抗生素会导致潜在的环境风险,其中最严重的是会诱发和传播各类抗生素抗性基因(antibiotic resistance genes,ARGs),进而对人类健康产生威胁。本文介绍了环境中抗生素的来源,归趋和残留状况,并且对其所引起的生态毒性效应以及ARGs进行总结,最后指出了目前研究中存在的问题,并对未来研究进行了展望。     

地表水中磺胺类抗生素的生态风险评价

抗生素滥用导致地表水中频繁检出抗生素抗性基因,抗生素抗性基因对生态环境和人体健康具有潜在危害。收集整理磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)、甲氧苄氨嘧啶(TMP)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)3种磺胺类抗生素的慢性毒性参数数据(NOEC)及其在中国14个不同地表水中的环境检测浓度(MEC),得到SMX、TMP、SMZ的NOEC值范围分别为9.4~2 500、157~200 000、300~200 000μg?L-1,其对藻类、甲壳类、鱼类3个营养级中最敏感的物种分别为大型蚤Daphnia magna、斑马鱼Danio rerio、月牙藻Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata,三者的NOEC值分别为120、157、1 000μg?L-1;地表水中SMX、TMP、SMZ最大MEC分别出现于白洋淀湖(940 ng?L-1)、莱州湾(330 ng?L-1)、九龙江(775.5 ng?L-1)。采用风险评价因子(RAF)和物种敏感性分布(SSD)分别计算出3种磺胺类抗生素的预测无效应浓度(PNEC),RAF法得到的PNEC值分别为12、15.7、100μg?L-1,SSD法得到的PNEC分别为4.674、107.394、255.516μg?L-1。通过风险熵(RQ)法对不同地表水中3种磺胺类抗生素进行生态风险评价,结果显示除了白洋淀湖中SMX的RQ值为0.201,存在潜在风险,其他水域中RQ均小于0.1,说明中国地表水中SMX、TMP、SMZ风险很小或无风险。     

磺胺类抗生素复合污染降解菌的筛选及其降毒作用

磺胺类抗生素是环境中检测出率较高的一类污染物.微生物降解是一种相对安全、高效且成本低的污染物去除技术,而关于磺胺类抗生素复合污染降解菌对该类抗生素的去除及其降毒能力方面的研究较少.因此,以3种磺胺类抗生素:磺胺吡啶(SP)、磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)和磺胺二甲嘧啶(SM2)为碳源,从土壤中筛选3种磺胺类抗生素复合污染的降解菌...     

碳源补充型高级氧化法工艺净化水中磺胺类抗生素研究进展与趋势

磺胺类抗生素(SAs)是自然水环境和污水处理系统中检出频次与残留浓度最高的抗生素之一。过氧乙酸(PAA)作为广谱性杀菌剂,因其氧化性强、环境友好等优势,其用于有机污染物降解成为研究热点之一。与传统H2O2基芬顿法等无机氧化法相比,PAA氧化反应生成乙酸,经中和后转化的乙酸钠可为后续生化工艺段提供优质碳源,有效降低含SAs废水的处理成本。该文对PAA基碳源补充型高级氧化法的研究进展与趋势进行了系统总结。以SAs作为典型水环境污染物,对近年来PAA基碳源补充型高级氧化工艺进行了系统总结分析,比较分析了其对各类水质背景中SAs的去除效能,并对过渡金属、碳基材料等多种PAA活化方式,工艺运行参数、活性氧物种(ROS)的交联作用机理以及SAs降解机制进行了剖析。研究发现,乙酰氧基自由基和乙酰过氧基自由基为PAA基高级氧化工艺中的基础活性物质,pH、PAA含量、共存物质等会不同程度上影响体系中ROS的生成路径。此外,磺胺类抗生素主要包括五元磺胺和六元磺胺,二者降解机理存在一定差异。五元磺胺降解主要依靠苯胺环上氨基氧化、羟基取代、S–N/S–C键断裂、N中心自由基偶联反应等4种途径;六元磺胺降解过程...     

土壤锌自然消减的研究进展

从影响土壤锌自然消减的因素方面，阐述了锌自然消减的研究进展。土壤锌自然消减受温度、水分、pH值、有机质、改良剂、化学肥料、栽培植物等因素的影响。温度降低、pH升高和淹水均使土壤中锌的有效性降低。种植超积累植物如遏蓝菜、紫花苕子、印度芥菜等，可以超量吸收土壤中的锌，加速锌的消减。土壤中的某些动物和微生物有吸收利用锌的特性，蚯蚓对锌有良好的富集作用。采取农业措施如施用有机肥、化肥、加入改良剂，栽培植物等，都能降低污染土壤中锌的有效性。文章还提出了该方面今后的研究重点。     

甲基叔丁基醚在地下水系统中的自然衰减

地下水中的甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）自然衰减是生物与非生物过程综合作用的结果。在厌氧条件下,MTBE的同位素方面的证据表明：挥发、吸附和稀释等非生物过程中MTBE自然衰减的主要作用。在实际工作中,应结合当地水文地质条件,从主要环境因子来分析MTBE的自然衰减,从而判定MTBE自然衰减的速率和程度。在进行地下水中MTBE自然衰减研究时,应加强对于能反映MTBE自然衰减的＂印迹＂的研究。对这些＂印迹＂的确定将为野外监测MTBE的自然衰减提供理论上的依据。     

结构方程模型在城市环境管理中的应用

针对城市经济增长与环境污染负荷之间的耦合关系,选取45个样本城市,采用2004年的截面数据,开发了结构方程模型研究环境污染负荷、环境基础设施、土地利用、工业化程度和经济发展5个结构因子之间的关系。结果表明:环境污染负荷与经济发展和环境基础设施建设直接相关,而与土地利用没有明显相关,建议城市管理者应当重点调控环境基础设施、工业化发展等结构因子,以实现城市环境污染负荷的削减目标。     

Scenario analysis of water pollution control in the typical peri-urban river using a coupled hydrodynamic-water quality model

The water quality pollution and ecological deterioration in peri-urban rivers are usually serious under rapid urbanization and economic growth. In the study, a typical peri-urban river, Nansha River, was selected as a case study to discuss the scheme of peri-urban river rehabilitation. Located in the north part of the Beijing central region, the Nansha River watershed has been designated as an ecologically friendly garden-style area with high-tech industry parks and upscale residential zones. However, the Nansha River is currently seriously contaminated by urban and rural pollutants from both nonpoint sources (NPS) and point sources (PS). In this study, the pollutant loads from point sources and nonpoint sources in the Nansha River watershed were first assessed. A coupled model, derived from the Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code and Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics and water quality in the Nansha River. According to the characteristics of the typical peri-urban river, three different PS and NPS control scenarios were designed and examined by modeling analyses. Based on the results of the scenario analysis, a river rehabilitation scheme was recommended for implementation.     

Ecological risk assessment from the viewpoint of surface water pollution in Xiamen City,China

The ecological security of urban surface water is subject to significant risk due to rapid urbanization. Pollutant discharge and accumulation are among the most critical stressors endangering urban surface water and affecting the normal operation of urban aquatic ecosystem services. In this study, we assessed how pollutant accumulation stresses water purification systems, which perform important urban ecosystem services. First, we applied a water environmental capacity model to calculate thresholds of urban surface water environmental capacity under a given water quality target. Second, based on a stepwise regression method, an equation was used to describe the relationship between stressor factors (pollutant accumulation) and measurable socioeconomic indicators. Third, an ecological risk index was used as an assessment endpoint indicator to assess the negative ecological effect of pollutant accumulation. Finally, risk level was classified according to the risk quotient method. Taking Xiamen City as an example, we analyzed the contribution of different sources of pollutants and evaluated the urban ecological risk posed by two major contaminants present in the environment by measuring chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N). The results show that the ecological risk indexes of both COD and NH₄⁺-N are expected to decrease from 2020 to 2030; that of COD is expected to fall from medium to low, whereas that of NH₄⁺-N is expected to fall from high to medium. These findings demonstrate that the ecological risk posed to the surface water in Xiamen City can be reduced by controlling population growth, optimizing industrial structure, and promoting economic development.     

Ecological and health risks of DDTs and HCHs in surface water from the upper reaches of the Huaihe River

Based on the available toxicity data and the concentrations of DDTs and HCHs in surface water from the upper reaches of the Huaihe River, overlapping areas of probability density and margin of safety (MOS₁₀) were used to estimate the risk levels of DDTs and HCHs to aquatic organisms. The overlapping areas of α-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDT were found to be 9.3 × 10^?5, 4.6 × 10^?3, 4.3 × 10^?2, 2.2 × 10^?2, and 4.2 × 10^?2, respectively. The risks from DDTs were higher than those from HCHs, the risk from α-HCH being the smallest. The MOS₁₀ values of α-HCH, γ-HCH, p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDT were 2.6 × 10³, 97, 5.9, 15, and 8.6, respectively, i.e. greater than 1.0, indicating limited overlaps between the distributions of exposure concentrations and of toxicity data, and thus minimal ecological risk. Health risk calculations based on incremental lifetime risks for HCHs and DDTs were conducted to evaluate human cancer risk and non-carcinogenic hazard. The total cancer risks from organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the studied area were in the range of 10^?8–10^?7, lower than the baseline value of acceptable risk (10^?6). Non-carcinogenic hazard indices of OCPs ranging from 10^?6 to 10^?5 were much lower than the threshold values (1.0). These results suggest that the water from the upper reaches of the Huaihe River does not pose any health risk for local residents using river water as a source for drinking water.     

新乡市地表水中多环芳烃的分布特征及生态风险

利用GC-MS测定了新乡市地表水中15种多环芳烃(PAHs)的含量,分析了其组成特征,并通过安全阈值(MOS10)法评价了新乡市地表水中PAHs的生态风险.结果表明,新乡市地表水中PAHs的含量为369—4248 ng·L,与国内其他河流相比,污染水平较高.PAHs的组成以3环和4环为主,分别占总量的41.3%和40.3%.新乡市地表水中单种PAHs对水生生物的生态风险大小依次为蒽(Ant)菲(Phe)芘(Pyr)苯并[a]芘(Ba P)荧蒽(Flua)芴(Flu)苊(Ace),其中Ant和Phe的暴露浓度超过影响10%水生生物的概率分别为30.2%和10.4%,具有潜在生态风险;Ace、Flu、Flua、Pyr和Ba P的暴露浓度超过影响10%的水生生物的概率分别为0.85%、1.96%、4.26%、6.71%和5.69%,生态风险较低.联合生态风险评价结果表明,新乡市地表水中∑PAH7等效浓度超过影响10%水生生物的概率为43.7%,大于任何单种PAHs对水生生物的生态风险,主要河流的生态风险从大到小依次为金堤河(56.6%)共产主义渠(43.0%)天然文岩渠(16.4%).     

The Role of Prices in Conserving Critical Natural Capital

Abstract: Until recent decades, economic decision makers have largely ignored the nonmarket benefits provided by nature, resulting in unprecedented threats to ecological life‐support functions. The economic challenge today is to decide how much ecosystem structure can be converted to economic production and how much must be conserved to provide essential ecosystem services. Many economists and a growing number of life scientists hope to address this challenge by estimating the marginal value of environmental benefits and then using this information to make economic decisions. I assessed this approach first by examining the role and effectiveness of the price mechanism in a well‐functioning market economy, second by identifying the issues that prevent markets from pricing many ecological benefits, and third by focusing on problems inherent to valuing services generated by complex and poorly understood ecosystems subject to irreversible change. I then focus on critical natural capital (CNC), which generates benefits that are essential to human welfare and have few if any substitutes. When imminent ecological thresholds threaten CNC, conservation is essential and marginal valuation becomes inappropriate. Once conservation needs have been met, remaining ecosystem structure is potentially available for economic production. Demand for this available supply will determine prices. In other words, conservation needs should be price determining, not price determined. Conservation science must help identify CNC and the quantity and quality of ecosystem structure required to ensure its sustained provision.     

Sustainable consumption: the effects of knowledge,cultural values,environmental advertising,and demographics

As a result of human lifestyles and unsustainable consumption patterns, the environment continues to deteriorate and thus inhibit sustainable development. In order to curb this situation and promote a sustainable economy, one of the solution is to reduce conventional products consumption and shift to green products. Over the past 20 years, marketing managers keenly seek to understand the green market; however, inadequate information on how to promote consumers’ green behavioral intentions is slowing the growth of green markets and becomes a barrier for firms when developing segments and communicating strategies for effective promotion of green products in countries like Malaysia where the trend is fairly new. Therefore, this study attempts to examine the impact of environmental knowledge, cultural values, and environmental advertising and determine the moderating effect of income level, education level, and gender on consumers’ green purchase intentions. A survey was administered, and a total of 405 valid questionnaires were obtained. Structural equation modeling technique was used to evaluate the causal model by using SmartPLS 2.0 software. The finding results suggest that cultural values and environmental advertising are the main influences in building green purchase intentions, while environmental knowledge is not significantly related. The results also indicate that education level and gender have a significant positive moderation effect while income did not. This suggests that green purchase intentions’ motivational factors are greater among highly educated individuals, with females in particular. The discussions and implications of these findings are further elaborated.     

干旱区典型湖泊湿地主要植物生态种组分析

根据2007年7-9月新疆艾比湖湿地25种主要植被在47个调查样地的存在．缺失数据,应用非度量多维标度（NMDS）方法研究了干旱区典型湖泊湿地内植物群落生态种组的划分,并与系统聚类分析结果做了比较分析。研究显示：艾比湖湿地的主要植物种划分为5个生态种组,各生态种组内的植物种之间具有相似的生境和生态位;NMDS是基于高维数据非线性迭代的降维排序方法,与传统的生态种组分析方法相比较,NMDS充分抽取了植被在样地内非线性集聚分布的信息,因而其种组划分结论更符合实际调查结果,也更为可靠、有效。研究结果从生态种组的视角为艾比湖湿地生态恢复和保护植物多样性提供更具有实践价值的参考依据。